The Royal Stuarts: A History of the Family That Shaped Britain
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18 The story of Charles’s miserable marriage is well told by Maclean, op. cit., unsympathetically by Kybett, op. cit.
19 Hamilton would have his own matrimonial troubles when his wife Emma became Admiral Nelson’s mistress. He was however a more accommodating cuckold than Charles Edward.
Envoi
1 Queen Victoria, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, quoted by Eric Linklater, The Royal House of Scotland (Macmillan, London, 1970; Sphere Books, 1972).
2 Compton Mackenzie, The Four Winds of Love (Chatto & Windus).
3 Ian Mortimer, Edward III: The Perfect King (Jonathan Cape, 2006).
4 Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland (HarperCollins, 1994).
Notes on Further Reading
This book has been a long time in the making, for I have been reading about the Stuarts since I was a child. My introduction to Stuart history was by way of Scott’s Tales of a Grandfather, cited in the text, and by various of the Waverley novels in which members of the family feature. Among them are The Fair Maid of Perth, The Fortunes of Nigel, The Tales of Old Mortality, Waverley itself and my own favourite, Redgauntlet. If anything in this book sends readers back to Scott’s novels and to his narrative poem Marmion, with its splendid description of the Flodden campaign, they will be well rewarded and I shall be satisfied. Scott is the greatest of historical novelists and all who write about seventeenth-and eighteenth-century Scottish history are in his debt.
As readers will have recognised, this book makes no pretence to be a work of academic history, though I am grateful to many academic historians, and many of the books I have used are listed in the Notes and Sources section. Agnes Mure Mackenzie’s The Rise of the Stewarts has been superseded by modern historians. It remains, however, a mine of information and entertainment, while her portraits of the Stewart kings are intelligently sympathetic. There are modern academic biographies of all the Jameses, one of the best of which is Norman MacDougall’s James IV. For a briefer and sometimes highly critical survey, I would refer readers to Gordon Donaldson’s Scottish Kings.
Mary, Queen of Scots, has been the subject of innumerable biographies, besides novels, plays and films. Among the novels, I remember as a boy enjoying Margaret Irwin’s The Gay Galliard, which takes an unusually generous view of its hero, Mary’s third husband, Bothwell. Some recent writers, notably Professor Jenny Wormald, have been sharply critical to the point of outright hostility. However, Antonia Fraser’s life of the queen, though now forty years old, remains to my mind the fullest, most sympathetic and intelligent book about, in the words of her publisher’s advertisement, ‘the most tragic and romantic figure in British history’. In general, I think she gets Mary right, and I owe much to her work.
Readers will realise that I take a warmer view of James VI and I than many who have written about that odd but able character; indeed, this is one subject on which I part company with Scott, even while relishing his portrait of the king in The Fortunes of Nigel. There is also a very good biography of James by David Harris Wilson.
I have named many of the books I have used for Charles I and the Civil War in my notes. Modern historians have covered the ground thoroughly, but for the general reader I would still recommend C. V. Wedgewood’s three volumes: The King’s Peace, The King’s War and The Trial of Charles I. I would also draw attention to my friend Trevor Royle’s The War of the Three Kingdoms as an excellent survey intended also for the common reader. The best contemporary source remains Clarendon’s History of the Great Rebellion, rich in perceptive character sketches.
As a boy, I was once given Arthur Bryant’s Charles II as a history prize. It is doubtless far too indulgent and uncritical, but I revelled in it, and so remain grateful to him. Anyone who wishes to come to a fuller understanding of that charming but shifty character should read Hester W. Chapman’s The Tragedy of Charles II. Concentrating on the years of exile, it is the story of the education of a cynic.
Macaulay is harsh and unfair to James VII and II, but remains incomparable in his detailed, if biased, treatment of his reign – as he does, of course, in his portrait of his hero, William III. Nobody before Macaulay brought history to his readers as a living thing, and very few have matched him since. The Penguin abridgement of his History of England, edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper, offers an excellent introduction, or taste of the work, for those who fear they couldn’t stomach the whole.
Another great historian, G. M. Trevelyan, following in his great-uncle Macaulay’s wake, gives a marvellously rich picture of the early seventeenth century in his three-volume history of the reign of Queen Anne, though inevitably the poor woman rarely steps out of the background. Nothing gives a more vivid picture of the politics of the reign than Swift’s Journal to Stella. For a fictional treatment of the time, readers can turn to Thackeray’s The History of Henry Esmond.
The vast quantity of Jacobite literature is doubtless out of all proportion to the importance of the exiled Stuarts, but offers evidence of the fascination that Prince Charles Edward and the rising of 1745 continue to hold for writers and readers alike. The essence of partisan Jacobite history is still to be found in Bishop Forbes’s compilation The Lyon in Mourning. The best and most complete modern survey is offered by Bruce Lenman’s The Jacobite Risings in Britain. It punctures many myths.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abbott, Dr, Archbishop of Canterbury
Abercorn Castle
Aberdeen
Aberdeen University
Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660)
Act of Security (1704)
Act of Settlement (1701)
Act of Union (1607)
Agincourt, Battle of (1415)
‘Ainslie bond’
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748)
Alan, son of Flaald
Alasdair (commander)
Albano
Albany, Alexander Stewart, Duke of
Albany, Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of
Albany, John Stewart, Duke of
Albany, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of
as Murdoch Stewart
as Duke of Albany
Albany, Robert Stewart, Earl of Fife, Duke of Albany
Albemarle, Arnold Joost van Keppel, Earl of
Albermarle, General Monk, Duke of see Monk, General, later Duke of Albemarle
Albemarle, Henry Fitzjames, Duke of
Alberoni, Cardinal
Alexander III, King of Scotland
Alexander, Lord of the Isles
Alexander, Steward-Co-Regent of Scotland
Alfieri, Vittorio
Alfred the Great
Almanza, Battle of (1707)
Amsterdam
Anglican Church see Church of England Angus
Angus, Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of (‘Bell-the-Cat’)
Angus, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of
Angus, George Douglas, 4th Earl of
Anjou, Philippe, Duc d’
Annandale
Anne, Queen of France
Anne, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland
as Princess
Anne of Austria
Anne of Denmark (wife of James VI and I)
Antrim, Earl of
Argyll
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 8th Earl and 1st Marquis of
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of
Argyll, Bishop of
Argyll, Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of
Argyll, Duke of (present-day)
Argyll, John, 2nd Duke of
Arkinholm, Battle of (1455)
Arlington, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of
Armagnac, Bernard d’
Armagnacs (or Orléanists)
Arminianism
/>
Armstrong, Archie
Armstrong, Johnnie, of Gilknockie
Army Plot
Arran, James Hamilton, 1st Earl of
Arran, James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of, Duke of Châtelherault
Arran, James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of (previously Master of Hamilton)
Arran, Thomas Boyd, Earl of
Ascot
Ashley, Anthony, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury see Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley, 1st Earl of
Atholl, Duke of (present-day)
Atholl, 1st Duke of
Atholl, Walter, Earl of
Aubrey, John
Avignon
Ayala, Pedro de
Babington, Anthony
Bacon, Francis
Baillie, Reverend Robert
Balfour, Sir James
Balfour, Robert
Balliol, Edward
Balliol, John
Bambriefe
Bank of England
Bank of Scotland
Bannockburn, Battle of (1314)
Banquo
Barillon (French ambassador)
Bass Rock
Bastien (servant of Mary, Queen of Scots)
Bath
Bauge, Battle of (1421)
Beaton, Cardinal James, Archbishop of St Andrews
Beaufort, Duke of
Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester
Beaufort, Joan see Joan, Queen Beaufort, Thomas, Duke of Exeter
Bedford, Earl of
Bedford, John, Duke of
Bellay, Joachim du
Bennet, Henry, 1st Duke of Arlington
Bentinck, William, Earl of Portland
Berwick
Berwick, 2nd Duke of (Duke of Liria)
Berwick, James Fitzjames, 1st Duke of
Berwick Castle
Bess of Hardwick
Beza, Theodore
Bible, Authorised Version of
Bill of Rights (1689)
Bishops’ Wars
Black Death
Black Douglases, see also names of individuals
Blackfriars Wynd, Edinburgh
Blair, Robert
Blandford, Marquis of
Blantyre, Walter Stewart, Lord
Blenheim, Battle of (1704)
‘Bloody Assizes’
Boece, Hector
Boethius
Boisdale, MacDonald of
Boleyn, Anne
Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Viscount
Bordeaux
Borders
Boswell, James
Bosworth Field, Battle of (1485)
Bothwell, 3rd Earl of
Bothwell, Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of
Bothwell, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of
Bower (chronicler)
Boyd, Sir Alexander
Boyd, Thomas, Earl of Arran
Boyle, Robert, Earl of Cork
Boyne, Battle of the (1690)
Bradshaw, John
Braehead
Braemar
Brahe, Tycho
Brantôme, Sieur de
Branxton Hill
Brest
Bridport
Brighton
Brissac, Marshal de
Bristol
Brittany
Bruce, Edward
Bruce, Marjorie
Bruce, Mary
Bruce, Nigel
Bruce, Robert the see Robert the Bruce Buccleuch, Duke of
Buccleuch and Queensberry, Duke of (present-day)
Buchan, Alexander Stewart, Earl of, ‘the Wolf of Badenoch’
Buchan, Countess of
Buchan, John
Buchan, John Stewart, Earl of
Buchanan, George
Buckingham, George Villiers, 1st Duke of
Buckingham, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of
Bulkeley, Henry
Burgh, Egidia de
Burgundians
Burgundy, Dukes of
Burke, Ned
Burnet, Bishop
Bute, Isle of
Cabal, the
Cadogan, General
Calais
Calvin, John
Calvinism
Cambridge, Richard, Earl of
Cameron, Donald, of Lochiel (Jacobite)
Cameron, Donald, of Lochiel (in Queen Victoria’s reign)
Cameron, John
Camerons, the, see also names of individuals
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
Campbell, Lady Anne
Campbell, Archibald, 5th Earl of Argyll see Argyll, Archibald Cameron, 5th Earl of
Campbell, Archibald, 8th Earl and 1st Marquis of Argyll see Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 8th Earl and 1st Marquis of
Campbell, Archibald, 9th Earl of Argyll see Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of
Campbell, Colin, 6th Earl of
Campbell clan, see also names of individuals
Canterbury
Carberry Hill
Carey, Sir Robert
Carisbrooke Castle
Carlinrig
Carlisle
Carlos, Don (son of Philip II)
Carlos, Don (later Charles III, King of the Two Sicilies)
Carmichael, Patrick
Carrick, John, Earl of see Robert II, King of Scotland (formerly John, Earl of Carrick)
Carstares, William
Casket Letters
Castle Cary
Castlemaine, Barbara Palmer, Lady, later Duchess of Cleveland
Catherine of Aragon (wife of Henry VIII)
Catherine of Braganza (wife of Charles II)
Catherine de Medici
Catherine of Valois (wife of Henry V)
Catholics/Catholicism
and Anne
and Charles II
and Darnley
and Elizabeth I
in France
and Henry VIII
in Ireland
and James V
and James VI and I
and James VII and II, formerly Duke of York
and James Edward, the Old Pretender
and Mary, Queen of Scots
and Mary Tudor
in Scotland
and William III
calls for repeal of Act of Settlement to end discrimation against
obstinate attachment of Stuarts to
see also Counter-Reformation
Catholic League
Cavendish, Elizabeth
Cavers
Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury
Cecil, William
Cecily, Princess (daughter of Edward IV)
Cerdic
Chambers, Robert
Charlemagne
Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland
as Prince
Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland
as Prince
Charles II, King of Spain
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI, King of France
Charles VIII, King of France
Charles IX, King of France
Charles XII, King of Sweden
Charles, Archduke of Austria
Charles, Prince of Wales (present-day)
Charles Edward, the Young Pretender (‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’)
Charles Louis, Elector Palatine
Charles Martel
Charlotte, Queen (wife of George III)
Chase-about-Raid
Châtelherault, James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran see Arran, James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of, Duke of Châtelherault Chatillon, Battle of (1453)
Chattan clan
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Chesterton, G. K.
Christ Church, Oxford
Christian IV, King of Denmark
Churchill, Arabella
Churchill, John, Duke of Marlborough see Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of
Churchill, Sarah
Churchill, Sir Winston (father of John
Churchill)
Churchill, Sir Winston: Life of Marlborough
>
Church of England and Anne
and Charles I
and Charles II
and Charles Edward, the Young Pretender
and Churchill
and James VI and I
and James VII and II
and Laud
and Mary II
Church of the Holy Rood, Stirling
Church of the Holy Trinity, Edinburgh
Cirencester
City of London
Civitavecchia
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of see Hyde, Edward, 1st Earl of Clarendon
Clarendon, 2nd Earl of
Clarendon Code
Clark, Arthur Melville
‘Cleanse the Causeway’
Clement XIV, Pope
Clerk, Sir John, of Penicuik
Clifford, Sir Thomas
Cochrane, Robert
Coke, Sir Edward
Coldingham
Coldstream
Coleman, Father
Commons, House of
Company of Archers
‘Company of Scotland’
Comyn, John
Constantinople
Convention Parliament
Cope, Sir John
Copenhagen
Cork, Robert Boyle, Earl of
Cornbury, Lord
Cornwall, Camilla, Duchess of
Council of the North
Counter-Reformation
Court of Session
Covenanters
Covent Garden
Craigmillar Castle
Cramond
Cranstoun, Thomas
Craven, Lord
Crawford, Earl of (in reign of James II)
Crawford, Earl of (in reign of James VI and I)
Crécy, Battle of (1346)
Crichton, Sir William
Cromwell, Oliver
Cromwell, Richard
Cromwell, Thomas
Culloden Moor, Battle of (1746)
Cumberland, Duke of
Cunningham, John
Cunyngham, Alexander
Dalgleish, George
Damian, John
Danby, Lord
Darien Scheme
Darnaway
Darnaway Castle
Darnley, Henry Stewart, Lord
David I, King of Scotland
David II, King of Scotland
David, Prince, Duke of Rothesay see Rothesay, Prince
David, Duke of Davis, Moll (Mary)
Declaration of Arbroath (1320)
Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
Declaration of Indulgence (1687)