by Dan McMillan
World War I atrocity propaganda and, 189
Königgrätz. See Sadowa
Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania, 188
Kremer, Johannes Paul, 27–28
Kretschmer, Karl, 131
Kristallnacht (“Crystal Night”), 4, 193
Kubizek, August, 98
Kühne, Thomas, 261n2
Landau, Felix, 26
Latin America, 57
Latvia, 40, 83, 188
Lawyers, 5, 63, 88, 131, 139
Leader (Führer), 60–61, 104–105, 111, 119–120, 121–123, 126–127, 130–136, 190, 206, 212
Hitler as, 104–105, 111, 119–120, 121–123, 126–127, 130–136, 190, 206, 212
imagined before Hitler, 60–61, 121–122
Leader Order, 132
Lebensraum (living space), 3, 8, 83–84, 165–167
Legitimacy, political, 87–89, 92–93, 96–98, 107–109, 115–116, 130–133, 135, 206
Levi, Primo, 28–29, 39
Ley, Robert, 183, 190, 191, 193
Liberalism, German, 44–49, 51, 141
Liebknecht, Karl, 93–94
Lissauer, Ernst, 80–81
Lithuania, 40, 188, 194
Lodz, 34, 135, 188
Lombroso, Cesare, 159
Longerich, Peter, 220n9, 221n15
Longwy, Battle of, 71
Lower Saxony, 194
Lublin, Poland, 171, 173
Ludendorff, Erich, 89
Luxembourg, 128–129
Luxemburg, Rosa, 93–94
Machine guns, 67–69, 74
Madagascar Plan, 7–8, 146
Majdanek, 9, 11. See also Death camps
Mann, Michael, 241n30
Mann, Thomas, 145, 194
Manstein, Erich von, 128–129
Marne, First Battle of, 66
Marx, Karl, 50, 140, 141
Marxism. See Communism; Communist parties; Socialist party, German
Medical doctors, 5, 21, 22, 24, 27–28, 30, 32, 63, 139, 153, 164
Medina, Ernest, 175
Mein Kampf (book), 74–75, 99–100, 165–167
Mengele, Josef, 24, 30
Middle class, German, 43–44, 50, 51, 53–54, 86, 96–97, 110, 114–116, 123, 141, 144, 206
economic woes of, 96–97, 114–115, 144
fear of Marxism, 50, 86, 123
liberal parties and, 44, 49–50, 51, 115–116, 141
nationalism and, 51, 53–54
splinter parties and, 115–116
role in democracy, 43–44, 51, 53–54
support for Nazism, 110, 114–116, 206
Miete, August, 16
Miedzyrzec, 26
Military, German, 2, 5, 8, 56, 83–84, 86, 89–90, 91, 93, 99–100, 101–102, 103, 107–109, 110, 120, 123, 125–126, 127–130, 132, 167–168, 184–185, 210–211
armored tactics, 128–129
causes of 1918 defeat of, 89–90 (See also “Stab in the back legend”)
disbanded in 1918, 93
draft reinstated in 1935, 125–126
High Command of, 89, 129, 184
Hitler’s service in, 84, 99–100, 102–103
murder of Soviet POWs, 2, 8, 56, 167
mutiny in 1918, 86, 89–90
publications for troops, 167, 184
role in Hitler’s taking power, 107–109
role in World War II, 101–102, 127–130, 167–168, 184–185
support for Holocaust, 8, 83–84, 132, 167–68, 184, 210–211
Treaty of Versailles limits on, 91, 124–126
Milgram, Stanley, 174, 177, 203–204
Moltke, Helmut James von, 195–196
Moral compass, human lack of, 5–6, 77, 131–133, 154, 157,164–165, 168, 170, 177, 178–179, 181, 201–204, 208, 210–213. See also Psychological factors
Moroccan Crisis of 1911, 57
Mosse publishing company, 140
MSNBC, 49
Müller-Claudius, Michael, 199–200, 203
Munich, 93–94, 103–104, 99, 126
as center of right-wing politics in 1920s, 103–104
communist government in, 93–94
Hitler’s years in, 99, 103–104
My Lai Massacre, 170, 174–179, 181. See also Psychological factors
Napoleonic Wars, 44
National community (Volksgemeinschaft), 58–60, 79–81, 85, 110–113, 206, 209
Nationalism, German, 41, 51, 53–64, 72, 76–77, 79–85, 89, 91–92, 93–95, 97, 102, 103–104, 110–113,140–141, 142, 144, 160–161, 205–206, 209
and anti-Semitism, 55, 58, 59–60, 82, 84–85, 95, 112–113, 140–141, 142, 144, 160
as cause of World War I, 51, 53–55, 57, 61–62
as substitute for democracy, 53–54, 81
as means to unite Germans, 53, 54–55, 58–60, 79–85, 89, 110–113, 160, 206, 209
as weapon against socialism and democracy, 51, 53, 54–55, 57–63, 79, 82–85, 89, 102, 110–113, 140–141, 160, 205–206, 209
in attacks on the Weimar Republic, 84–85, 89, 91–92, 93–95, 103–104, 111–113
nationalist pressure groups, 55–57, 62–63, 83, 160–161
role of elites in, 51, 62–64, 81, 82–83, 104, 117, 205–206
See also German Colonial Society; Eastern Borderland Association; Pan-German League
Nationalist party, German (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, or DNVP), 92, 95, 97–8, 109, 116, 165
Naumann, Erich, 132
Nazi Germany (1933–1945), 51, 86, 123, 108–109, 116–117, 119–123, 130–136, 198–201, 203, 251n8
dissent and repression in, 4, 86, 123, 164, 198–199, 200–201, 203, 251n18
founding of, 108–109, 116–117, 119–123
lawlessness of, 131, 133
political legitimacy in, 130–135, 200
public opinion in, 198–200
See also Germany; Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Party; SS
Nazi Party, 4, 40–41, 51, 54–63, 65, 76–77, 82–84, 86, 92, 97–98, 101, 103–117, 122, 123, 130–135, 137–138, 140–143, 147, 151–152, 154–155, 160–161, 165–169, 206, 211–212
anti-Semitism in, 4, 76–77, 110, 112–113, 147, 151–152, 211–212
as party of protest, 113–116, 206
electoral support for, 40–41, 51, 65, 86, 97–98, 105–109, 113–116, 206, 211–212
hatred of Marxism, 86, 110, 112–114
hope for national community, 110–112, 114
Hitler’s leadership of, 101, 103–105, 111–113, 122, 130–135
ideology, 51, 92, 109–113, 114–115
in universities, 151
members of, 103–105, 109–113
militant nationalism, 111–112
origins of ideology, 41, 51, 54–63, 82–84, 102–103, 110, 137–138, 140–143, 152, 154–155, 160–161, 165–169
propaganda, 51, 92, 114–115, 122–123
racism, 110, 112, 152, 154–155, 165–167
rejection of democracy, 111–114, 115
SA (paramilitaries), 4, 108, 123
See also Anti-Semitism; Elections, German; Nationalism, German; Racism; SS
Nebe, Artur, 132
Neithardt, Georg, 104
New York Times, The (newspaper), 186
Nobel Prize, 139
Noppe, Ernst, 71
On the Origin of Species (book), 155–158
Operation Judgment. See Verdun, Battle of
Opinion Research Corporation (ORC), 148
Ott, Eugen, 108
Pacific Ocean, 162
Pan-German League, 56–57, 58–63, 82, 144, 160–161
Pannwitz, Dr. 28–29
Papen, Franz von, 107–109, 114
Paris, 46, 91, 130
Peace of the Fortress, 79–81. See also National community
People’s Party (Deutsche Volkspartei, or DVP), 92, 105–106, 115–116
Philippines, 162
Ploetz, Alfred, 161
Pogroms, 146–147
Poland, 2, 6–7, 10, 17, 18, 26, 27, 55–56, 83,
125, 128–129, 134–135, 139, 144, 146, 152, 165, 168, 170–175, 178, 186, 184, 186, 188
as site of extermination of the Jews, 9, 17, 26, 168, 170–175, 178, 181, 184, 186, 188, 194, 195
as target of German aggression, 6–7, 55–56, 83, 128–129, 165
Jewish population of, 7, 10, 139, 146, 170–174
Jewish “reservation” in, 7
partitioned in eighteenth century, 55
re-established after World War I, 56, 125, 144, 165
under German occupation, 2, 18, 56, 134–135, 168, 170–174, 178, 184
Poles, 2, 18, 45, 55–56, 134–135, 146, 152, 154, 158, 161
anti-Semitism of, 146, 152
as targets of racism, 56, 134–135, 154, 158, 161
death toll in World War II, 2, 18
in Austria, 45
in German Empire, 55–56
Posen speech (Himmler), 76–77
Princeton University, 148
Princip, Gavrilo, 66
Prisoners of war, 2, 8, 56, 167, 185–186
German, 185–186
Soviet, 2, 8, 56, 167
Proletariat, 50
Protestants, 114–116. See also Christianity
Protocols of the Elders of Zion (book), 143–144
Prussia, 44–47, 55–56, 109, 114, 121, 123, 133, 208
Polish population of, 55–66
role in German unification, 45–47, 121, 208
Psychological factors, 5–6, 12, 54, 71–77, 93, 120–123, 132, 164–165, 169–181, 183, 203–204, 208
adaptation to a role, 170, 179–181
conformity to group norms, 170, 178–179
diffusion of responsibility, 203
distancing from the victim, 203
obedience to authority, 130–132, 170, 174–178
universe of obligation, 204
Racism, 2–3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 41, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 84, 110, 112, 136, 151–168, 181, 197, 207, 208, 249n3
against Jews, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 17–19, 22–29, 59, 60, 112, 144, 151–152, 158–159, 160, 165–168, 207
against lower social classes, 154, 157–158, 160, 163–164
against non-white ethnicities, 154, 158–159, 162, 163
against Slavic peoples, 56, 84, 158–159, 160–161, 163, 165–168
alleged German superiority, 2–3, 54, 56, 58, 112, 158, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166, 168
dangerous qualities of, 152, 154, 158–160, 207
defined, 153–154
eugenics and, 163–164
in Germany, 5, 7, 12, 17–19, 22–29, 41, 54, 56, 58, 60, 84, 110, 112, 136, 151, 155, 157, 160–163, 165–168, 207, 249n3
in Hitler’s thinking, 2–3, 7, 9, 12, 151–152, 165–167
in Western Europe, 152, 153–160, 162, 163, 207, 208
in North America, 152, 153, 157–159, 162, 163, 207, 208
Social Darwinist variant of, 155–162, 165–166
See also Anti-Semitism; Nationalism, German; Social Darwinism
Radio, 120, 122, 134, 183, 185–186, 189, 190, 193, 211, 255n6
Hitler’s speeches on, 120, 122, 134, 190, 193
providing information on the Holocaust, 134, 183, 189, 190, 193, 211, 255n6
Random House, 140
Rathenau, Walther, 95
Raubal, Geli, 102
Reichstag fire, 123, 242n9
Reserve Police Battalion 101, 170–176, 177–178, 180, 181. See also Psychological factors; Shooting squads
Remilitarization of Rhineland, 126. See also Treaty of Versailles
Resettlement. See Deportation
Revalorization, 115
Rhineland, 91, 96–97, 124, 126
Riga, Latvia, 188
Roma (“Gypsies”), 2
Roman Empire, 58
Romania, 40, 146
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 120–122
Ruhr Valley, 94, 96–97, 103
Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim, 34–35
Russia, 3, 55–56, 57, 66, 80, 83–84, 85–86, 90–91, 93, 131, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146–147, 150, 161, 162, 165–167
anti-Semitism in, 143, 144, 146
Civil War (1918–1922), 143, 145, 146–147
communist revolution in, 84, 85–86, 143, 145, 150, 165
democratic revolution in, 93, 144
Hitler’s view of, 3, 165–167
in World War I, 66, 80, 83–84, 90–91, 144, 162
relations with Germany, 57, 162
See also Soviet Union
Rwanda genocide, 13, 14, 17–21, 40, 201–204
Sadowa, Battle of, 46–47, 208
Saxony, Kingdom of, 44–45
Scheidemann, Philipp, 86, 90, 95
Schindler, Walter, 189
Schindler’s List (movie), 13
Schleicher, Kurt von, 108
Scribner’s publishing house, 140
Secret police. See Gestapo
“Selection,” 29–31
Serbia, 66
Sereny, Gitta, 15
Shooting squads, 8–9, 21, 24–25, 26, 31, 131–133, 151, 168, 169, 170–176, 177–178, 180–181, 184–185, 188, 189, 191, 194, 195, 196, 210, 212
attitudes and mental states, 9, 24–25, 26, 31, 131–133, 169, 170–176, 177–178, 180–181
operations and methods, 8–9, 21, 168, 171–174, 210
public knowledge about, 184–185, 188, 189, 194, 195, 196, 212
Smajzner, Stanislaw, 23–24
Smith, Howard K., 188
Smolensk, 193
Sobibor, 9, 23–24, 25, 30, 31, 165. See also Death camps
Social Darwinism, 2–3, 155–162, 165–167
amoral quality of, 156, 157–158, 160, 161–162
concept of struggle, 156–158, 160, 162, 165–166
in Hitler’s thought, 2–3, 155, 157, 165–167
international relations and, 158, 161–162, 165–167
origins in Darwin’s thought, 155–157
See also Racism
Socialist parties, European, 85–86, 145, 149
Socialist party, German (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, or SPD), 3, 48–51, 53–55, 57–62, 79–83, 85, 86, 88–92, 93, 95, 99–100, 110, 112–116, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 137–138, 141–143, 144, 145, 149, 150, 152, 160, 205–207
accused of lacking patriotism, 85, 89–92, 99–100, 137–138, 141, 149
ideology, 49–50
growth of, 50–51, 57
hostility toward, 3, 49–51, 53–55, 57–62, 79, 82–83, 86, 88, 89–92, 93, 95, 99–100, 110, 112–116, 121, 137–138, 141–143, 144, 145, 149, 150, 152, 160, 206–207
in World War I, 79–82, 84–85, 86, 90, 149
opposition to anti-Semitism, 141–142
repression of during Empire, 50, 86
in Weimar Republic, 86, 88–89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 97–98, 105, 107, 150
social base of, 49–50, 58–59, 61–62, 94, 171
support for democracy, 51, 81–82, 84–85, 86, 88–90, 92, 98
suppressed by Hitler, 86, 120, 123
See also Elections, German
Solmitz, Luise, 114, 126
Somme, Battle of, 67–68, 70
Soviet Union, 3, 8–9, 17, 56, 83–84, 86, 94, 117, 120, 138, 146, 142,165–168, 184, 191, 207, 209
allegedly controlled by Jews, 2, 138, 142, 166–168, 191
death toll in World War II, 167
Hitler’s view of, 2–3, 8, 83–84, 138, 165–167, 207
Holocaust and, 8–9, 17, 84, 117, 147, 152, 184, 185, 188, 207, 209
invasion of (1941), 8–9, 83–84, 117, 120, 167–168, 207, 209
POWs in German captivity, 2, 8, 56, 167
See also Russia
Spain, 162
Splinter parties, 115–116
Srebnik, Simon, 25
SS (Schutzstaffel), 1, 6–7, 9, 10–12, 15–37, 63–64, 76–77, 100, 130–136, 170–171, 196, 207, 211
attitude toward victims, 17, 21–29, 31–32, 76–77, 100, 207
leadership of, 63–64, 76–77
lifestyle, 24–27
loyalty to Hitler as supreme value, 130–133, 135, 207
mentality and self-understanding of, 21, 24–27, 76–77, 130–136, 207, 211
role in the Holocaust, 6–7, 9, 10–12, 15–37, 130–133, 135, 170–171, 196, 207, 211
“Stab in the back legend,” 90, 99–100, 105
Stanford prison experiment. See Zimbardo, Philip
Stangl, Franz, 15–17, 23–24, 25, 26, 29
Steel Helmet (Stahlhelm), 121–122, 165
Sterilization, forcible, 163–164, 192
Stoltzfus, Nathan, 200
Straus, Scott, 225n7
Sudetenland, 127
Surveys (polls), 113, 148, 176–177, 196–200, 203, 211
Swabia, 130
Sweden, 195
Third Reich. See Nazi Germany
Trapp, Wilhelm, 172–174
Treaty of Versailles, 89–93, 94, 95, 96–97, 106–107, 111–112, 124–127, 144, 149, 211–212
and legitimacy of Weimar Republic, 89, 92–93, 94, 95, 111–112, 149
military clauses, 91, 124–126
perceived unfairness of, 90–91, 94, 124–125, 144, 149, 211–212
principle of national self-determination, 124–127
reparations clauses, 91, 96–97, 106–107
signing of, 91–92, 93, 95
war guilt clause, 91
Treblinka, 9–11, 15–17, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 31–34, 35–37, 165, 170, 196
death toll at, 11
“Infirmary” of, 16, 31
prisoner work details in, 16, 32–33, 36–37
uprising in, 31
See also Death camps
Turkey, 12, 14, 17, 19–20, 40, 144, 170. See also Armenian genocide
“Turnip winter” (1916–1917), 84
Tutsi. See Rwanda genocide
Ukraine, 22, 26, 40, 83, 194
in World War I, 83
anti-Semitism in, 146–147, 152
Ukrainian participation in Holocaust, 22, 40, 152
Ullstein publishing house, 140
Unemployment, 97, 105–107, 120–121, 123–124
in Germany, 97, 105–107, 120–121, 123–124
in the United States, 120, 124
United States, 2, 6, 8, 12, 41–44, 45, 50, 57, 81–82, 87, 89, 105, 116, 120–122, 138, 140, 143, 147–148, 158–159, 162, 163–164, 170, 174–179, 181, 185–186, 188, 191, 192, 197, 201–204, 207–208
allegedly controlled by Jews, 2, 138, 191, 192
anti-Semitism and racism in, 43, 143, 144, 147–148, 158–159, 162, 163–164, 197, 204, 207–208
compared to Germany, 12, 41–44, 45, 81–82, 116, 120–122, 147–148, 162, 163–164, 207–208
Congress of, 159, 162, 201
democracy in, 42–44, 81–82, 87, 120
during Rwandan genocide, 201–204
immigration law of 1924, 158–159, 163, 185–186, 188, 192