Pacific Alamo
Page 39
29. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 83.
30. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 83.
31. Cressman, “A Magnificent Fight,” p. 139.
32. Wheeler, A Special Valor, p. 15.
33. “Fort by Fort, Port by Port,” Time, December 15, 1941, p. 23.
34. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: The Grand Alliance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950), p. 620.
35. Urwin, Facing Fearful Odds, p. 7; “Still Under American Flag,” The Idaho Daily Statesman, December 13, 1941.
36. Cressman, “A Magnificent Fight,” p. 138.
37. Schultz, Wake Island, p. 11; “Stand at Wake,” Time, December 22, 1941, p. 19.
38. “Tiny Garrison Holds Out Against Attacks,” The Honolulu Advertiser, December 12, 1941; “Marines Hold Off Wake Assault,” Detroit Evening Times, December 12, 1941, p. 37.
39. Casey, Torpedo Junction, p. 34.
40. “Islands,” Newsweek, December 22, 1941, p. 19.
41. “Helpmate,” Time, December 22, 1941, p. 12.
42. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, pp. 96–97.
CHAPTER 6—“Our Flag Is Still There”
1. Marvin interview, February 5, 2002.
2. Murray Kidd interview, April 13, 2002.
3. Jacob R. Sanders, Autobiography of Jacob R. Sanders, as Told to and Written by his Daughter, Cathy M. Sanders, undated, in the Jacob R. Sanders Collection, pp. 5–6.
4. Marvin interview, February 5, 2002.
5. Laporte interview, March 14, 2001.
6. King interview, March 21, 2002.
7. John Rogge interview, April 10, 2002.
8. Hanna interview, June 21, 2002.
9. J. O. Young interview, June 11, 2002.
10. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 102.
11. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 103.
12. King interview, March 21, 2002.
13. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 103.
14. Author’s interview with William F. Buehler, November 30, 2002.
15. Goicoechea interview, April 12, 2002.
16. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 120.
17. Lt. Col. Walter L. J. Bayler, Last Man Off Wake Island (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1943), p. 109; Lt. Col. Paul A. Putnam, “Report of VMF-211 on Wake Island,” October 18, 1945, pp. 15–16.
18. Gross interview, March 13, 2001.
19. Murray Kidd interview, April 13, 2002.
20. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 101.
21. Johnson interview, March 19, 2002.
22. Urwin, Facing Fearful Odds, p. 279.
23. Hanna interviews, February 6, 2002; February 20, 2002.
24. Martin Gatewood interview, February 20, 2002.
25. Kessler, To Wake Island and Beyond, p. 62.
26. Martin Gatewood interview, February 20, 2002.
27. Whitney, Guest of the Fallen Sun, p. 22.
28. Author’s interview with Max J. Dana, November 25, 2002.
29. “Message from Wake,” Time, December 29, 1941, p. 14.
30. Marvin interview, February 5, 2002.
31. “Wake and Guam Reported Taken,” New York Times, December 9, 1941, p. 12.
32. “Tiny Band of Marines, Facing Sure Death, Hold Wake Island with No Idea of Surrender,” Detroit Free Press, December 12, 1941, pp. 1, 12.
33. Charles Hurd, “Marines Keep Wake,” New York Times, December 12, pp. 1, 18; Edward T. Folliard, “Marines Gallantly Hold Wake, Sink 2 Japanese Warships,” Washington Post, December 12, 1941.
34. Charles Hurd, “Wake and Midway Hold Out, U.S. Communiques Reveal,” New York Times, December 13, 1941, p. 1, December 15, 1941, p. 1; “Japs Again Rain Bombs On Island,” Idaho Daily Statesman, December 15, 1941, p. 1; “U.S. Marines Still Fighting to Save Wake,” Detroit Free Press, December 15, 1941. p. 1.
35. “Marines Are Still There,” New York Times, December 16, 1941, p. 6.
36. “‘Send Us Some More Japs,’ Wake Marines Ask Navy,” New York Times, December 17, 1941, p. 7; “In the Pacific, ‘Our Flag Is Still There’; The Marines Hold Midway and Wake,” Quantico Sentry, December 19, 1941, p. 1.
37. Urwin, Facing Fearful Odds, p. 10.
38. “Stand at Wake,” Time, December 12, 1941, p. 19.
39. Lt. Col. R. D. Heinl, Jr., “We’re Headed for Wake,” Marine Corps Gazette, June 1946, p. 37.
40. Schultz, Wake Island, p. 98.
CHAPTER 7—“They Don’t Guarantee You’re Coming Back”
1. Diary of John R. Himelrick, in the John R. Himelrick Collection, Personal Papers Collection, Marine Corps Research Center, Quantico, Virginia (hereafter cited as Himelrick diary.)
2. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, pp. 104–105.
3. Hanna interview, February 6, 2002.
4. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
5. Marvin interview, February 14, 2002.
6. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
7. Goicoechea interviews, March 5, 2002; April 12, 2002.
8. Burroughs, “The Siege of Wake Island,” p. 71.
9. Schultz, Wake Island: The Heroic, Gallant Fight, p. 81.
10. Burroughs, “The Siege of Wake Island,” p. 71.
11. Cressman, “A Magnificent Fight,” p. 164.
12. Himelrick diary.
13. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 133.
14. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 134.
15. Hanna interview, February 6, 2002.
16. Laporte interview, March 14, 2001.
17. Cressman, “A Magnificent Fight,” pp. 172–173; Urwin, Facing Fearful Odds, p. 398.
18. David O. Woodbury, Builders for Battle: How the Pacific Naval Air Bases Were Constructed, (New York: E. P. Dutton and Company Inc., 1946), p. 323.
19. Cressman, “A Magnificent Fight,” p. 173.
20. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 115.
21. Letters from Henry T. Elrod to Elizabeth Elrod, December 20, 1941, in the Henry T. Elrod Collection, Marine Corps Research Center, Quantico, Virginia.
22. Martin Gatewood interview, February 20, 2002.
23. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
24. Marvin interview, February 5, 2002.
25. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 127; Marvin interview, February 5, 2002.
26. Author’s interview with Henry Frietas, April 8, 1992.
27. Peter Andrews, “The Defense of Wake,” American Heritage, July–August 1987, p. 78; Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 103.
28. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
29. King interview, March 21, 2002.
30. Martin Gatewood interview, February 20, 2002.
31. Marvin interview, February 5, 2002.
32. Martin Gatewood interview, February 20, 2002.
33. Urwin, Facing Fearful Odds, p. 438.
34. Burroughs, “The Siege of Wake Island,” p. 72.
35. Urwin, Facing Fearful Odds, p. 439.
36. “To the Marines on Wake Island,” Washington Post, December 24, 1941.
CHAPTER 8—“I Was Surprised at Some of the Younger Ones”
1. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 143.
2. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
3. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 98.
4. Ozeki interview.
5. Wheeler, A Special Valor, p. 21.
6. Andrews, “The Defense of Wake,” p. 76.
7. Read, Reminiscences, p. 4.
8. Dana interview, November 25, 2002.
9. Bernard E. Richardson memoir, “Wake Island: End of Combat,” in Gregory J. W. Urwin Web site, astro.temple.edu/~gurwin/fforich.htm, (hereafter cited as Richardson memoir), p. 3.
10. Richardson memoir, p. 5.
11. Richardson memoir, p. 5.
12. Buehler interview, November 30, 2002.
13. Johnson interviews, March 19, 2002; March 26, 2002.
14. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
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15. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
16. Johnson interviews, March 19, 2002; March 26, 2002.
17. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
18. Richardson memoir, p. 6.
19. Richardson memoir, p. 7.
20. Richardson memoir, p. 7.
21. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 105.
22. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 106.
23. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
24. Richardson memoir, pp. 10–11.
25. Young, Reminiscences, p. 5.
26. Richardson memoir, p. 12.
27. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 109.
CHAPTER 9—“We’ll Make Our Stand Here”
1. John Goette, Japan Fights for Asia (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1943), p. 93.
2. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 97.
3. Goette, Japan Fights for Asia, p. 93.
4. Ozeki interview, p. 4.
5. Ozeki interview, p. 4.
6. Laporte interview, March 14, 2001.
7. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 102.
8. Hanna interview, June 21, 2002.
9. Ozeki interview, p. 4.
10. Cressman, “A Magnificent Fight,” p. 216.
11. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 101; Hanna interview, July 30, 2002.
12. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 99; Putnam to Commandant of the Marine Corps, “Report of VMF-211 on Wake Island,” p. 4.
13. S. E. Smith, ed., The United States Marine Corps in World War II (New York: Random House, 1969), p. 50.
14. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 160.
15. Gross interview, March 13, 2001.
16. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 102.
17. Urwin, Facing Fearful Odds, p. 504.
18. Lt. Col. Arthur A. Poindexter, “An Informal Report of the Operations of the Machine Gun Battery and the Mobile Reserve During the Defense of Wake, December 1941,” March 25, 1947, Marine Historical Center, p. 6; Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 106.
19. Author’s interview with William O. Plate, October 28, 2002.
20. Ozeki interview, pp. 6–7.
21. Hanna interview, June 21, 2002.
22. Toland, But Not in Shame, p. 104.
23. Goette, Japan Fights for Asia, p. 94.
24. Hanna interviews, February 13, 2002; June 21, 2002.
25. Holewinski interviews, May 16, 2001; June 28, 2002.
26. Holewinski interview, June 28, 2002.
27. Hanna interview, June 20, 2002.
28. Holewinski interview, June 28, 2002.
29. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 123.
30. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 133.
31. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 173.
32. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, pp. 161–162.
33. Col. George H. Potter to the Director, Division of Public Information, “Defense of Wake,” March 27, 1947, National Archives, p. 7.
34. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, pp. 173–175.
35. 2nd Lt. John Hamas to Lt. Col. James P. S. Devereux, informal report, October 12, 1945, National Archives, p. 8.
CHAPTER 10—“Remember Wake Island”
1. Hamas, informal report, p. 8; Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, pp. 175–176.
2. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 178.
3. Theodore A. Abraham, Jr., “Do You Understand, Huh?”: A POW’s Lament, 1941–1945 (Manhattan, Kansas: Sunflower University Press, 1992), p. 19.
4. Martin Gatewood interview, February 20, 2002.
5. Laporte interview, March 14, 2001.
6. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 180.
7. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 181.
8. Marvin interview, February 12, 2002.
9. Hanna interviews, February 13, 2002; June 21, 2002.
10. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 182.
11. David D. Kliewer, Personal Diary of First Lieutenant David D. Kliewer, in the National Archives Collections, p. 4.
12. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 185.
13. Richardson memoir, p. 13.
14. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
15. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
16. Buehler interview, November 30, 2002.
17. Richardson memoir, pp. 13–14.
18. Read, Reminiscences, p. 5; Johnson interviews, March 26, 2002; April 2, 2002.
19. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 196.
20. Rodney Kephart, Wake, War and Waiting…(New York: Exposition Press, 1950), p. 21.
21. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 198.
22. Holewinski interview, June 28, 2002.
23. Gross interviews, March 5, 2001; March 29, 2002.
24. Joseph Goicoechea, Memoirs, p. 20.
25. Martin Gatewood interview, February 13, 2002.
26. Robert M. Brown, Memoir, www.azcentral.com/news/specials/veterans/brown.xhtml (hereafter cited as Brown, Memoir).
27. Cressman, “A Magnificent Fight,” p. 240.
28. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, pp. 144–145.
29. Hanna interview, February 20, 2002.
30. Cressman, “A Magnificent Fight,” p. 253; Urwin, Facing Fearful Odds, p. 471; Goette, Japan Fights for Asia, p. 93.
31. “Wake Island Epic,” Washington Post, December 24, 1941.
32. Andrews, “The Defense of Wake,” p. 78.
33. Burns, Roosevelt, p. 223.
34. Arthur A. Poindexter Collection, Marine Corps Research Center, Quantico, Virginia.
35. “Wake Island Epic,” Washington Post, December 24, 1941; “The ‘Issue’ On Wake Island,” New York Times, December 30, 1941, p. 18.
36. Radio broadcast, January 12, 1942, in the William P. McCahill Collection, Marine Corps Research Center, Quantico, Virginia; “WAKE!” comic book in the William F. Delaney Collection, Marine Corps Research Center, Quantico, Virginia.
37. Letter from 1st Lt. C. P. Lancaster, U. S. Marine Corps, to Mrs. Nellie Marvin, May 18, 1942, in the Kenneth L. Marvin Collection.
38. Ted Shane, Heroes of the Pacific (New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1944), pp. 21–22.
39. “Wake’s Stand,” Newsweek, August 11, 1942, p. 60; Los Angeles Times, September 24, 1942; The Saturday Evening Post, 1942.
40. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 144.
41. Young, Reminiscences, p. 5.
42. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 146.
43. John Rogge interview, April 11, 2002.
44. John Rogge interview, April 10, 2002.
45. Johnson interviews, March 19, 2002; April 2, 2002.
46. John Rogge interview, April 11, 2002.
CHAPTER 11—“I Was Torn from Everything I Knew”
1. Murray Kidd interview, April 13, 2002.
2. Johnson interview, April 2, 2002.
3. Laporte interview, March 14, 2001.
4. Edgar N. Langley Collection, Marine Corps Research Center, Quantico, Virginia.
5. Kinney and McCaffrey, Wake Island Pilot, p. 91.
6. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 152.
7. Kinney and McCaffrey, Wake Island Pilot, p. 92.
8. Marvin interview, February 12, 2002.
9. Whitney, Guest of the Fallen Sun, p. 32.
10. Sanders, Autobiography of Jacob R. Sanders, pp. 8–9.
11. Johnson interview, April 2, 2002.
12. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 154.
13. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 155.
14. Cunningham and Sims, Wake Island Command, p. 159.
15. Marvin interview, February 12, 2002.
16. Whitney, Guest of the Fallen Sun, pp. 33–34.
17. Goicoechea, Memoirs, p. 25.
18. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, p. 222.
19. Kessler, To Wake Island and Beyond, p. 88.
20. Goicoechea interview, April 12, 2002.
21. Martin Ga
tewood interview, February 28, 2002.
22. Sanders, Autobiography of Jacob R. Sanders, p. 7.
23. Hanna interview, February 13, 2002.
24. Whitney, Guest of the Fallen Sun, p. 45.
25. Whitney, Guest of the Fallen Sun, p. 43.
26. Gross interview, March 13, 2001.
27. Goicoechea interview, April 12, 2002.
28. Johnson interview, April 2, 2002.
29. Laporte interview, March 14, 2001.
30. Urwin, Facing Fearful Odds, p. 550.
31. Laporte interview, March 14, 2001.
32. Master Technical Sergeant Jesse L. Stewart, legal deposition, January 24, 1947, National Archives.
33. Hanna interview, February 13, 2002; Holewinski interview, May 16, 2001.
34. Murray Kidd interview, April 13, 2002; Marvin interview, February 12, 2002.
35. Dana interview, November 25, 2002.
36. Johnson interview, March 26, 2002.
37. Goicoechea interview, April 12, 2002.
38. Young, Reminiscences, p. 8.
39. Young, Reminiscences, p. 7.
40. Goicoechea interview, April 12, 2002.
41. Whitney, Guest of the Fallen Sun, pp. 48–49.
42. Kessler, To Wake Island and Beyond: Reminiscences, pp. 112–113.
43. Ellis Gordon letter to Provost Marshall, October 30, 1945, National Archives.
44. Stewart, legal deposition.
45. George H. Potter, recipe in the George H. Potter Collection, p. XX, Marine Corps Research Center, Quantico, Virginia.
46. Johnson interview, April 2, 2002.
47. King interview, March 21, 2002.
48. Johnson interview, April 2, 2002.
49. King interview, March 21, 2002.
50. Johnson interview, April 2, 2002.
51. Kessler, To Wake Island and Beyond, p. 124.
CHAPTER 12—“You Go Home Soon”
1. Hanna interview, February 20, 2002.
2. Letters from Mrs. E. C. Coxon and Esther Culver to the parents of Robert Murphy, September 1942, in the Robert Murphy Collection, Marine Corps Research Center, Quantico, Virginia.
3. “War Prisoner Heard on Radio,” undated newspaper article in the Kenneth L. Marvin Collection.
4. Letter from Margery L. Rogge to John Rogge, October 27, 1942, in the John Rogge Collection.
5. Devereux, The Story of Wake Island, pp. 224–225.
6. Brown, Memoir.
7. Brig. Gen. James P. S. Devereux Personnel File, Marine Historical Center.
8. “A Hero Writes to His Son,” Washington Post, December 30, 1943.
9. Letter from Edgar N. Langley to his parents, October 22, 1944, in the Edgar N. Langley File, Marine Corps Research Center, Quantico, Virginia.