St. Petersburg
Page 51
133 Dixon, Catherine the Great, p. 191.
134 Munro, The Most Intentional City, pp. 128–9; Alexander, Catherine the Great, pp. 158–9.
135 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 201.
136 De Madariaga, Catherine the Great, p. 78.
137 Munro, George E., ‘Politics, Sexuality and Servility: The Debate Between Catherine the Great and the Abbé Chappe d’Auteroche’, in Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century, pp. 124–34, 128, 130.
138 Munro, The Most Intentional City, pp. 76–7.
139 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 205; Alexander, Catherine the Great, p. 148.
140 Qtd in Bernstein, Sonia’s Daughters, p. 15.
141 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, p. 57; Engel, Women in Russia, p. 64.
142 Tooke, William, View of the Russian Empire during the Reign of Catherine the Second and to the Close of the Eighteenth Century, Vol. I, London: Longman and Rees, 1800, pp. 7–11.
143 Wraxall, A Tour Through Some of the Northern Parts of Europe, pp. 248–9.
144 Masson, Memoirs of Catherine II, p. 293.
145 Casanova, The Memoirs, pp. 16–17, 18, 20, 39–40.
146 Newspaper advert of 1797, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, p. 127.
147 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 166.
148 Qtd in de Madariaga, Catherine the Great, p. 54.
149 Pugachev’s ‘Emancipation Decree’ of July 1774, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, p. 96.
150 Neville, Russia: A Complete History, pp. 97–9; de Madariaga, Catherine the Great, p. 63.
151 Pushkin, Alexander, The Queen of Spades and Other Stories, trans. Rosemary Edmonds, London: Penguin, 2004, pp. 250, 285, 292, 300–304.
152 Qtd in de Madariaga, Catherine the Great, p. 54.
153 Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, pp. 139–40.
154 Alexander, Catherine the Great, p. 261.
155 Radishchev, Alexandr Nikolaevich, A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow, trans. Leo Wiener, ed. Roderick Page Thaler, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958, p. 43.
156 Catherine’s annotations to Radishchev, A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow, p. 247.
157 Introduction to Radishchev, A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow, pp. 34–5; Neville, Russia: A Complete History, p. 95.
158 De Madariaga, Catherine the Great, pp. 200–201.
159 Proskurina, Creating the Empress, pp. 183–7; McBurney, ‘The Portrait Iconography of Catherine the Great’, in Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia – Newsletter, No. 34, pp. 22–3, 25.
160 Masson, Memoirs of Catherine II, pp. 117–18; Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 31.
161 Masson, Memoirs of Catherine II, pp. 95–6.
162 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Collected Poetical Works, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 162.
163 Swinton, Travels into Norway, Denmark and Russia, pp. 229–30; Richardson, Anecdotes of the Russian Empire, p. 412; van Wonzel, Etat Présent de la Russie, p. 132.
164 Casanova, The Memoirs, p. 23.
7 MADNESS, MURDER AND INSURRECTION
1 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 445.
2 Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. I, text facing ‘Pleasure Barges’ plate; van Wonzel, État Présent de la Russie, p. 118.
3 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, pp. 438–9.
4 Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, pp. 66–7.
5 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 175.
6 McGrew, Paul I of Russia, p. 24.
7 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, pp. xxiii-xxiv.
8 McGrew, Paul I of Russia, pp. 24–7; Rappoport, Angelo S., The Curse of the Romanovs, London: Chatto and Windus, 1907, pp. 26–7.
9 Masson, Memoirs of Catherine II, p. 120.
10 Qtd in Alexander, Catherine the Great, p. 145.
11 Rappoport, The Curse of the Romanovs, p. 141.
12 Norman, The Hermitage, pp. 50–51, 54, 308.
13 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 176.
14 McGrew, Paul I of Russia, pp. 152–7, 182.
15 Ibid., p. 206.
16 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 79.
17 Rappoport, The Curse of the Romanovs, p. 194.
18 Qtd in Cross, Anthony, ‘“Crazy Paul”: The British and Paul’, in Reflections on Russia in the Eighteenth Century, ed., Klein, Dixon and Fraanje, pp. 7, 11.
19 Walker, James, Paramythia or Mental Pastimes, London, 1821, pp. 27–152 of Engraved in the Memory, ed. Anthony Cross, Providence, RI, and Oxford: Berg, 1993, pp. 40–41.
20 Casanova, The Memoirs, p. 12.
21 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 139.
22 McGrew, Paul I of Russia, pp. 210, 213.
23 Kotzbuë, Auguste de, L’année la plus remarquable de ma vie, Paris, 1802, pp. 79–81.
24 Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, p. 39.
25 Walker, Paramythia, p. 77.
26 Marker, Publishing, Printing and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia, p. 231.
27 Norman, The Hermitage, p. 55.
28 Bernstein, Sonia’s Daughters, p. 15; Rosslyn, ‘Petersburg Actresses On and Off Stage’, in Cross, St Petersburg 1703–1825, p. 140.
29 Mikhail I. Pylyaev, Old St Petersburg. Tales from the Capital’s Former Life, St Petersburg, 2004, pp. 370–73, qtd by Bagdasarova, in Dining with the Tsars, p. 32.
30 Breton, M., La Russie, ou mœurs, usages, et costumes des habitans de toutes les provinces de cet empire, Vol. I, Paris, 1813, pp. 136–7.
31 Kotzbuë, L’anée la plus remarkable, p. 151; Giroud, St Petersburg, p. 59.
32 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 178.
33 Porter, Robert Ker, Travelling Sketches in Russia, p. 40; Anon., A Picture of St Petersburgh, p. 5.
34 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, p. 295; Proskurina, Creating the Empress, p. 137.
35 McGrew, Paul I of Russia, p. 345.
36 Qtd in Hartley, Janet M., Alexander I, London and New York: Longman, 1994, p. 24.
37 McGrew, Paul I of Russia, pp. 323, 327, 330, 333, 349.
38 De Raymond, Damaze, Tableau historique, géographique, militaire et moral de l’empire de Russie, Vol. II, Paris, 1812, p. 132.
39 McGrew, Paul I of Russia, pp, 335, 354; Neville, Russia: A Complete History, p. 109.
40 Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, pp. 16, 18; Faber, Gotthilf Theodor von, Bagatelles. Promenades d’un désœuvré dans la ville de S.-Pétersbourg, Vols I and II, Paris: Klosterman and Delaunay, 1812, P. 33
41 Faber, Bagatelles, Vol, I, pp. 241–2.
42 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, pp. 500, 506–507.
43 Casanova, The Memoirs, p. 21.
44 Faber, Bagatelles, Vol. II, pp. 174–80.
45 Redesdale, Lord, Memories, Vol. I, London: Hutchinson, 1915, p. 270.
46 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 505.
47 Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. II, text facing ‘A Merchant’s Wife’ plate.
48 Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, pp. 113–14, 163–5.
49 Wilmot, Martha and Catherine, The Russian Journals, pp. 169, 176.
50 Anon., A Picture of St Petersburgh, p. 23.
51 Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, pp. 107–109, 154–6.
52 Faber, Bagatelles, Vol. I, p. 157.
53 Breton, La Russie, Vol. I, p. 53.
54 Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, pp. 115–16, 149–54.
55 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 163.
56 Adams, John Quincy, Memoirs–Portions of his Diary from 1795–1848, Vol. II, ed. C. F. Adams, New York: AMS Press, 1970, p. 256.
57 Ibid., pp. 121–2.
58 Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. I, text facing ‘Katcheli’ plate.
59 Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, Vol. II, p. 1.
60 Adams, Memoirs, p. 279.
61 Wilmot, Martha and Catherin
e, The Russian Journals, pp. 27–8.
62 Ibid., pp. 30–31.
63 Bagdasarova, in Dining with the Tsars, pp. 32–3.
64 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, pp. 113, 118.
65 Ibid., pp. 556–7.
66 Adams, Memoirs, p. 280.
67 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 29; Jones, Bread Upon the Waters, pp. 23, 25.
68 Faber, Bagatelles, Vol. I, pp. 40, 43.
69 De Raymond, Damaze Tableau historique, p. 152; Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, pp. 305–306.
70 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, pp. 122–3; Faber, Bagatelles, Vol. II, pp. 153–8.
71 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 129.
72 Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, Vol. II, pp. 20–24.
73 Shvidkovsky, in Cracraft and Rowland, Architectures of Russian Identities, p. 33.
74 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, pp. 299–301.
75 Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, pp. 211–14.
76 Adams, Memoirs, pp. 171, 397–8.
77 Wilmot, Martha and Catherine, The Russian journals, p. 33; Adams, Memoirs, p. 172.
78 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 460; Adams, Memoirs, p. 268; Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, p. 148.
79 De Madariaga, Catherine the Great, p. 108.
80 Hartley, Alexander I, p. 15.
81 Faibisovich, Viktor, ‘If I Were Not Napoleon, Perhaps I Would Be Alexander . . .’, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, Amsterdam: Museumshop Hermitage Amsterdam, 2015, p. 31.
82 Marker, Publishing, Printing and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia, pp. 231–2.
83 Hartley, Alexander I, p. 48; Faibisovich, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, pp. 32–5.
84 Hartley, Alexander I, pp. 83–4, qtd on pp. 86–7.
85 Ibid., pp. 73–6, 78–9.
86 de Staël, Madame, Mémoires – Dix années d’exil (first published 1818), Paris: 1861, pp. 431–3, 455, 456.
87 Ibid., pp. 442, 447; Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 518.
88 De Staël, Mémoires, pp. 462, 463.
89 Adams, Memoirs, pp. 268, 352, 356.
90 Ermolaev, Ilya, ‘Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia’, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, Amsterdam: Museumshop Hermitage Amsterdam, 2015, p. 68.
91 Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace (1869), trans. Rosemary Edmonds, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975, p. 977.
92 Ermolaev, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, pp. 74, 76.
93 Hartley, Alexander I, pp. 112, 114–15; Ermolaev, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, p. 85.
94 Aart Kool, qtd in Spruit, Ruud, ‘In the Service of Napoleon – Experiences of Dutch Soldiers’, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, Amsterdam: Museumshop Hermitage Amsterdam, 2015, p. 147.
95 Tolstoy, War and Peace, p. 1, 107.
96 Hartley, Alexander I, p. 115; Norman, The Hermitage, p. 59.
97 Adams, Memoirs, p. 420.
98 Spruit, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, pp. 147, 149; Ermolaev in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, pp. 90, 100.
99 Adams, Memoirs, p. 435.
100 Qtd in Hartley, Alexander I, p. 124.
101 Hartley, Alexander I, pp. 7, 119, 139; Faibisovich, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, p. 40; Rappoport, The Curse of the Romanovs, pp. 357, 359, 365–7.
102 Seton-Watson, Hugh, The Russian Empire 1801–17, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967, pp. 184–5; Hartley, Alexander I, p. 194.
103 Qtd in Buckler, Mapping St Petersburg, p. 30.
104 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, p. 297.
105 Solovyov, Alexander, ‘St Petersburg – Imperial City’, in At the Russian Court – Palace and Protocol in the 19th Century, Amsterdam: Museumshop Hermitage Amsterdam, 2009, p. 176; Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, pp. 310–11.
106 Solovyov, in At the Russian Court, p. 176.
107 Maes, A History of Russian Music, pp. 16, 22.
108 Norman, The Hermitage, pp. 58–9, 62.
109 Rappe, Tamara, ‘Alexander at Malmaison. Malmaison in Russia’, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, Amsterdam: Museumshop Hermitage Amsterdam, 2015, pp. 104–115, with the Gonzaga heritage provided by Elena Arsentyeva, p. 112; Norman, The Hermitage, pp. 61–2.
110 Yarmolinsky, Avrahm, Road to Revolution – A Century of Russian Radicalism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986, pp. 20–21.
111 Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, p. 185.
112 Qtd by Faibisovich, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, p. 53.
113 Alexander Mikhaylovsky-Danilevsky, qtd by Faibisovich, in Alexander, Napoleon and Joséphine, p. 50.
114 Pavlovna, Anna, Letter to Mlle de Sybourg of 10 November 1824, in S. W. Jackman, Romanov Relations – The Private Correspondence of Tsars Alexander I, Nicholas I and the Grand Dukes Constantine and Michael with their Sister Queen Anna Pavlovna, London: Macmillan, 1969, p. 103; Solovyov, in At the Russian Court, p. 178.
115 Hare, Pioneers of Russian Social Thought, p. 2; O’Meara, Patrick, ‘Vreden sever; The Decembrists’ Memories of the Peter and Paul Fortress’, in Cross, St Petersburg 1703–1825, p. 165.
116 Yarmolinsky, Road to Revolution, pp. 26, 32.
117 Lincoln, W. Bruce, Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All Russias, London: Allen Lane, 1978, pp. 20–21, 28–31.
118 Solovyov, in At the Russian Court, p. 166.
119 Yarmolinsky, Road to Revolution, pp. 37–8, 40–43; Lincoln, Nicholas I, pp. 41–6, 75.
8 A NEW KIND OF COLD
1 Norman, The Hermitage, p. 68.
2 Yarmolinsky, Road to Revolution, pp. 49–50.
3 O’Meara, in St Petersberg 1703–1825, pp. 173, 176, 183.
4 Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, p. 276.
5 Yarmolinsky, Road to Revolution, pp. 52–3; Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, p. 277; Neville, Russia: A Complete History, p. 123.
6 Monas, Sidney, The Third Section- Police and Society in Russia under Nicholas I, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961, pp. 62–3, 72–4, 91–2, 146–7.
7 Pushkin, Alexander, Eugene Onegin – A Novel in Verse, trans. Stanley Mitchell, London: Penguin, 2008, pp. xiv, 235 n.1.
8 Monas, The Third Section, p. 204.
9 Ibid., pp. 215, 219.
10 Qtd in Kelly, Laurence, Lermontov-Tragedy in the Caucasus, London: Constable, 1977, p. 51.
11 Schenker, The Bronze Horseman, pp. 296–7, 319 n.9; Monas, The Third Section, p. 219.
12 Buckler, Mapping St Petersburg, p. 258 n.58.
13 Frank, Joseph, Dostoevsky – A Writer in His Time, ed. Mary Petrusewicz, Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010, pp. 19, 38.
14 Pushkin, Alexander, ‘The Bronze Horseman: A Petersburg Tale’, in The Penguin Book of Russian Poetry, Part One, trans. Stanley Mitchell, ed. Chandler, Dralyuk and Mashinski, London: Penguin Random House, 2015, p. 89.
15 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, Notes From Underground/The Double, trans. Jessie Coulson, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972, p. 137, Coulson introd. p. 8.
16 Pushkin, Alexander, ‘The Bronze Horseman: A Petersburg Tale’, p. 90.
17 Pavlovna, Anna, letter to Mlle de Sybourg of 10 November 1824, in Jackman, Romanov Relations, pp. 103–104.
18 Pushkin, Alexander, ‘The Bronze Horseman: A Petersburg Tale’, p. 95.
19 Jukes, A Shout in the Street, p. 162; Berman, All That Is Solid, pp. 181–9.
20 De Custine, Letters, pp. 55, 56, 64, 93, 103, 108–109, 170, 253.
21 Gooding, John, Rulers and Subjects – Government and People in Russia 1801–1991, London: Arnold, 1996, p. 55.
22 Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, pp. 257–8; Monas, The Third Section, p. 133.
23 Qtd in Buckler, Mapping St Petersburg, p. 18.
24 Herzen, Alexander, letter of September 1850 to Mazzini, qtd in Berlin, Isaiah, Russian Thinkers (1978, revised 2008), London: Penguin, 2013, P. 93
25 Qtd in Buckler, Mapping St Petersburg, p. 20.
<
br /> 26 Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, p. 319.
27 Shvidkovsky, Dmitry, St Petersburg – Architecture of the Tsars, New York, London and Paris: Abbeville Press, 1996, p. 134; Solovyov, in At the Russian Court, pp. 179, 182; Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, p. 317.
28 Anon., The Englishwoman in Russia; Impressions of the Society and Manners of the Russians at Home by a Lady Ten Years Resident in that Country, London: John Murray, 1855, p. 51.
29 Belinsky, Vissarion, ‘Petersburg and Moscow’, in Petersburg: The Physiology of a City, ed. Nikolai Nekrasov, trans. Thomas Gaiton Marullo, Evanston, 1L: Northwestern University Press, 2009, p. 37.
30 Grebenka, Evgeny, ‘The Petersburg Quarter’, 1844, in Nekrasov, Petersburg: The Physiology of a City, pp. 103–105, 110–16.
31 Zelnik, Reginald E., Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia-The Factory Workers of St Petersburg 1855–1870, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1971, p. 52.
32 Nekrasov, Nikolai ‘The Petersburg Corners’, in Nekrasov, Petersburg: The Physiology of a City, pp. 131–4.
33 The Englishwoman in Russia, pp. 57–9, 62.
34 Belinsky, in Nekrasov, Petersburg: The Physiology of a City, pp. 47–8.
35 Corot, Camille, Le quai des Orfèvres et le pont Saint-Michel, Paris, Musée Carnavalet.
36 Dickens, Charles, Bleak House (1853), Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971, p. 49.
37 Monas, The Third Section, p. 2.
38 From Nikolai Ogarev’s, poem ‘Jumor’, qtd in Buckler, Mapping St Petersburg, pp. 76–7.
39 Belinsky, in Nekrasov, Petersburg: The Physiology of a City, p. 49.
40 Dumas, En Russie, p. 154.
41 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, pp. 510–12; Anon., A Picture of St Petersburgh, p. 18.
42 Gogol, Nikolai, ‘Nevsky Prospekt’, in Petersburg Tales., trans. Dora O’Brien, Richmond, Surrey: Alma Classics, 2014, pp. 4–7, 9.
43 Belinsky, in Nekrasov, Petersburg: The Physiology of a City, p. 50.
44 Gautier, The Complete Works, pp. 112–13, 116.
45 The Englishwoman in Russia, p. 70.
46 Berman, All That Is Solid, p. 195.
47 Gogol, Nikolai, ‘Nevsky Prospekt’, in Diary of a Madman, The Government Inspector and Selected Stories, trans. Ronald Wilks, London: Penguin, 2005, p. 87, and Petersburg Tales, trans. Dora O’Brien, p. 16-my variation on both, and passage qtd by Berman, All That Is Solid, p. 203.