Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World
Page 109
on justice 393–4
on land 310
life 389
on morals/morality 202–3, 289
on Oxford University 347
Progress of Civil Society 435
as a Scot 244
on self-interest 389
Dugald Stewart on 254
Theory of Moral Sentiments 202, 289, 393–4
Smith, Charlotte 284–5, 286
novels 284
Smollett, Tobias 15, 76
Complete History of England 86
Roderick Random 73
as a Scot 244
on superstition 229
Smyrna coffee house 36
social life 19–20, 30, 201, 203, 266–8
for women 325–6 see also clubs and societies; family life; happiness
social reform 8, 12, 13, 18–20, 205–29, 400
death, attitudes to 209–11
as emancipation from the past 48–71
the poor and 19
suicide, attitudes to 217–19
superstition, attitudes to 209, 219–28, 229 see also legal reform; political reform; Radicalism
societies see clubs and societies
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge 152
Society of Dilettanti 37
Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Commerce and Manufactures 145
Society of Friends of the People 449
Society for Promoting Constitutional Information 403
Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge (SPCK) 74
Society of the Supporters of the Bill of Rights 402
Socinianism 110, 404, 409
beliefs 409 see also religion
Solander, Daniel Charles 148
Sons of Freedom 37
Sophia, Electress of Hanover 8
the soul 108–9, 118, 168, 170–71 see also Christianity; human nature
South Sea Bubble (1720) 36, 190
Southey, Robert 99, 108, 206, 288, 434, 451, 459
Samuel Taylor Coleridge and 461–2
spa towns 19, 40, 268
Spain 8, 31, 99, 358
Spalding Gentlemen's Society 143
Sparta:
David Hume on 247–51
The Spectator 8, 36–7, 69, 79–80, 96, 160–61, 163,194–7, 218, 220, 242, 245, 265, 281, 285, 311, 331, 365, 369, 370, 384
speech see language
Spence, Thomas 46, 459
Grand Repository of the English Language 460
on land reform 459–60
Meridian Sun of Liberty 459–60
his Pig's Meat… 460
Restorer of Society… 460
Rights of Infants 467
Spinoza, Benedict 32, 104, 113
Spitalfields Mathematical Society 37
sports see games/sports
Sprat, Thomas 54
History of the Royal Society of London 132
stagecoaches 19–20, 41 see also transport
Stanhope, Philip Dormer, 4th Earl of Chesterfield 322
Dr Johnson and 85
Letters to his Son 15, 70, 83, 206, 264, 272, 277, 279
his servants 364–5
Stationers' Company 73, 83
steam engines 266, 430, 431, 435, 436
Steele, Sir Richard 4, 8, 10, 35, 79, 80, 239, 311
The Christian Hero 325
on human nature 157
influence/importance 194, 197, 198, 203–4, 265
as MP 276
The Tender Husband 325
on women's rights 331 see also Addison, Joseph; The Spectator
Sterne, Laurence 99, 239, 284, 349
Sentimental Journey 283, 290
Tristram Shandy 70, 278, 283, 290–91, 294
Steuart, Sir James 263
Stevenson, John 68
Stewart, Dugald 183, 242, 246, 255–7, 356
Elements of… the Human Mind 256
Philosophical Essays 256
Philosophy… of Man 256
on Adam Smith 254–5
Stillingfleet, Edward, Bishop of Worcester 66, 107, 109
Stock Exchange 28
Stoicism 158, 259
Stone, Revd Edmund 300
Stone, Lawrence 324
street lighting 44
Stuart, Gilbert 45
the sublime 226–7
Sublime Society of Beefsteaks 37
suffrage 449
female 336
male 403
suicide 217–19
Sunday schools 347, 370
superstition 125, 150–51, 152, 207, 209, 229, 370, 383
magic 23, 224, 383
psychology of 225–8
witchcraft 219–25, 244, 372 see also paganism
Swansea 41
Swift, Jonathan (Dean of St Patrick's) 28, 32, 35, 76, 80, 93,94,98, 159, 228, 464, 482
The British Almanac… 152
on critics 87
Gulliver's Travels 46, 131, 184, 307, 355
on ideas and understanding 66
on Ireland 240
A Modest Proposal… 240
‘ Predictions for the Year 1708’ 152
on religion 128–9
Tale of a Tub 74–5, 158.
Switzerland 72
Sydenham, Thomas 60
A System of Magic 223
Tahiti 361–2, 363
Talbott, James 343
taste see the aesthetic
Tatler 79–80, 194, 196, 242, 276–7, 331
taverns/inns 34, 35, 36, 40
Taylor, John 193
technological advances see innovation
Temple, Sir Richard, bart, cr. Viscount Cobham 1718 93
Temple, Sir William 34, 377
Essay upon the Ancient and Modern Learning 52
Tennyson, Alfred Lord 297
textile technology 430
theatres/concert halls 34, 35, 38, 39–40, 241, 269–70, 434
the Church's attitude to 97, 268
stage sets 316
Thelwall, John 450
Theological Repository 409
theology see natural theology; religion
Thomas, Keith 218
Thompson, E. P. 11, 12
Thomson, George 53
Thomson, James 43, 45, 135
on animals 349–50
on industry 428
Liberty 191
Seasons 303, 368
on women 324
Thomson, Scot:
Alfred 239
Thrale (or Piozzi), Hester Lynch 229, 370
Tillotson, John, Archbishop of Canterbury 102, 276
beliefs 102–4, 110, 118
John Locke and 102
on pleasure 260
on transubstantiation 103, 124
time:
clocking-on 206, 431
importance of 205–6
free time 266–7; see also happiness
The Times 41–2, 326
Tindal, Matthew 8, 66
beliefs 112–14
Christianity as Old as the Creation… 112
Tipton chemical works, West Bromwich 436
Toft, Mary 229
Toland, John xvii, 8, 10, 239
Christianity Not Mysterious 116–17
Letters to Serena 234
John Locke and 116, 117
Pantheisticon 117–18
Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews 353
on religion 110, 116–18, 234
Tom Telescope 348, 351–2
Tone, (Theobald) Wolfe 451
Tonson, Jacob 276
Tooke, John Horne 99, 402, 403, 450
The Diversions of Purley 460
on language reform 460–61
Torrington, Viscount see Byng, John, 5th Viscount Torrington
Toulmin, George Hoggart 138
towns and cities 268–9 see also individual towns/cities
Townsend, Joseph:
A Dissertation on the Poor Laws 380, 381
trade 25, 40–41, 149
colonial trade 384, 386
free trade 16, 18, 303, 386–8, 389
mercantilism 385
prices 385, 387–8
profit-seeking in 388
regulation of 385–6
wealth as product of 383–96 see also commercial societies; political economy
trade balances 385
David Hume on 385–6
Adam Smith on 386, 387
transport:
canals 435, 436
coaching services 19–20, 41
roads 41, 42
travel 40–41
Treasonable Practices Act (1795) 451
Treaty of Dover (1670) 26
Trenchard, John 53, 122, 190
Cato's Letters 190–91
The Independent Whig 111
as MP 276
Natural History of Superstition 120–21
Trent and Mersey canal 435
Trevithick, Richard 266, 430
Trimmer, Sarah:
Fabulous Histories… Intruction of Young People 351
Trinitarianism 102, 104, 107, 110, 133, 409
anti-Trinitarianism 138 see also religion
Trotter, Thomas:
A View of the Nervous Temperament 282–3
Tucker, Abraham 261
The Light of Nature Pursued 45, 68–9, 210–11
Tucker, Josiah 79, 188, 263, 387
Turkey 323, 365
Turk's Head inn 37
Turner, Thomas 77
Turner, William 427
Tyers, Jonathan 39
Tyrrell, James 111
understanding see human nature; knowledge/learning
Unitarianism 30, 104, 107, 128, 183, 360–61, 404, 413–14, 432, 462
founding of 405 see also religion
United Irishmen 451
United Provinces see Holland
United States see America
Universal Chronicle 81
the universe:
man's view of 297–8 see also Nature
universities:
in England 28, 30, 59; see also Cambridge University; education; Oxford University
in Scotland 168, 202, 242; seealso Edinburgh University; Glasgow University
Usher, James: Clio… 227
utilitarianism 219, 261, 265, 421–3
beliefs 264–5
utopia/utopians 459–62
Vanbrugh, Sir John 276
Vauxhall pleasure gardens 19, 39, 269, 270
Venturi, Franco 7, 477–8
Venus, transit of (1769) 148
Victorian age 275, 479, 482, 483
violence/cruelty 348, 349, 350
virtue see morality/morals
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) xix, 3, 5, 9, 10, 21, 56, 57, 93, 98, 102, 115, 196
Candide 261
Lettres anglaises 6, 67, 134–5
on Isaac Newton 134–5
in prison 72
wages see disposable incomes
Wakefield, Gilbert 470
Wales xvii, 12, 157
folk culture 365–6
national identity 239, 240–41
Walker, Adam 143
Walker, John:
Pronouncing Dictionary of English 214
Walker, Thomas 423, 450
Wallace, Robert 274
‘ Of Venery…’ 274–5
Walpole, Horace, 1st Baron Walpole of Wollerton:
on Africa 354
Anecdotes of Painting in England 92
Castle of Otranto 227, 291
Hannah More and 467
on mountains 314
Walpole, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Orford 15, 33, 38, 189
Walsh, John 270
Warburton, William, Bishop of Gloucester 67, 98, 111, 237
Divine Legation of Moses 233
Ware, Hertfordshire 455
Warltire, John 143–4
Warner, Revd Richard 370
Warrington Academy 408, 47-
Warton, Joseph:
The Enthusiast… 281
Warton, Thomas:
History of English Poetry 92
Washington, George 146
Watchman 462
water technology 430
Waterland, Daniel:
Advice to a Young Student 68
Watt, James 91, 431, 435, 436
Watts, Isaac:
on John Locke 342
Logic 68
Treatise on the Education of Children… 348
Watts, William 375–6
wealth 172–3, 174, 180, 189–90, 193–4, 199, 248–9, 266–7
attitudes to 384, 388
the Church on 384–5, 388
generation of 391–3
human acquisitiveness 172–3, 174, 180, 390
Adam Smith on 389, 391–3
trade as source of 383–96 see also economic development; private property
Weber, Max 297
Webster, John 221
Wedgwood, Josiah 428, 432
Address to the Young Inhabitants of the Pottery 371
Etruria works 206, 435
as an employer 371, 431
on French Revolution 447
on slavery 359, 432
social circle 435, 436, 438
Weekly Mercury (Scotland) 245
Wenham, Jane 222, 223
Wesley, John 85, 128, 225, 482
on Joseph Priestley 409
on sensibility 284
Westminster Association 403
Westminster Forum 326
Westminster Hospital 207
Westminster School 143, 347, 415
Weyer, Johannes 221
Whichcote, Benjamin 99
Whiston, William 119, 134, 138, 142, 143
White, Gilbert 98
Natural History… of Selborne 298
Whitehurst, John 206, 430
Wilberforce, William 399
as anti-reform 469–70
as MP 469
Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System… 469–70
Wilkes, John 37, 38
Essay on Woman 272
on liberty xx, 401–2
Wilkins, John, Bishop of Chester 236
William III (of Orange), King of England, Scotland and Ireland 27–8, 190
Williams, David 404, 406
Williams, Helen Maria 337
Williams, Dr John 240
An Enquiry… Discovery of America by Prince Madog… 240
Will's coffee house 36
Wilmot, John, 2nd Earl of Rochester 272
Winchester [School] 143
witchcraft:
attitudes to 219–24, 244, 372
in literature 224–5 see also superstition
Wollaston, William 8, 67, 112, 116, 178
Religion of Nature Delineated 112
Wollstonecraft, Mary xxi, 4, 46, 97, 278, 334–6, 398
on Edmund Burke 335, 449
criticism of 292, 337
death 481
on education for women 331
William Godwin and 292–3
on marriage 329
Mary… 286, 335
Original Stories from Real Life 335
on progress 424, 425–6
as a reviewer 335
on Jean-Jacques Rousseau 329, 424
on sexuality of women 330–31
Thoughts on the Education of Daughters 30, 335
Vindication of the Rights of Men 335, 449
Vindication of the Rights of Woman 334, 335, 337, 467
women:
chastity 324–5
childbearing 209, 328, 329
as children/young people 16
clubs and societies for 326
culture for 277, 326–7
discrimination against 320–25
emancipation of see women's rights
female anatomy 328, 330
journals for 80, 284
male behaviour towards 324–5
as mothers 328, 329, 330, 343
nature of 328–31, 335, 336
/> parents of 16, 324, 335
as prostitutes 271–2, 372–3
as rational beings 332–4
as readers of novels 286–8, 289
sexual behaviour 172, 275, 330–31
social life 325–6
as witches 219–24, 244, 372
as writers 278, 284–5, 286, 291–2, 326, 327, 400–401 see also individual authors