26. Hughes s speech: Irish-American, July 25, 1863.
27. Bernstein, p. 62; Cook, p. 165.
28. Choate, pp. 260-61.
29. Welsh, p. 110.
30. Ibid., p. 113.
31. Ibid., p. 115.
32. Times, July 29, 1863; Encyclopedia of New York City, p. 860.
33. Brownson, Brownson's Quarterly Review, Oct. 1863, pp. 385-89; Wittke, The Irish in America pp. 41-42, 122; Schlesinger, p. 495; Encyclopedia of New York City, p. 162.
34. Strong, p. 343; Tribune, July 18, 1863; Bernstein, pp. 24-25; footnote: Anbinder, pp. 167-70.
35. Harper's Weekly, Aug. 1, 1863, quoted in Gibson, p. 158.
36. Gibson, p. 158; Spann, Gotham at War, p. 102.
37. Clarence Eytinge to "My dear Admiral" July 16, 1863, N-YHS, MSS.
38. Bernstein, p. 62.
39. Daly, pp. 251-52.
40. Bernstein, pp. 62-63.
41. Choate, p. 258.
42. Cook, pp. 165-66; Headley, Great Riots, p. 263.
l6. A PLOT TO "MAKE THE NORTHERN STATES A BATTLE-FIELD"
1. Richmond Enquirer, July 18, 1863, quoted in Tribune, July 22, 1863.
2. Ruffin, Diary, 3:83.
3. Stevenson, pp. 311-12.
4. Wingate, p. 46.
5. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 667-70.
6. Yacovone, p. 71.
7. Quoted in Quigley, pp. 10-11.
8. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 686-87.
9. Ruffin, Diary, 3:74.
10. Choate, pp. 259-60.
11. Christian Recorder, Sept. 1863, quoted in Maynard and Cottman, Weeksville Then and Now, p. 20; "Many Thousands Gone: Long Island African-Americans and the Civil War," exhibit at Federal Hall National Memorial, New York, Feb. 2003; Report of the Committee of Merchants, pp. 7, 30.
12. Choate, pp. 259-60.
13. Daly, pp. 249-50.
14. Ibid., p. 251.
15. Ibid., p. 252.
16. Jay's letter is in War of the Rebellion, ser. 3, 3:541-42.
17. Ibid., ser. 1, 27:pt. 2:903-4.
18. Hale, p. 274.
19. Ibid.
20. Garnet, p. 59; Bernstein, p. 57; Report of the Committee of Merchants, pp. 4-10.
21. Report of the Committee of Merchants, p. 30.
22. Ibid., pp. 4-6.
23. Ibid., pp. 12 and 27.
24. Bernstein, pp. 56-57.
25. Choate, pp. 259-60.
26. Lyons, pp. 9-10.
27. Ibid., pp. 9-10.
28. Ibid., p. 10.
29. Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1864, pp. 9-10.
30. Report of the Committee of Merchants, p. 26.
31. Cook, p. 176; Asbury, pp. 154-55; Wall, p. 39. Because construction materials and labor are a more expensive today, replacing and repairing a similar number of buildings would cost much more than $100 million.
32. Cook, pp. 174-75; Spann, Gotham at War, p. 101; Vincent Colyer to Matthew Brennan, Feb. 23, 1864, Museum of the City of New York; Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Charles B. Ray, pp. 49-50.
33. Cook, pp. 176-77; Asbury, p. 154; future strikes: Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence, passim.
34. Cook, pp. 115, 194.
35. Cook, p. 64 and footnotes 64-65 on p. 281.
36. Ibid., p. 194.
37. Asbury, p. 154; Quigley, p. 12; Christian Recorder, Aug. 1, 1863; Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Charles B. Ray, p. 49.
38. Cook, pp. 197-98.
39. Stoddard, p. 274.
40. Asbury p. 125; Burrows and Wallace, p. 890. See also Cook, p. 70.
41. Spann, Gotham at War, p. 101; Cook, pp. 193-94.
42. Cook, p. 195.
43. Blacks driven northward to Harlem: Harris, p. 2; Everett Beanne, a map titled "The Trek Northward: Movement of the Negro Population in N.Y.C.," facing title page in Ottley and Weatherby; Edward O'Donnell, "A Neighborhood of Their Own," Times, June 6, 2004. Comparison of draft riots and Ku Klux Klan violence: Thomas Nast, cartoons in Harper's Weekly, Sept. 5 and Oct. 10, 1868.
17. AFTERMATH: "SITTING ON TWO VOLCANOES"
1. Gilmore, pp. 198-99. Judge Edmonds's role in Rynders trial: Gibson, p. 34.
2. Gilmore, pp. 198-99.
3. Bernstein, p. 63; Wall, pp. 45, 46-51. The draft law did not reach the Supreme Court until 1918, when it was upheld.
4. Ackerman, pp. 24-26; Spann, Gotham at War, pp. 103-5; Bernstein, pp. 201-2.
5. Wall, pp. 51-52; Burrows and Wallace p. 896; Headley, Great Riots, p. 157; quoted in Chapin, p. 22.
6. Wall, p. 51; Ackerman, p. 28.
7. Ruffin, Diary, 3:118.
8. Ackerman, p. 28; Opdyke, pp. 277, 290; Cook, p. 174; Spann, Gotham at War, pp. 103-4; Burrows and Wallace, p. 896; Bernstein, pp. 201-2.
9. Spann, Gotham at War, pp. 103-5; Ackerman, pp. 28-29.
10. Spann, Gotham at War, p. 104; Murdock, pp. 259-60, 273-74, 283.
11. Welsh, p. 121.
12. Bernstein, pp. 63-64; Cook, p. 180; Ackerman, pp. 28-29; footnote: Ackerman, p. 28.
13. Cook, pp. 177-80.
14. Ibid., p. 180.
15. Ruffin, Diary, 3:122.
16. Matthew Powers to Matthew Brennan, Aug. 31, 1863, New York County District Attorney's Indictments, Aug. 4 to Aug. 11, 1863, MACNY. While of a later date, the letter is included on the microfilm with testimony from the indictment of Powers.
17. Costello, p. 521.
18. Cook, pp. 173, 304 note 12.
19. Times, July 15, 1863.
20. Bernstein, p. 203.
21. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 670-71; Ruffin, Diary, 3:134-35.
22. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 670-75; Catton, pp. 246-50, 255-57.
23. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 676; Catton, p. 258. Draft call: Wall, p. 53.
24. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 676-81; Catton, pp. 258-59, 261-65, 270-74.
25. McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 682; Catton, pp. 235-37.
26. Stevens, pp. 399-401.
27. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 42—43; Fernando Wood, p. 139.
28. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 684-85.
29. Ibid., pp. 685-86.
30. Ibid., pp. 687-88.
31. Daly, pp. 267-68; McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 687-88.
32. Quoted in Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 43.
33. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 139-45.
34. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 43-44; Gibson, pp. 159-60.
35. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 44; Gibson, p. 159.
36. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 42-44; Gibson, p. 160; Quigley, p. 9; Ackerman, p. 21.
37. Homberger, pp. 149-50; Hershkowitz, Tweed's New York, p. 149.
38. Homberger, pp. 149-50.
39. Bernstein, pp. 71, 222-23; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 42-43, 59 and Fernando Wood, p. 139; Gibson, pp. 160-62.
40. Cook, p. 175.
41. Quigley, pp. 4, 81-82.
42. Lyons, pp. 10-12, 16; Yacovone, p. 75; Quigley, p. 4.
43. Report of the Committee of Merchants, p. 12; Bernstein, p. 66; Harris, pp. 118—19.
44. Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Charles B. Ray, pp. 48-51.
45. Ibid., pp. 7-18 and 30; Woodson, History of the Negro Church, p. 173.
46. Quoted in Sketch of the Life of the Rev. Charles B. Ray, pp. 48-51.
47. Quigley, p. 12.
48. Pasternak, pp. 194-95.
49. Garnet, p. 58. Blacks encountered dismal treatment in the Union army and when captured by the Confederates, but they continued to enlist in order to secure the end of slavery. Because they were given dangerous duty and rarely allowed to surrender by the enemy, of all blacks who signed up, an estimated 37 percent were killed (Burrows and Wallace, pp. 898-99).
50. Pasternak, p. 197.
51. Quoted in ibid.
52. Ibid., p. 198.
53. Quoted in ibid., pp. 197-98.
54. Quoted in Quigley, p. 13.
55. Spann, "Union Green," p. 205.
&nb
sp; 56. Daly, p. 278.
18. "OUR BLEEDING, BANKRUPT, ALMOST DYING COUNTRY"
1. Matthew Powers to Matthew Brennan, Dec. 25, 1863, New York County District Attorney's Indictments, Aug. 4 to Aug. 11, 1863, MACNY. While of a later date, the letter is included on the microfilm with testimony from the indictment of Powers.
2. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 698-703.
3. Horan, Confederate Agent, p. 65.
4. Kinchen, pp. 25-26.
5. McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 763; Horan, p. 79; Axelrod, p. 220; Kinchen, pp. 51-52.
6. Horan, p. 68; Axelrod, pp. 220-21.
7. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 762-64; Horan, p. 68; Axelrod, p. 223.
8. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 762-64; Horan, p. 68; Axelrod, p. 223.
9. Horan, pp. 72-73; McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 763.
10. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 762-64; Horan, pp. 94-96.
11. Horan, p. 79; Axelrod, p. 223.
12. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 718-19.
13. Ibid., pp. 719-20.
14. Ibid., p. 720.
15. Quoted in Pullen, The Twentieth Maine, p. 154.
16. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 720-21.
17. Ibid., p. 722.
18. Welsh, p. 155.
19. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 724-32.
20. Welsh, pp. 102-3, 156-58.
21. Daly, pp. 296-97; McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 732.
22. McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 732.
23. Catton, p. 378.
24. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 732-35.
25. Daly, p. 299.
26. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 735-43.
27. Ibid., p. 742.
28. Ibid., pp. 735-43.
29. Ibid., pp. 743-50.
30. Ibid., pp. 751-58; Catton, pp. 379-80.
31. Strong, p. 474.
32. Hale, pp. 280-81.
33. McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 762; Hale, pp. 281-84.
34. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 762-65.
35. Horan, pp. 89-90.
36. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 762-65.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.; Horan, pp. 121-23, 128.
39. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 762-65.
40. Ibid., p. 758; Wall, p. 54.
41. Horan, p. 121.
42. McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 765; Horan, pp. 121, 127; Axelrod, p. 237.
43. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 407, 497n; Hale, pp. 277-78; Lowitt, pp. 222-23.
44. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 766-68; Hale, pp. 281-84.
45. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 766-68.
46. Greeley to Opdyke, Aug. 18, 1864, John A. Stevens Papers, N-YHS, MSS.
47. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 768-71.
48. Horan, pp. 123, 128-29.
49. Ibid., p. 129.
50. Ibid., pp. 125-26, 129.
51. Ibid., pp. 129-30.
52. Ibid., p. 130.
53. Ibid., pp. 130-31.
54. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 764-66.
55. Ibid., pp. 771-72.
56. Strong, pp. 480-81.
57. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 774-75.
58. Ruffin, Diary, 3:558-59.
59. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 778-79.
60. Ruffin, Diary, 3:603.
19. "VILLAINOUS THREATS OF LAYING NORTHERN CITIES IN ASHES"
1. Quigley, p. 20.
2. Hewitt, Protest and Progress, pp. 128-29.
3. Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, Twenty-seventh Annual Report, pp. 11-12, 17.
4. Ibid., pp. 5-6.
5. Ibid.
6. Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans, Twenty-eighth Annual Report, p. 6; Harris, p. 285.
7. Pasternak, pp. 198-199; Quigley, pp. 20-21.
8. Schor, pp. 38-43, 47-48; Harris, pp. 174-79.
9. Pasternak, pp. 200-204; Harris, pp. 175, 278; Quigley, p. 18.
10. Pasternak, pp. 200-204; Quigley, p. 18.
11. Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men, p. 19.
12. Ibid.
13. Ignatiev, pp. 6-31.
14. "Address of the Colored National Convention to the People of the U.S.," in Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men, p. 54.
15. Pasternak, pp. 201, 203; footnote: introduction by McCune Smith in Garnet, p. 34.
16. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 779-80.
17. Ibid., pp. 781-82.
18. Ibid., pp. 782-83: "Delays and appeals kept them in prison until after the war, when the Supreme Court invalidated the conviction of one of them—Lambdin P. Milligan—on the ground that civilians could not be tried by military courts in non-war zones where civil courts were functioning. The alleged conspirators—along with several other convicted by military courts—went free."
19. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 782-83.
20. Ibid., pp. 783-88.
21. Ibid., pp. 788-90.
22. Ibid., pp. 789-90.
23. Ibid., p. 790.
24. Horan, p. 181.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., pp. 181, 183.
27. Ibid., p. 183; Burrows and Wallace, p. 902.
28. Horan, pp. 164-65, 209; Burrows and Wallace, p. 902.
29. Horan, p. 210; Burrows and Wallace, p. 902; McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 781.
30. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 781-82; Horan, pp. 184-98.
31. Quoted in Horan, pp. 208-11.
32. Burrows and Wallace, p. 903; McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 805.
33. Spann, 'Union Green," p. 208 and Gotham at War, p. 119; Gibson, p. 170.
34. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 54; Bernstein, pp. 71, 223, 238, 243; Foner, pp.478-81.
35. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 53-55.
36. Ibid., pp. 19-20, 37, 53-55, 61, 65, 173-74; Foner, pp. 412-21.
37. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 774, 806-11; Donald, p. 553.
20. WAR'S END: SLAVERY IS DEAD, THE "DEMON OF CASTE" LIVES ON
1. Horan, pp. 211-13; Burrows and Wallace, pp. 902-3.
2. Horan, pp. 213-15; Burrows and Wallace, pp. 902-3.
3. Horan, pp. 213-15.
4. Ibid., pp. 215-19; Burrows and Wallace, pp. 902-3.
5. Horan, pp. 219-23; footnote: Burroughs and Wallace, p. 903.
6. Burrows and Wallace, p. 903; McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 811-25.
7. Geary, pp. 78, 82-84; Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, 2:377 (includes footnote).
8. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 811-25.
9. Ibid., pp. 706, 712-13, 838-40; Donald, p. 553; Pasternak, p. 204.
10. Donald, pp. 553-54; McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 839.
11. Donald, pp. 553-54.
12. McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 839-40.
13. Schor, pp. 205-7; Pasternak, pp. 205-7.
14. Garnet, p. 77.
15. Ibid., pp. 85-86.
16. Pasternak, p. 208.
17. Garnet, p. 72.
18. Blight, Race and Reunion, p. 4.
19. Foner, p. 232.
20. Hale, pp. 314-16.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., pp. 316-17; Foner, p. 460.
23. Hale, p. 317.
24. Foner, p. 467.
25. Homberger, pp. 67-68; Quigley, pp. 34-36.
26. Quigley, pp. 34-35.
27. Inspectors quoted in Citizens' Association, Report. . . upon the Sanitary Condition, pp. 64-65.
28. Homberger, pp. 83-85; Foner, p. 470.
29. Cook, p. 190; Burrows and Wallace, pp. 921-922; Foner, p. 470.
30. Foner, p. 470; Cook, pp. 189-90.
31. Quigley, pp. 36-40; Homberger, p. 59; Foner, pp. 488-511.
32. Burrows and Wallace, p. 904; McPherson, Battle Cry, pp. 844-47.
33. Ruffin, Diary, 3:829-30.
34. Journal of the American Lrish Historical Society, 9 (1910), pp. 168-70.
35. Nugent, p. 200.
36. Daly, pp. 351-52.
37. Ibid., p. 352; Blight, pp. 1-5.
38. "Mr. Greeley's Record," p. 3; Daly, pp. 352-54.
39. Winik, April 1865, pp. 216, 221-29.
<
br /> 40. Hale, p. 321.
41. "Mr. Greeley's Record," pp. 5-6 and passim; Foner, p. 500, analysis of Schurz true for Greeley.
42. Journal of the American Lrish Historical Society, 9 (1910), pp. 168-70; Joyce, "The New York Draft Riots," p. 26; Spann, "Union Green," pp. 208-9.
43. Ruffin, Diary, 3:946-50.
21. "CONDEMNATION AND REVERSAL OF NEGRO SUFFRAGE"
1. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 495-96; Foner, pp. 176-78, 183.
2. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 497-98; Foner, pp. 178-81.
3. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 497-98; Foner, pp. 178-79.
4. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 498-99; Foner, pp. 180-83, 187, 192-93.
5. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 500; Foner, p. 184.
6. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 500-503; Foner, pp. 189-90, 196-97.
7. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 511-12; Foner, pp. 198-200; footnote: McPherson, Ordeal, p. 467.
8. Ibid., pp. 513-16.
9. Quoted in Hale, pp. 320-21.
10. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 503-5.
11. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 502, 519-20; Foner, pp. 261-63, 265.
12. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 519-20; Foner, pp. 262-63.
13. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 520.
14. Burrows and Wallace, p. 559; World and Daily News, July 15, 1863; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 130, 236.
15. "Mr. Greeley's Record," p. 9.
16. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 513-15; Foner, pp. 239-51.
17. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 516-18; Foner, pp. 251-54, 256.
18. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 517-18; Fourteenth Amendment, section 2; Foner, p. 255.
19. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 518; Foner, p. 255.
20. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 517, 521.
21. Ibid., pp. 518-19; Foner, pp. 260-61, 267-68.
22. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 519; Foner, p. 267.
23. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 518, 520-22; Foner, pp. 276-77; Trelease, p. 383.
24. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 524; Foner, pp. 276-77, 294.
25. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 524-27; Foner, pp. 282-83, 303-4.
26. "Mr. Greeley's Record," pp. 7 and 11.
27. Ibid., pp. 12-17.
28. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 516-18, 535-36; Foner, pp. 316-23, 352-56; American Negro Reference Book, pp. 418-20.
29. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 516-18, 535-36; Foner, pp. 314-15.
30. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 117-18, 120-25, 127-28, 130-31, 136; World, Apr. 7, 1868.
31. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 159-61.
32. Wood, The Proceedings of Censure.
33. World, Apr. 3, 1868.
34. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 537, 543-44; Tribune, June 14, 1871.
35. World, Apr. 7, 1868.
36. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 537-39; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 130.
37. World, Apr. 14, 1868; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 132.
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