38. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 16, 127—28, 130—31; Spann, "Union Green," p. 209.
39. Spann, "Union Green," p. 209.
40. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 131, 136-37, 146; Gibson, pp. 218-22, 225-26, 229; Ackerman, p. 53.
41. Mitchell, pp. 396, 412-13.
42. Ibid., pp. 414-15; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 587.
43. Mitchell, pp. 415-16.
44. Ibid., pp. 423-48.
45. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 542-43; Foner, pp. 340-41.
46. Mitchell, p. 453.
47. Seymour, Vallandigham, and the Riots of 1863; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 542-43.
48. Harper's Weekly, Oct. 10, 1868; Blight, illustration on p. 115.
49. Harper's Weekly, Sept. 5, 1868; Quigley, illustration between pp. 78 and 79.
50. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 543-44; Foner, pp. 342-43.
51. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 543.
52. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 130; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 544.
53. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 117-18.
54. Ibid., pp. 130-31; Quigley, p. 63; Mcjimsey, pp. 123-24.
55. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 544-45. Foner, p. 343: "Nationally, [Grant] won every state except eight, but received less than 53 percent of the vote. It is more than likely that Seymour carried a majority of the white electorate."
56. Gibson, pp. 229-30.
57. Homberger, p. 175; Hershkowitz, Tweed's New York, pp. 135-37, 146-48; Gibson, pp. 229-30.
58. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 143-44; Quigley, pp. 64-65.
59. Mcjimsey, pp. 76-77; footnote: McPherson, Ordeal, p. 553.
60. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 143; Quigley, pp. 64-65.
61. Hale, pp. 326-27.
62. Foner, p. 470; Hershkowitz, p. 141.
63. Foner, pp. 446-447; Quigley, p. 81.
64. Hershkowitz, pp. 146-47.
65. Quigley, pp. 64-65.
66. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 124-25, 156; Bernstein, pp. 225-26.
67. Bernstein, pp. 224-26.
68. Foner, pp. 478-81.
69. Bernstein, pp. 223-24.
70. Ibid., pp. 71, 224; Burrows and Wallace, pp. 770-73.
71. Bernstein, pp. 225-26.
72. Ibid.; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 156.
73. Hershkowitz, pp. 147-48; Herald, Oct. 28, 1869.
74. Bernstein, p. 219.
22. STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: HORACE GREELEY AND THE LIBERAL REPUBLICANS
1. Foner, p. 444; Trelease, p. 384.
2. Foner, pp. 439-40, 457; Trelease, pp. 382-84; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 565-66.
3. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 545-46.
4. World, Mar. 6, 1871, quoted in Gillette, Retreat, p. 42.
5. Foner, pp. 446-47.
6. Ibid., p. 449.
7. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 172-73; McPherson Ordeal, pp. 565-67; Trelease, pp. 385-89; Foner, pp. 454-57.
8. Foner, p. 455; Trelease, pp. 389-90.
9. Tribune, May 17, 1871.
10. Foner, pp. 456-57; Trelease, pp. 389-95.
11. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 567; Foner, pp. 457-59, 528; Gillette, pp. 42-45; Trelease, p. 391.
12. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 567.
13. Bernstein, p. 60; Quigley, pp. xiii-xiv, 95-96.
14. Bernstein, p. 35.
15. Ibid., pp. 235-36.
16. Ibid., pp. 207-9; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 158-60; Homberger, pp. 181-82.
17. Bernstein, pp. 200-201.
18. Ibid., pp. 201-2.
19. Ibid., pp. 227-28, 198-99.
20. Ibid., p. 199.
21. Ibid.
22. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 175-76; Quigley, pp. 94-95.
23. Homberger, pp. 181-82; Quigley, pp. 94-95; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 176.
24. Homberger, pp. 177-78.
25. Ibid.
26. Ackerman, pp. 2-3.
27. Bernstein, pp. 228-29; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 178-79; Homberger, pp. 202-4.
28. Bernstein, p. 229; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 177-78.
29. Bernstein, pp. 230-31; Homberger, p. 195.
30. Quigley, pp. xiii-xiv, 95-96; Bernstein, p. 230.
31. Bernstein, pp. 230-32.
32. Quigley, pp. 97-98; Hershkowitz, p. 176.
33. Quigley, pp. 36-37.
34. Ibid., pp. 97-99; Homberger, p. 178.
35. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 176-78; Quigley, p. 97.
36. Homberger, pp. 198, 205; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 180-84.
37. Homberger, pp. 198, 294-99; Bernstein, p. 246.
38. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 181-84.
39. Homberger, p. 149; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 189.
40. Homberger, pp. 202-3.
41. Bernstein, pp. 233-34.
42. Homberger, pp. 204-5.
43. Ibid., p. 206.
44. Tribune, Sept. 30, 1863.
45. Homberger, pp. 200-201.
46. Quigley, p. 100; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 187-88.
47. Homberger, pp. 206-9.
48. Ibid., pp. 207-11; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 178-89; Mcjimsey, pp. 148-52; Quigley, pp. 98-99.
49. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 189-90.
50. Tribune, June 13, 1871.
51. Foner, pp. 488-92, 498-99.
52. Ibid.
53. Tribune, Junt 13, 1871.
54. Foner, pp. 488-92, 498-500; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 563.
55. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 553; Foner, pp. 484-87.
56. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 553; Foner, pp. 444-45.
57. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 553; Foner, pp. 488-92, 499-500.
58. Hale, pp. 324-27; Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 190.
59. Foner, p. 500.
60. Ibid., pp. 500-501.
61. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 569-70; Foner, pp. 501-2; Hale, pp. 334-37.
62. Foner, p. 503; Hale, p. 337; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 570.
63. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 194; Quigley, p. 101.
64. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 194; Foner, pp. 505-6; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 570.
65. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 194; Foner, pp. 505-6.
66. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 571.
67. Foner, p. 507.
68. Ibid., pp. 502-4, 509; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 571.
69. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, pp. 201-5; Foner, pp. 502-3; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 571.
70. Quigley, pp. 101-3; Foner, p. 503.
71. Bernstein, pp. 237-39, 247; Foner, pp. 488-91.
72. Hale, pp. 339-43.
73. Mushkat, The Reconstruction, p. 205; Foner, pp. 507-8; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 571.
74. Hale, pp. 344-45.
75. Ibid., pp. 345-53.
76. Foner, p. 508; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 571.
77. Hale, pp. 347-49.
78. Ibid., pp. 350-53.
79. World, Nov. 30, 1863; Evening Post, Nov. 30, 1863.
80. Evening Post, Dec. 4, 1863.
23. A FINAL DEVIL'S BARGAIN:
THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION
1. Foner, p. 510.
2. Mcjimsey, p. 162; Foner, p. 510.
3. Mcjimsey, p. 162.
4. Ibid.; Foner, p. 510; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 571.
5. Foner, p. 512; footnote: Foner, p. 512.
6. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 582-85; Foner, pp. 461, 464.
7. Foner, pp. 461-63.
8. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 582-86.
9. Foner, pp. 512-13; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 585-86.
10. Foner, pp. 461,512-13.
11. Ibid., p. 512; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 593-94.
12. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 590-91; footnote: McPherson, Ordeal, p. 585.
13. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 591-92; Foner, p. 550.
14. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 591-92; Foner, pp. 550-51.
15. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 592; Foner, pp. 554-55; Gillette, p. 123.
16. Foner, pp. 554-55; Gillette, pp. 124-31; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 592-93.
17. Foner, p. 554.
18. Gille
tte, pp. 126-27.
19. Foner, p. 554; Gillette, p. 124; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 591-92.
20. Americans more upset by federal troops . . . than Klan violence: Foner, pp. 554-55; Trelease, p. 420.
21. Gilmore, pp. 198-99.
22. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 565-66.
23. Foner, pp. 554-55.
24. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 593; Foner, p. 555.
25. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 593; Foner, pp. 539, 549-50.
26. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 593-94.
27. Ibid.; Foner, pp. 559-63.
28. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 569 and 590-91; Foner, pp. 510-11.
29. Trelease, p. 420; Foner, pp. 525-26; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 593.
30. Federal arrests declined, Klan violence increased: Trelease, p. 420.
31. Mcjimsey, pp. 165-66.
32. Ibid., pp. 166-67.
33. Ibid., pp. 178-80.
34. Ibid., pp. 180-81.
35. Ibid., pp. 177-78.
36. Ibid., pp. 181-83.
37. Ibid., pp. 180-83.
38. Foner, pp. 507-508.
39. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 567n, 592, and 595.
40. Ibid., pp. 596-97.
41. Boatner, Civil War Dictionary, p. 389; Foner, pp. 557-58, 567; Morris, Fraud, pp. 59-66.
42. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 597-98; Foner, p. 567.
43. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 598.
44. Ibid., pp. 598-99; Foner, p. 575.
45. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 598-99.
46. Mcjimsey, pp. 190-91.
47. Ibid., pp. 190-95.
48. Ibid., pp. 195-97.
49. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 215-17; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 600-601.
50. McPherson, Ordeal, p. 601; Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 216.
51. Mcjimsey, pp. 196-200; Mushkat, Fernando Wood, pp. 215-17; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 600-601; Woodward, pp. 150-51.
52. Mushkat, Fernando Wood, p. 219.
53. Ibid., pp. 219-20.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid., pp. 220-21.
56. Ibid., p. 221.
57. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 603-4.
58. Foner, p. 582.
59. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 603-4; Foner, p. 582.
60. Foner, p. 582.
61. Foner, p. 582; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 603-4.
62. Foner, pp. 583-86; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 587.
63. Foner, pp. 583-86.
64. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 586-87.
65. Foner, pp. 479-80.
66. Woodson, pp. 126-46.
67. Foner, pp. 479-80.
68. Ibid., pp. 513-14.
69. Ibid., pp. 514-15.
70. Ibid., p. 515.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., pp. 515, 519; McPherson, Ordeal, p. 587.
73. Foner, p. 583.
74. Ibid., pp. 583-84.
75. Ibid., pp. 583-84; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 587-88.
76. Bruce, pp. 222-23.
77. Foner, pp. 583-84; McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 587-88.
78. McPherson, Ordeal, pp. 587-88; Foner, p. 585; Bruce, 1877, p. 185 and passim.
79. Quigley, p. xiv; Foner, p. 585.
80. Foner, p. 586; Bernstein, illustration facing p. 125.
81. Opdyke, p. 290.
82. Foner, p. 585.
83. Stoddard, pp. 112-14.
84. Foner, pp. 477, 585.
85. Ibid., pp. 478, 515-18, 585.
86. Foner, p. 585: Interracial cooperation in the Great Strike of 1877 prefigured African American membership in the Knights of Labor in the 1880s.
APPENDIX: A WALKING TOUR OF CIVIL WAR NEW YORK
1. Sources for the walking tour in Manhattan include: Gerard Wolfe, New York: A Guide to the Metropolis, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994; Anbinder; "Points of Contention," an interview with Kevin Baker, author of Paradise Alley, in Time Out New York, Dec. 12-26, 2002, p. 17. Web site sources include http://www.nyc.govparks. org; http://www.nps.gov; and http://www.lowermanhattan.info.
2. Sources for the walking tour in Brooklyn include four booklets titled Neighborhood History Guide, published in 2000-2003 by the Brooklyn Historical Society: DUMBO/Fulton Ferry Landing/Vinegar Hill, Red Hook/Gowanus, Williamsburg, and Bay Ridge/Fort Hamilton; Jeffrey Richman, Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn: Green-Wood Cemetery, 1998; Glenn Collins, "Stories of the Civil War Carved on Headstones," New York Times, July 4, 2003 (about Green-Wood Cemetery). Web site sources include http://www.weeksvillesociety.org.
3. Sources for the walking tour in the Bronx include Edward Bergman, Woodlawn Remembers: Cemetery of American History, Utica, NY: North Country Books, 1988.
4. Sources for the walking tour in Staten Island include Ian Urbina, "A Bastion of Black History Amid Staten Island Development," New York Times, Nov. 4, 2003 (about Sandy Ground).
5. Sources for the walking tour in Queens and Nassau Counties include John Hanc, "There's a Riot Going On," Newsday, Aug. 7, 2003 (about the reenactment at Old Bethpage Village Restoration).
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