64. Charles MacIvor, “The Lord’s Physician,” Chapter 7, “This Man Kellogg,” p. 5, Charles MacIvor Collection, No. 251, Box 10, File 12, Center for Adventist Research.
65. State of Michigan Supreme Court Record, Volume 2, Box 21, File 3, pp. 368–79, quote is from page 369, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
66. State of Michigan Supreme Court Record, Volume 2, Box 21, File 3, pp. 376–77, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
67. State of Michigan Supreme Court Record, Volume 2, Box 21, File 3, p. 368, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
68. Ibid., quote is from page 371 and after the ellipsis, page 377.
69. Ibid., p. 431.
70. Ibid., p. 466.
71. Powell, p. 149.
72. Deposition of W. K. Kellogg, in the Circuit Court for the County of Calhoun, State of Michigan, The Kellogg Food Company vs. the Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake Company, before Hon. Walter H, North of the Circuit Court, Friday, May 4–5, 1917, 9:00 a.m., J. H. Kellogg Papers, Box 20, File 2, pp. 25 of typescript.
73. Ibid., p. 35.
74. State of Michigan in the Circuit Court for the County of Calhoun, in Chancery, John Harvey Kellogg et al. v. Will K. Kellogg et al., Brief for Plantiffs, June 5, 1917, claims of Will’s perjury appear on p. 7 of the typescript; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 17.
75. Deposition of W. K. Kellogg, in the Circuit Court for the County of Calhoun, State of Michigan, The Kellogg Food Company v. the Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake Company, before Hon. Walter H. North of the Circuit Court, Friday, May 4–5, 1917, 9:00 a.m., quotes are from pp. 21 and 26 of typescript, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU, Box 20, File 2, pp. 22–24.
76. Ibid.
77. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 216.
78. Michigan Reports, Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Michigan, from September 30, 1920 to December 21, 1920, Volume 212 (Chicago: Callaghan and Co., 1921), pp. 95–118, quote is from p. 98.
79. Schwarz, PhD thesis, pp. 432–33; Memorandum of Agreement made February 15, 1911, between J. H. Kellogg, the Kellogg Food Company and the Kellogg Toasted Rice Flake and Biscuit Company and the Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake Company, Box 19, File 10, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
80. Letters from J. H. Kellogg to W. K. Kellogg, July 27, 1911, and September 15, 1911, in State of Michigan Supreme Court Record, Volume 3, File 3, Box 21, pp. 1044–46, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU. The quote is from the letter written on September 15.
81. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 217.
82. Powell, p. 149; State of Michigan Supreme Court Record, Volume 2, Box 21, File 3, pp. 725–28, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
83. Testimony of J. H. Kellogg, State of Michigan Supreme Court Record, Volume 2, Box 21, File 3, pp. 387–90, 395–401, 638–48.
84. R. Schwarz. John Harvey Kellogg, p. 217.
85. Horace Powell erroneously states that the North decision was handed down in November of 1919, but the archival and court papers are quite clear that Judge North delivered his decision on November 19, 1917. Judge Walter North Decision, State of Michigan in the Circuit Court of Calhoun, in Chancery, November 19, 1917, in the matter of Kellogg v. Kellogg, Box 20, File 34, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
86. “Sweeping Decision in Kellogg Case,” Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, clipping, November 30, 1917, Box 20, File 4, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
87. John engaged in other failed attempts to tie the case up in the court system, including an appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, DC, with respect to Will trademarking the name Kellogg, the U.S. Patent Office, and even a case in the Canadian courts over his sales of Corn Flakes in that country. Ultimately, they all failed, too. See Kellogg Food Company v. Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake Company, Patent Appeals No. 1110 and 1111, June 2, 1917; U.S. Patent Office, Kellogg Food Company v. Kellogg Toasted Corn Flake Co., Opposition No. 2140 petition, September 20, 1917, and Memorandum for Opposers, Oppositions Nos. 2139 and 2140, September 26, 1917; in Box 20, File 3, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
88. The majority of the State of Michigan Supreme Court Record, in five volumes, is preserved in the J. H. Kellogg Papers, Michigan State University Collection, with the exception of Volume 3. Fortunately, Duff Stoltz, the historian and curator of the Adventist Heritage Village and Museum in Battle Creek, Michigan, was most generous in locating a copy of that volume for my review. These proceedings include all the affidavits, exhibits, and testimonies of the First Circuit Court case presided over by Judge Walter North of Battle Creek.
89. Richard Cooper (court reporter), Michigan Reports. Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Michigan from September 30, 1920 to December 21, 1920, Volume 212 (Chicago: Callaghan and Co., 1924), pp. 95–118.
90. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to Dr. Percy T. Magan, June 28, 1921, Percy T. Magan Papers, Vernier-Radcliffe Memorial Library, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, cited in Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 437.
91. Letter from W. K. Kellogg to E. D. Henderson, January 4, 1921, Box 20, File 5, 1921, Image 3300, J. H. Kellogg Papers, MSU.
92. George Howe Colt, Brothers: On His Brothers and Brothers in History (New York: Scribner, 2012), p. 143.
13.
THE DOCTOR’S CRUSADE AGAINST RACE DEGENERACY
1. See, for example, the proceedings of the national eugenics conferences he underwrote and hosted between 1914 and 1928: E. F. Robbins, ed., Proceedings of the First National Conference on Race Betterment, January 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 1914 (Battle Creek, MI: Race Betterment Foundation, 1914); Official Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Race Betterment, August 4, 6, 7, 8, 1915, Held in San Francisco, CA in connection with the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (Battle Creek, MI: Race Betterment Foundation, 1915); Proceedings of the Third Race Betterment Conference, January 2–6, 1928 (Battle Creek, MI: Race Betterment Foundation, 1928).
2. Howard Markel, “Di Goldene Medina (The Golden Land): Historical Perspectives of Eugenics and the East European (Ashkenazi) Jewish-American Community, 1880–1925,” Health Matrix, 1997; 7: 49–64; Howard Markel, “The Stigma of Disease: The Implications of Genetic Screening,” American Journal of Medicine, 1992; 93: 209–16.
3. Galton also coined the term “Nurture vs. Nature.” See Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (London: Macmillan and Co., 1883), pp. 17, 24–25, 44. Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (London: Macmillan and Co., 1869); Francis Galton, “On Men of Science: Their Nature and Their Nurture,” Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 1874; 7: 227–36. Galton and Charles Darwin shared the same grandfather, Erasmus Darwin.
4. Howard Markel, Quarantine! East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 179–82; Howard Markel, When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Unleashed (New York: Pantheon, 2004), pp. 34–36; Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Genetics and American Society: A Historical Appraisal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), pp. 87–119; Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1963), pp. 50–57.
5. John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New York: Atheneum, 1963), p. 152. See also Barbara M. Solomon, Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1956).
6. Charles E. Rosenberg, “Charles Benedict Davenport and the Irony of American Eugenics,” in No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), pp. 89–97; Garland E. Allen, “The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 1910–1940: An Essay in Institutional History,” Osiris (Second Series), 1986; 2: 225–64; Oscar Riddle, “Biographical Memoir of Charles B. Davenport, 1866–1944,” Biographical Memoirs, 1947, Volume 25—Fourth Memoir (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1947), accessed July 4, 2015, at http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographi
cal-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/davenport-charles.pdf.
7. J. G. Mendel, “Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden,” Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr, 1865 Abhandlungen (Papers 1866): 1–47. For the English translation, see William Bateson, “Experiments in Plant Hybridization,” Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, 1901; 26: 1–32. A PDF copy, originally published in the February 6, 1965, issue of the British Medical Journal, 1965; 1(5431): 368–74, honoring the centenary of Mendel’s paper, published both in the original German and in English, can be accessed at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2165333/pdf/brmedj02380–0068.pdf.
8. Rosenberg. No Other Gods, p. 91.
9. Charles B. Davenport, “Report of the Committee on Eugenics,” American Breeders Magazine, 1910, 1: 129.
10. Letter from C. B. Davenport to Madison Grant, April 7, 1922, Charles B. Davenport Papers, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, cited in Rosenberg, No Other Gods, pp. 95–96.
11. Markel, Quarantine: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892, pp. 1–12, 66–67, 75–98, 133–52, 163–78, 181–85; Markel, When Germs Travel, pp. 9–10, 35–36, 56, 87–89, 96–97, 102–3; Gerald Sorin, A Time for Building: The Third Migration, 1880–1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), pp. 57–58; John R. Commons, Races and Immigrants in America (New York: Macmillan, 1907), pp. 63–106; R. Daniels, “No Lamps Were Lit for Them: Angel Island and the Historiography of Asian American Immigration,” Journal of American Ethnic History, 1997; 17: 2–18; Nayan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Allen, “The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 1910–1940,” 2: 225–64; John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants (New York: Harper & Row, 1964). Also see President Lyndon B. Johnson, “Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York, October 3, 1965.
12. Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (New York: D. Appleton, 1864); Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Biology, Volume 2 (New York: D. Appleton, 1886); Herbert Spencer, The Study of Sociology, in Three Volumes (New York: D. Appleton, 1898); Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944).
13. Edward A. Ross, “The Causes of Race Superiority,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July, 1901; 18: 67–89, quote is from p. 88.
14. Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Marie Von Horst, October 18, 1902, in Mrs. John (Bessie) Van Horst, The Woman Who Toils: Being the Experience of Two Ladies as Factory Girls (New York: Doubleday and Page, 1903), pp. vii–ix. Roosevelt states on p. vii, “What is fundamentally infinitely more important than any other question in this country—that is the question of race suicide, complete or partial.” See also Theodore Roosevelt, “On American Motherhood” (a speech given by President Roosevelt in Washington on March 13, 1905, before the National Congress of Mothers), in William Jennings Bryan, The World’s Famous Orations in Ten Volumes, Volume 10 (America III) (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1906), pp. 253–62; Thomas G. Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), pp. 143–67.
15. The complex adoption of eugenics and “racial uplift” among members of the “New Negro” movement, including W. E. B. Du Bois, is superbly discussed in Shantella Y. Sherman, “In Search of Purity: Popular Eugenics and Racial Uplift Among New Negroes, 1915–1935,” PhD diss., University of Nebraska at Lincoln, 2014.
16. Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race (New York: Basic Books, 2003); Upton Sinclair, Unseen Upton Sinclair: Nine Unpublished Stories, Essays, and Other Works, ed., Ruth C. Engs (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009), pp. 91–104, 149–71; Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s, 1922).
17. John Harvey Kellogg, Plain Facts for Old and Young: Embracing the Natural History and Hygiene of Organic Life (Burlington, Iowa: Senger and Condit, 1887), quotes are from pp. 345–46.
18. Lamarckism, named for the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, proposed that a living being passes on characteristics it has acquired during life to subsequent generations. Ellen H. Richards, Euthenics: The Science of Controllable Environment. A Plea for Better Living Conditions as a First Step Toward Higher Human Efficiency (Boston: Whitcomb and Barrows, 1910); Lester F. Ward, “Eugenics, Euthenics and Eudemics,” American Journal of Sociology, 1913; 18(6): 737–54.
19. John H. Kellogg, “Tendencies Toward Race Degeneracy,” New York Medical Journal: A Weekly Review of Medicine (Incorporating the Philadelphia Medical Journal and the Medical News), September 2, 1911; 94(10): 461–67, and September 9, 1911; 94(11): 526–29 (New York: A. R. Elliott Publishing Co., 1911). For examples of Dr. Kellogg’s lectures on the topic of race degeneracy, see “Lecture: Race Degeneracy,” April 16, 1911, Reel 12, Images 917–46, and “Lecture: Are We Too Much Civilized,” February 23, 1911, Reel 12, Images 657–88, both in J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
20. “The Workingman’s Home,” Medical Missionary, October, 1896; 6: 299–302. Medical Missionary was the publication of the Seventh-day Adventist–operated American Medical Missionary and Benevolent Association—the social welfare arm of the denomination.
21. “Announcement for the Battle Creek Sanitarium Medical Missionary Training School, 1898–99,” Reel 29, Images 166–227; as well as similar annual announcements for 1900–1901, 1901–1902, 1902–1903, 1903–1904, 1907–1908, and 1908–1909, and John H. Kellogg, “Commencement Exercises (Speech) of the American Medical Missionary College (AMMC),” June 23, 1903, Reel 27, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. See also Year Book of the International Medical Missionary and Benevolent Association for 1896: Origin and Development of Medical Missionary and Other Philanthropic Work Among Seventh-Day Adventists (Battle Creek, MI: American Missionary and Benevolent Association, 1896), Reel 28, Images 1009–1248, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
22. Jonathan Butler, “Ellen G. White and the Chicago Mission,” Spectrum, 1970 (Winter); 2: 41–51.
23. J. H. Kellogg, “Successful Self-Supporting City Missions,” which details the history and practice of the Chicago Mission, founded by J. H. Kellogg in 1893 and staffed by two of Dr. Kellogg’s closest medical associates, Drs. David Paulson and William Sadler. Reel 28, Images 381–425, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. The rest of this reel (Images 426–670) contains a wealth of materials, mission statements, magazine and newspaper articles on the work of the mission.
24. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, pp. 339–40, Box 2, Folder 1.
25. Carson, p. 239.
26. Richard Schwarz, “J. H. Kellogg: Adventism’s Social Gospel Advocate,” Spectrum, Spring 1969; 1: 15–28. Schwarz notes that when searching for a place to settle his missionary work, Dr. Kellogg asked the Chicago chief of police to direct him to “the dirtiest and wickedest place” in the city (p. 18); Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 165.
27. For discussions on the Social Gospel movement, see Schwarz, PhD thesis, 296–466; Schwarz, “J. H. Kellogg: Adventism’s Social Gospel Advocate,” 1: 15–28; Richard Schwartz, “J. H. Kellogg as Social Gospel Practitioner,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 1964; 57(1): 5–22. The classic texts on this movement include Richard T. Ely, Social Aspects of Christianity (New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1889); and Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis (New York: Macmillan, 1907). See also Charles H. Hopkins, The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865–1915 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), pp. 319–22; Sidney Fine, Laissez Faire and the General Welfare State (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1956), p. 179; Angie G. Kennedy, “Eugenics, ‘Degenerate Girls,’ and Social Workers During the Progressive Era,” Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 2008; 23(1): 22–37. Christine Rosen, Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 75–77; “J
ane Addams on Clothes,” Boston Evening Transcript, September 26, 1913, p. 11 (in this article Addams is quoted as stating, “I favor strict eugenic laws and woman’s suffrage”); “No Loveless Eugenics Declares Jane Addams,” Milwaukee Sentinel, December 15, 1914.
28. Howard Markel, “Exploring the Dangerous Trades with Dr. Alice Hamilton,” JAMA, 2007; 298(23): 2802–4. See also Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House, with Autobiographical Notes (New York: Macmillan; 1912); Louise W. Knight, Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2006); Allen F. Davis, Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement, 1890 to 1914 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1985). And also see A. S. Bloese Manuscript, chapter on missionary work in Chicago, pp. 240–48, Box 1, Folder 14.
29. Interview with William Sadler, MD, by Richard Schwarz, November 13, 1960 (Card VII-E-1). Richard Schwarz Collection, B9, F10, Sadler 8, Center for Adventist Research.
30. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 164–71.
31. Abraham Flexner found the American Medical Missionary College too irregular for his model of a modern medical school. Specifically, Flexner worried that “the Sanitarium is devoted to the application of certain ideas rather than to untrammeled scientific investigation. Disciples rather than scientists are thus trained.” Soon after the publication of the Flexner Report of 1910, John’s academy closed its doors and its Chicago assets and property were taken over by the University of Illinois Medical School. See Abraham Flexner, Medical Education in the United States and Canada. A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Bulletin No. 4 (New York: Carnegie Foundation, 1910), pp. 244–45; American Medical Missionary College. Thirteenth Annual Announcement, 1907–1908, Reel 27, Images 1437–91; J. H. Kellogg, “Commencement Exercises of the American Medical Missionary College, June 23, 1903,” Reel 27, Images 815–19; and “Qualifications of the Christian Physician,” Reel 27, Images 1165–75, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. The Annual Announcements of American Medical Missionary College for 1900–1901, 1901–1902, 1902–1903, 1903–1904, and 1908–1909 are also on Reel 27. See also “The Opening Exercises of the American Missionary College,” Medical Missionary, October 7, 1908, Volume 17, pp. 802–6; “The American Medical Missionary College,” Medical Missionary, May 1910, Volume 19, pp. 135–40.
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