Persian Fire

by Tom Holland

and Cyrus, 41, 44, 45, 47, 50; Etemenanki, 49;

  foundation digging and brick making, 59;

  origins, 39—40; power of, 40—1; Processional

  Way, 48, 49; religion, 43-5; size and

  fortifications, 46—7 Bactria, 17,21,182,237 bankers, 45-6, 60 barbarians, 140, 201

  Bardiya, 21, 22, 24-5, 51, 206, 377-8; accession to the throne, 26; conspiracy led by Darius, 26-30; death of, 30-2, 379

  Basra, 202

  Bisitun, 37, 54; relief carving of Darius, 54-5 Black Sea, 151

  Boeotia, 98, 102, 263, 339, 342; news of Mardonius'

  defeat, 357 Boutads, 115-16, 117, 118, 135 business, 45, 104—5 Byblos, 229

  Callidromus, 265, 276, 284,288

  Callimachus, 187, 192-3, 197

  Cambyses, 21, 45, 204, 206, 234, 361,377; acccident and death, 26,378; attitude to foreign gods, 23-4; invasion of Egypt, 22—3; pharaoh in Egypt, 23-4; plot to overthrow him, 25-6; reputation for cruelty, 24

  cannibalism, 351

  Caria, 297,363; battle of Salamis, 321

  Carmenia, 287

  Carneia, 188, 257,388

  Carthage, 230, 233, 234

  Caryae, 245,334

  ceramics, 111

  Chalcis, 137, 267, 268

  chaos, 48

  Chersonese, 120,124, 152

  children, 81-5,204-5

  Cilicia, 183, 279; battle of Salamis, 321, 328

  Cilician Gates, 284

  Cimon, 215, 362—3

  Cissians, 213

  City Dionysia, 125,170,359

  Cleisthenes, 124, 127-8,132,386, 390; and

  Aristeides, 218; and Cleomenes, 128, 129,130, 130-1, 132; and Darius, 141; democracy in Athens, 133-6, 140-1, 164, 216

  Cleombrotus, 300,342

  Cleomenes, 96-8, 172, 224; and Aegina, 179; alliance with Aristagoras, 157-8; and Athens, 129-30,132-3, 136-8,158-9; and Cleisthenes, 128,129,130-1,132; and Demaratus, 179-80; exile and death, 180—1,259; and Hippias, 129-30; war on Argos, 169

  coinage, 104, 125, 143

  communications, 172-3

  Corinth, 90, 114, 226,230,234, 235,255; acropolis, 302; battle of Salamis, 325; temple of Aphrodite, 332-3

  cosmopolitanism, 103—4

  cowards, 340—1

  Cranae, 157

  Crimea, 152

  Crisa,92, 115

  Croesus, 13—14, 93, 115; and Cvrus, 93; and

  Nemesis, 355; and Sparta, 76—7 Crypteia, 85,87

  Curzon, George Nathaniel, xxi Cyaxares, 6, 375 Cylon, 113, 115,385 Cypriots, 328 Cyropolis, 18

  Cyrus, 206,361,376-7; and Babylon, 41,44,45,50, 147,327; birth legend, 9-10; burial, 20,22; claim to Persian throne, 12; and Croesus, 13-14,93; death, 19-20,377; as demon, 20; expansion of the empire, 16-19; King of Persia, 9; and religion, 36-7; search for an heir, 21-2; and Sparta, 63,65, 77; treatment of defeated enemies, 12,14,19; victory over the Medes, 10—] 1

  Danube, 151

  Darius, 361, 378; accession to the throne, 33-4; ambassadors killed in Sparta, 178-9, 203, 224; assault on Egypt, 204; bureaucracy, 174; capture of Babylon, 46-50; chosen one of Ahura Mazda, 37,38,55; claim to the throne, 53-4; and Cleisthenes, 141; communications, 172-3; conquest of the islands, and Eretria, 182-5; Conquest of Macedonia, 178; conquests inscribed on stone, 54; conspiracy against Bardiya, 27-32; death, 206-7; defeat by Athens, 195-9; destruction of Ionia, 169, 170; education of children, 204-5; Egypt in revolt, 203; Elamite revolt, 55-6; entry into Babylon, 48—9; and Eretrian captives, 202, 203; factions and rebellions, 51—4, 61; financial administration, 58; gardening, 213; and global peace, 56; greatness of the empire, 172; guarding his Empire, 144-5; in India, 61-2; justice, 145-6; 'King of Kings', 57; manpower, 182; new capital cities, 57—60; opulence of capital cities, 58-60; power over nature, 61, 62; raid on Scvthia, 151—3; relief carving on Bisitun, 54-5; and religion, 37,55,56. 148-9; resources, 182-3; sons, 204, 205-6; state intelligence, 174-6; supplies, 183; threat to Athens, 170, 171-2, 177-8; wives of. 53

  Datis, 175, 182-5,219, 369; attack on Eretria, 184-5; fleet bound for the Aegean, 183; invasion of Athens, 186-98, 284

  Delian League, 362,363, 365, 366

  Delos, 183-4,336,357

  Delphi. 90-5,106,115,227.307, 308; and Argos, 246; consulted by Athens. 249-52; and Sparta. 129,246

  Demaratus, 137-8,158, 179, 203-4, 209, 283, 389;

  advises amphibious attack against

  Lacedaemon, 308; at Salamis, 318; warning to

  Sparta, 224-5 democracy, 131-8,140-1,154, 155,164,214-15,

  216

  demons, 48,177, 296-7 Didyma, 149, 184 discipline, 71-2,80.82.84, 86-7 Dorians, 68,90,353.381 Dorieus, 96—7 Doris, plain of, 90 Drauga (Lie), 32, 33, 34 dreams and visions, 126

  East and West. 233

  Ecbatana, 7,12-13,45, 376; seized by Phraortes, 51 Egibis, 45-6, 60

  Egypt, 99, 152; battle of Salamis, 325,328; and Darius, 57; invasion by Cambyses, 22—3; rebellion suppressed by Xerxes, 207-8, 327; in revolt against Darius. 203—4; seamanship, 235

  Elam. 38, 41, 43. 57; revolt against Darius. 55-6 Eleusis, 137,158,310,318, 325,342 Elissa, 230

  En-nigaldi-Nanna, 43 Ephialtes. 288, 289 epilepsy, 81 equality, 134 Equator, 230

  Erechtheus, 101,111,252,384

  Eretria, 159,160,161; assault by Persian fleet, 182,

  184-5 Esagila, 39, 44

  espionage, 175, 192, 227-8, 311 Etemenanki, 49 Ethiopia, 287, 378 Ethiopians, 211 Euainetus, 249

  Euboea, 159,184, 185,226. 230,264; Greek ships

  sent to, 255 Eupatrids, 103,107, 131. 135, 164 Euphrates, 40,42,327 Europe, 61; and Asia, 233, 356. 362 Eurotas, 78

  Eurybiades, 258, 267, 277,302 Eurvmedon, 363 Ezekiel, 229

  Fertile Crescent, 6, 14 financial administration, 58 fire and royal greatness, 36—7 food, 88, 286-8

  foundation myths, 99-100, 100 freedom, 88-9,138, 139-40, 201, 354

  games, 112, 113, 148 Gandhara, 17 gardens, 213, 239,312-13 Gaumata.31,33, 54

  Gelon, 232-3, 247; defeat of Carthage, 329 Gobryas, 27, 56, 178

  gods: Athens, 101, 109, 111, 189, 219,251; attitude of Darius, 55-6; Babylon, 39-40,44-5; Judaea, 147, 148; Persia, 32,35,37,149; Sardis, 143; Sparta, 69, 79, 94-5

  good governance (eunomia), 66, 107, 108

  Gorgo, 158,181,223

  Great Panathenaea, 112, 116, 261,385

  Greece/Greeks, xvi, xxi-xxii, 33, 66-7,98,148,330; and barbarians, 233; congress in Athens, 366; fleet at Salamis, 302, 304, 309; good governance (eutumia), 66-7; luxury, 232; and Phoenicians, 229-30,233; spies, 233, 235,235-6, 270; in the West, 230, 231. 232; Xerxes' invasion see Xerxes,

  invasion of Greece, see also Athens; Corinth;

  Sparta Green, Peter, xxii—xxiii GulfofMalis, 262, 264,269 Gythion, 157

  Halicarnassus, 297, 308, 324 Halys, 6

  Harmodius, 126-7; statue in Agora, 139—40 Harpagus, II, 12, 14, 175; campaign against the

  Ionians, 15-16; command of Persian forces, 15 Helen of Sparta, 65-6, 67-8, 83, 86, 157, 261; birth,

  355, 369 Hellenion. 227, 232

  Hellespont, 209,360; crossing by Xerxes, 212, 213,

  225, 242-4,329; Persian garrison, 362 Helos, 73 helots, 73, 85, 355 Hephaestus, 101 Heracles, 68, 90, 99, 259 Heraclids, 24, 68,72 Herodotus, xv, xvi—xvii, xxiv, 244 Himera,, 329 Hindu Kush, 16, 17

  Hipparchus, 122, 124-5, 126-8; and Artaphernes, 163, 216; exile, 216; and Homer, 260-1; as poet, 260

  Hippeis, 88, 259, 334

  Hippias, 122, 124-5, 126-8, 134, 142, 159, 185; and Cleomenes, 129—30; invasion of Athens by Persians, 185-6,199

  Histiaeus, 152, 1XM, 174, 175-6

  Homer, 260-1, 262; The Iliad, 294

  homocide, 85,86

  kopla (shields), 70

  hoplites, 70, 72, 76, 274

  horses, 5,109

  hubris, 355-6, 356

  Hydarnes, 52

  Hydarnes (the younger), 288, 291,293 Hystaspes, 53

  Immortals, 275, 282, 288, 291, 294 India, 29,61-2,211, 237 Indus, 61 infanti
cide, 81—2

  Ionia, 65, 228, 230,363; and Artaphernes, 149-50, 176-7; battle of Salamis, 321; coinage, 104; defeat by Persians, 15-16, 162. 167, 169; demand for democracy, 154, 155; devastation after defeat, 176; attitude to 'barbarians', 150-1; map, 156; news of I'ausanias' victory, 357; peace and order, 176-7; sea defeat at Lade, 308; seamanship, 235; taste for the exotic, 148

  Iraq, 18

  Isagoras, 131, 132, 134, 137 Ischia, 230 Ishtar, 47

  Isthmus, 244, 246,300, 310; return of the Greek fleet, 302

  Italy, 152, 230

  Jaxartes, 18, 377 Jeremiah, 40 Jerusalem, 40,41, 147 Judaeans, 40, 147-8

  Khorasan Highway, 1—4, 289; Aryans, 5; followed by the Persians, 16-17; merchants, 29; palace of the Medes, 7

  Lacedaemon, 67, 68, 77, 89, 157, 340; amphibious attack advised by Demaratus, 308, see aha Sparta

  Lade, 167, 175, 228, 234,308,357 Laurium, 220—1 law, 81

  Lebanon,229

  Leonidas, xviii, xix, 181,223-4,246,259, 394; at

  Thermopylae, 262-1,268, 269-75, 282. 291-3,

  295-6; mourning in Sparta, 341—2 Leotychides, 179, 180, 181,246, 336; at Samos, 357;

  battle of Mvcale, 358,362; cruising off Delos,

  338

  Lycidas, 338,344-5 Lycurgus, 70-2, 115-16, 117, 119,261 Lydia; war with Medes, 6; war with the Persians, 13—15, 19, see also Croesus

  Macedon, 248 Macedonia, 178, 330 Magi, 8, 26,31,36, 205, 240 Magnesia, 265, 267 Mandane, 9-10 manners, 80

  Marathon, 109, 187, 190, 213, 335, 359; battle of, xvii, xxii, 194-8, 199, 284,359,387, 388; commemorated on the Parthenon, 368, 370; map, 194; modern Olympic Games, 198

  Mardonius, 178, 208-9, 213,328, 390; at Thessaly, 336; battle of Plataea, 339-40, 344-9,352-3; proposes to 'complete the enslavement of the Greeks', 329-30

  Marduk, 39,44, 45; and Darius, 46

  Medes, 237, 375; at Thermopylae, 274; battle with Persians 550 BC, 10, 11—13; cavalry in winter, 14; cultural ties with Persians, 11-12,36; horse breeding, 5; invasion of Syria, 6; Magi, 8; palace at Ecbatana, 7; partnership with Persians, 15; victory over Nineveh, 6; war with Lvdians, 6, 13—14, see also Astyages

  Median Wall, 42

  Megacles, 115

  Megara, 105. 106, 230, 255, 300, 310

  Menelaus, 65, 67, 101, 261

  Mesopotamia, 40, 41-3, 327; and Marduk, 45;

  opulence of, 49 messengers, 173 Messenia, 68, 72,73,86 Middle Gate, 293

  Miletus, 152-3, 154, 157, 161, 167,357; destruction

  by Persians, 168, 170, 175, 22S, 234; past

  resistance to Persia, 308 military training, 84, 85-6 Miltiad'es, 120-1, 124, 152. 164; leading Athens

  against Persian invasion, 187, 188, 191, 198-9;

  prosecution in Athens, 170-1, 215, 216 monarchy, 48, 49,50,94 money, 125 Moschians, 211 Mount Aigaleos. 109,301,306 Mount Athos, 178,213,214,329 Mount Callidromus, 262 Mount Cithaeron, 343,344 Mount of Mercy, 57 Mount Mycale, 157, 167,357, 368 Mount Oeta, 90

  Mount Olympus, 112, 113, 178, 248

  Mount Ossa, 248

  mourning, 341—2

  museums, 43

  Mycenae, 73, 169

  Myrcinus, 153, 161

  Nabonidus, 41, 43, 44, 45 Naples, 23(1

  Naxos, 120, 228; attacked by Artaphernes, 154-5

  Nebuchadnezzar II, 41,42 Nebuchadnezzar III, 41, 46,50 Nemesis, 355, 356,364, 369,370 Nimrud, 4 Nineveh, 4,6,7 Nisaea, 29, 30,238 North Africa, 230 nudity, 83,85

  oaths, 199 Odysseus, 268-9 Oeta, 284 Olympia, 112,257 Onomacritus, 126, 209 oracles set' Delphi; Didyma ostracism, 216-17, 221,'221-2, 390 Otanes, 27, 28, 34, 62

  palaces, 49,58-9

  Pallene, 119,324

  Pan,189,343

  Panionium, 167. 357

  paradtiida (paradise), 213,390

  Paris (Prince ofTroy), 157

  Parnassus, 90, 91

  'Parsua', 9

  Parthenon, 368

  Pasargadae, 12,21.29, 57, 207

  Pausanias, 342, 343-4, 363-4; battle of Plataea,

  344-9,345,346, 352-5; beacons lit for victory,

  356-7 pederasty, 85

  Peloponnese, 74.333, 336,337, 340; foundation myths, 100; map, 64; march to support Sparta against Mardonius, 340; refusal to join congress, 366; spies, 228; threatened by Xerxes, 224, 225

  Peloponnesian League, 226

  Pelops. 73-4

  Pelusium, 23

  Pentelikon, 109, 118, 185

  Periander, 114

  Pericles, 367-8

  Persepolis, 57-8, 59, 60, 173,207; inscription

  proclaiming kingship of Xerxes, 208 Perseus, 168, 246

  Persia, xv, xxi-xxii; origins, 9; writing, xxiv, 54, see also Artaphernes; Cambyses; Cyrus; Darius; Datis; Xerxes

  Persian Gates, 284

  Persian Gulf, 18

  Phaidime, 31

  phalanx, 76, 186, 187, 195,350

  Phalerum. 109, 163, 198, 215,219, 326; Persian

  council of war, 308, 309 Phidias, 365.368, 370 Philaids, 103,124,131,216 Philippides, 188-90, 191 philosophy, 149, 150 Phocaea, 15

  Phocians, 262, 263, 264, 276, 291

  Phoenicians, 229-30, 357; battle at Sciathos, 266;

  battle of Salamis. 324,325, 328; seapower, 235;

  and Xerxes, 233—4 Phraortes, 51, 52-3 Phrygia, 312

  Piraeus, 166, 217, 222, 255

  Pisistratids, 103, 119, 122, 124, 129, 136,209,214,

  216,305-6; and Sparta, 129 Pisistratus, 116-17, 118-22, 119; and Homer,

  261

  Plataea, 128, 137,190,263, 339,342,343,367; battle,

  344-53; map, 351 Plato, xxii Pnyx, 139, 253 poor, 105,106-7, 108 Poseidon, 219 prostitutes, 298, 299 Psyttaleia, 313,319,321,326,335 Punjab, 61, 62 purple dye, 229 Pythia.250,251,307,383 Pythioi, 95, 246 Pythius, 146, 240 python, 91

  Rangha, 18,61

  religion: Athens, 111; Babylon, 43-4; Persia, 32-3, 34-7,55-6; Sparta, 69, 70-1,79-80; tolerance of, 146-8; wars of, 56; Xerxes, 241

  Ithamnus, 369

  Rhoxsane, 21, 26

  roads, 173-4 Royal Road, 284

  'Sacred Way', 137

  sacrifices, 111, 193.242,292; ofhorses, 29-30;

  human, 241 Saka. 17-18, 61, 182, 237; battle of Plataea, 352 Salamis, xxiii. 103, 106, 252; and Aeschylus, 359;

  attempt to build causeway. 328—9; 'divine

  Salamis', 307. 308; evacuation from Athens,

  301, 302; map. 314, 322; return of the Greek

  fleet, 302, 304.309 Samos. 62,89,157.183, 336, 358 Sardis, 14, 142,163, 171,360; acropolis, 144,236;

  arrival of Xerxes, 225; 'court as a prostitute',

  151; Croesus' palace, 236; priests of Apollo,

  148-9; temple to Cybele, 143, 160;

  Themistocles as advisor, 364; wealth of, 143;

  Xerxes' army, 235-6, 240 Sargon,42-3, 44,48 Sargon II, 4 Saronic Gulf, 162,298 satraps, 144,145-6 savages, 17 Sciathos, 265, 266 sculpture, 111, 139,211, 365 Scyllias, 277

  Scvthia, 120; invasion by Darius. King of Persia,

  151-3 sea-monsters, 214 seamanship, 223,235 seapower, 163,166, 217-18, 221, 222-3 Semiramis, 1 Sepeia, 169,245 seven sages of Greece, 114 shields, 70, 196. 389 shipbuilding, 222-3 shipwreck, 279,394 Sicily, 230, 232-3,329 Sicinnus,312,313,315,331 Sidon, 229, 233,234, 235, 243, 266 Sikyavautish,30, 238,379 silver mining, 220—1 Sin (moon god), 44—5 slaves, 85,88-9 Sogdiana, 17, 182

  soldiers, 69-70,71-2,72-3,76; food supplies,

  287-8; Immortals, 275 Solon, 106-7, 114, 117.298 sorcerers, 43 Spain, 230

  Sparta, xix, xx; acropolis, 79; alliance with Aristagoras, 157—8; ambassadors of Darius killed, 178-9, 203,224; and Argos, 73,74-5,77, 129; army, 76; battle with Samos, 89; brutality of. 66; Carneia, 188, 257, 388; children, treatment of, 81-5; class svstem, 71—3; coming of age in, 88; competition, 83—4; cowards, 340—1; and Croesus, 76—7; and Cyrus, 63,65,77; defeat of Argos, 77; demands reparations for

  the death of Leonidas, 331-2; discipline and conformity, 71-2, 80, 82, 84, 86-7; education, 84; factions, 18
1-2; food, 88; food served by Pausanias after Platea, 355; foot-soldiers, 69-70; geography. 67; Gerousia, 81,95, 181; honouring Themistocles, 334; Hyacinthia, 339; internal divisions, 224; isolation, 78; kings and the Ephorate (magistracy), 95-6, 181; kings and gods, 94-5; law, 81; and I.ycurgus, 70-2; military training, 84, 85-6; model of heroism and virtue, 367; moderation, 96; mourning, 341-2; origins, 67-8; pederasty, 85; physical fitness, 83, 84; and the Pisistratids, 129; refusal to join congress, 366; religion, 69, 70—1,79-80; reputation, 63, 65, 66; seeking allies against Xerxes, 245-7; slaves, 88-9; soldiers and weapons, 69—70, 71-2; subjection of Messenia, 68,86; team games, 113; and Tegea, 74; temples, 79-80; warfare, 75-6; women and motherhood, 87, see also Cleomenes, King of Sparta; Xerxes: invasion ofGreece

  steppes, 18, 61

  Sunium,219, 220,365

  Susa, 43,57,58-9,60, 287

  Sybaris, 232

  Syracuse, 232-3, 247,329

  Syria, 152; invasion by the Medes, 6

  Syrian Gates, 284

  Taygetos mountains, 67,68

  Tegea, 74, 75, 99-100, 334; battle of Plataea, 352

  Tempe, 248, 249, 255

  temples, 43,79-80; of Aphrodite, 332-3; of

  Artemis, 265; at Delphi, 90-4; at Eleusis, 137; of Athena Polias, 253,300.385; in Athens, 103, 111, 116,117-18, 122,219-20; in Babylon, 49; of Cybele, 143; in Jerusalem, 147; of Panionium, 357; Parthenon, 368; of Poseidon, 219-20,332; rebuilding burned temples, 366, 367; in Sparta, 79; of Zeus, 122, 124, 139,214

  Thales, 150

  Thebes, 90, 98,209, 263, 330, 339,346; and Athens, 128, 137,138-9

  Themistocles, 193, 214-15, 226, 388-9; and Athenian seapower, 217-18,220, 221-3; as attorney, 166; background, 164-5; commanding the Greek fleet, 226, 267, 268-9, 277,281; evacuation from Athens, 299-302; Greek fleet at Salamis, 309, 313,315; heroic appearance, 165, 387; honoured by Sparta, 334; hoping for victory over Persian fleet, 303; influencing Athenians lor elction, 165—6; and Miltiades, 171; new port at Piraeus, 166,217; news of the burning of Attica, 303—4; ostracism, 364; preparations for Persian invasion, 247-8, 252, 253-5; removed from command of the fleet, 335; Sicinnus sent to Xerxes, 331