by Hugh Brogan
Bible, the, 31, 32–3, 50, 63, 66n, 101n, 107, 202, 232
Biddle, Francis, 568
Biddle, Nicholas, 275
Bill of Rights (see also Constitution of the United States), 177–8, 199, 203, 213–14, 256, 262, 414
state bills of rights, 178–9, 199
Birmingham, England, 322
Birmingham, Alabama, 372, 633, 634
Birney, James, 293–4
Bishop, Thomas Bingham, 310
Bismarck Sea, Battle of, 574
Black Belt, 283, 287
Black Codes, 339, 352, 362, 365
Black Fish, 224
Black Hills, S. Dakota, 246
Black, Mr Justice Hugo La Fayette, 548
Black Muslims, 639
‘Black Power’, 643
Black Star Steamship Line, 619
Black see Africans, African-Americans; Free blacks; Freedmen, black; Slavery; Slaves
Blackstone, Sir William, Commentaries, 77, 81, 211
Blaine, Sen. James Gillespie, 408, 413
Blockades
in Civil War, 315, 319, 322, 324–5; 334, 340, 468, 469n
in First World War, 468, 469, 470, 471, 480, 485
of Cuba (1962), 631
‘Bloody shirt’, 355n
Bluegrass, 223
Bogart, Humphrey, 684
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 237, 251, 252, 253, 262, 572, 584
Bonhomme Richard, USS, 182
Bonus March, 516
‘Boondoggling’, 542
Boone, Daniel, 221–6, 230, 231, 237, 248
Boosters, 34, 248, 291, 423, 617
Booth, John Wilkes, 346–7, 479
Borah, Sen. William Edgar, 498, 556
Border states, in Civil War, 314, 324, 331
Boston, Massachusetts, 44, 47, 88–9, 93, 96, 97, 100n, 101, 107–8, 127, 138, 230, 291, 303, 384, 397–8, 400, 422, 498
and anti-slavery, 292, 293, 296, 303, 304, 332
and John Brown, 309
Castle William, 152
in Civil War, 324
Latin School, 92
Liberty Tree, 129
mob in, 126n, 137, 145, 149, 159
and Royal Navy, 128
in A. Revolution, 122–3, 139, 143–4 145, 146–7, 150, 151, 152, 161–6, 171–2
Stamp Act riots, 129–30
town-meeting, 155–6, 159
Boston Massacre, 127, 140, 152–3
Boston police strike, 489
Boston Tea Party, 140, 155–6, 159, 161, 162, 304
Boston University, 629
Bourbon, house of, 110–11, 140, 162
Bourbons, Southern, 426n
Boxer rebellion, 438
Boycotts, 421
Montgomery bus b., 628, 630
Braddock, Gen. Edward, 119, 221
Bradford, William, 34n, 37–40, 49
Bragg, Gen. Braxton, 327, 333
Brandeis, Mr Justice Louis Dembitz, 461, 546, 547, 548
Brazil, 102, 513
Breckinridge, John, 311
Brendan, Saint, 4
Bretton Woods Agreement, 577, 582, 670
Brewster, Elder William, 34, 36
Bricker, Sen. John William, 602–3
Bridger, Jim, 245
Bristol, 101
Britain, British (see also England; Scotland; Wales), 46, 76–7, 79–86, 91–2, 110, 193, 214, 224, 227, 228, 229, 238, 395, 442, 443, 575, 577, 584, 586, 605, 609, 611, 648, 649
attitude to colonies, 80, 118, 142, 143, 150, 160–61
political system, 113
A. attitude to, 153, 164
policies towards A., 157; in War of A.
Revolution, 168–85 passim
A. relations with, 1815–60, 296
A. relations with, 1860–1914, 324, 327, 336, 437
in First World War, 468–77 passim, 480, 481
and Versailles settlement, 488
between world wars, 499, 508, 556–7
in Second World War, 558–61, 563, 571, 572–4, 579, 580
and cold war, 590, 592
British Columbia, 298
British Empire, 75–6, 79–86, 89, 132–3, 165, 176, 204, 253, 260, 276, 436, 438, 439, 470, 488, 495, 578, 589, 619
and slavery, 101
cost of, 112–13
in 1763, 120
Western policy, 149
in War of A. Revolution, 181–2
dismantling of, 651–2
Brogan, Sir Denis William viii, 652
Brooke, Sen. Edward, 360n
Brooks, Cong. Preston, 305
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids, 620
Brougham, Henry, 269
Brown, John, 285, 305, 308, 309, 310, 626n
quoted, 309
Brown, Joseph Emerson, 335
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, 625–8, 644
Brownell, Herbert, 630
Bruce, Sen. Blanche Kelso, 360
Brunswick, House of, 155
Bryan, William Jennings, 431–2, 442, 459, 463, 465, 470, 472, 595
cross of gold speech, 433
Bryce, James, quoted, 408n, 413n
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 680–81
Buchanan, James (Pres. 1857–61), 305, 310, 312–13
Budget, Bureau of the, 501, 540
Director, 525–6, 587
Office of Management and the B., 501n
Budget, cult of the balanced, 527–8, 548
Buena Vista, Battle of, 297
Buffalo (American bison), 56, 223–4, 225, 245, 247, 379, 380, 421
Buffalo Bill see Cody, William Frederick
Building industry, 494, 532, 596, 611 – 12, 671
Bulge, Battle of the, 623
Bull Run, First Battle of, 321, 322, 324, 606
Second Battle of, 327, 655
Bullwhackers, 245
Bunche, Ralph, 625, 636
quoted, 620
Buncombe County, 693
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 172, 190
Bunyan, John, 33, 49, 91, 450
Pilgrim’s Progress, 30, 33, 450n
Burford, Anne, 689
Burgoyne, Gen. John, 181, 183, 184
Burke, Edmund, 80, 110, 141, 164, 206
quoted, on tea, 162
Burned-Over District, 232, 236
Burnside, Gen. Ambrose Everett, 333, 336–7
Burr, Aaron, 262n, 263
Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 565
Bush, George Herbert Walker (Pres. 1989–93), 684, 688, 692, 693
Business, businessmen, 304, 384, 386, 388, 389, 390, 393, 403, 408, 417, 440, 444, 528, 562, 577, 597, 603
b. confidence, 429, 461, 512, 515
crime as b., 502
b. and government, 447, 492
small, 418
b. and progressivism, 446–7, 448, 451, 465–6
b. and the 1929 Crash, 506–12
and New Deal, 528, 531–4, 535, 545
in Second World War, 569
and civil rights movement, 633
Business cycle, 276, 369, 428, 446, 461
booms: post-Civil War, 385; post-1896, 434, 443; First World War, 488; twenties, 500–501, 507–10; Second World War, 567, 623; post-1945, 589–90; canal, 383; Southern oil, 616–17; tobacco, 27
crises: post-1763, 129; post-1783, 188–90; 1819, 270; 1837, 234–5, 275, 462; 1839, 383; 1857,306–7; 1873, 369, 387, 410, 416, 462; 1893, 391, 421, 428, 446; 1907, 443, 455, 462; post-1918, 488, 492; 1929, 382, 446, 510–11, 616, see Depression, Great
Bute, John Earl of, 74, 111, 130–31, 140, 141, 151
Butler, Gen. Benjamin Franklin, 329, 355n
Butler, Boss, 400–401
Butz, Earl, 667n
Byrd, William, 103, 104
Bymes, James Francis, 569, 618
Byron, George, Lord, 225
Cabinet, 205–6, 260, 263, 305, 316, 325, 330, 477, 482, 504, 512
Cabot, John, 6, 14
Calhoun, John Caldwell, 254, 266, 271, 272, 274, 275, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, 297, 299, 303, 548
<
br /> California, 40, 108n, 236n, 238, 239, 242, 297n, 299, 301, 361, 395, 459, 538, 544–5, 564, 612, 663, 667, 672, 686
Spanish colony, 52
US seizes, 298
gold-rush, 230, 298
nativism in, 404, 437
in Second World War, 566, 568
since 1945, 587, 591, 660
tax-revolt, 675
Calley, Lt William, 656
Calvinists, 32, 34, 173
in 19th-c. South, 291
Cambodia, 653–4, 661–2, 664, 671
Cambridge, Mass., 49, 119
Camden, Charles Pratt, Earl of, 161, 164, 211
Camel Corps, US army, 316n
Camp David, Maryland, 674
Canada, 8, 52, 165, 166, 168, 176, 181, 182, 183n, 185, 187, 254, 279, 297, 422, 436, 503, 552
British conquest of, 79, 86
Canals see Transport
Cane Ridge, Kentucky, 231
Canning, George, 255
Cannon, Lou, 684n
Cannon, Speaker Joseph Gurney, 456
Canterbury, Archbishops of Whitgift, 31
Bancroft, 31, 33
Laud, 41, 45, 49
Secker, 119
Cape Breton island, 112, 119
Cape Cod, 34, 37, 40
Capital, 12, 365, 382–4, 386, 391, 415, 422, 423, 443, 446, 512, 530, 577, 621, 637
Capitalism, American (see also Wall Street), 381–92, 446, 459, 462, 506–12, 518, 531, 549, 582
finance, 392–3, 461, 463, 506–12
and the South, 616
Capitalists, 15, 258, 290, 362, 368, 372, 389, 406, 407, 411, 420, 423, 446, 457, 512, 516, 536, 621
Capone, ‘Scarface’ Al, 495, 503n, 643
Caribbean Sea and islands (West Indies), 2, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13n, 28, 47, 52, 75, 83, 84, 89n, 92, 99, 100, 102, 124, 129, 182, 187, 253, 289, 436, 439, 440
aftermath of slave emancipation, 358
and A. imperialism, 441, 442
Carlos III of Spain, 181n
Carnegie, Andrew, 410, 420, 436, 445, 456
quoted, 390
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 436
Carolinas, the (see also N. Carolina; S. Carolina), 7, 85, 101, 199, 207–8, 224, 225, 226, 358, 359, 461
Carpetbaggers, 355n, 361, 364, 369
Carson, Kit, 245
Carson, Rachel, 689
Carter, James Earl (‘Jimmy’) (Pres. 1977–81), 527n, 637, 669, 671–3, 679–80, 681, 682, 683, 685, 686, 687, 688, 690, 693
quoted, 669
Carter, Landon, 162
Carteret, Sir George, 52
Carrier, Jacques, 7
Casablanca Conference, 578
Cascade mountains, 241n
Castro, Fidel, 631, 634, 675n, 691
Catholics (see also Roman Catholic church), 52, 94, 311, 401, 459, 488, 503, 504, 599, 613, 677
Catt, Carrie, 464
Cattle, 305, 422
longhorns, 246, 379, 422
Caucus, Congressional (‘King Caucus’), 266
Census, US, 377, 393
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 553, 610, 631, 634, 649, 665, 690
Central Pacific Railroad, 384
Chamberlain, Neville, 556–7, 579
Chambers, Whittaker, 597
Champlain, Samuel de, 8
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 336
Charles I, King, 38, 41, 45, 74, 133
Charles II, King, 28, 93n
Charleston (Charles Town), S. Carolina, 57, 108, 143–4, 160, 168n, 182, 183–4, 226, 284, 293, 295, 333, 343
and coming of Civil War, 310, 311, 313–14
Chase, Salmon Portland, 302, 322, 330, 384
Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, 79, 80, 135, 151, 154, 156–7, 168, 523
as war minister, 86, 114, 121–2
and Grenville, 111–12
forms administration, 137, 140
administration, 142–8 passim
goes mad, 141
and C. Townshend, 142
as friend of the A. colonies, 142
resigns, 148
and A. Revolution, 164
quoted, 117n, 143
Chattanooga, Battle of, 340
Checks and balances, 210, 213, 214, 264, 315, 356
Lincoln on, 313
Chesapeake Bay, 185
Chesapeake, USS, 253
Chesnut, Mary, 285, 314
Chesterton, Gilbert Keith, quoted, 476n
Chiang Kai-shek, 560, 562, 578, 592, 596, 597, 602, 606, 650, 651
Mme Chiang, 597
Chicago, Illinois, 246, 303, 311, 379, 380, 397, 401, 404, 419, 422, 430, 431, 458, 463, 488, 511, 517, 535
World Columbia Exposition, 393
in the 1920s, 495, 502, 508
blacks in, 616, 624, 643
Democratic machine, 638, 643
ethnic neighbourhoods, 641
Cicero (suburb), 643
Chicago, University of, 388
Chicago White Sox, 488–9
Chickamauga, Battle of, 340
Chief Justice of the United States see Supreme Court
Chiefs of Staff, Combined, 573
Chiefs of Staff, Joint, 564, 585, 591–2
China, Chinese, 4, 75, 276, 395, 401, 406, 438–9, 468, 469, 484, 555, 561–4, 566, 575, 578, 581, 586, 589, 590, 591–2, 597, 602, 605, 606, 631, 646, 647, 650, 663, 664, 681
China lobby, 597, 603
in Korean War, 606
Quemoy and Matsu, 611
and Vietnam War, 653
Chinese Exclusion Act, 604
Chishoim Trail, 379
Chivington, Col. the Rev. John Milton, 62
Chou En-Lai, 648
Chrysler Corporation, 493
Church of England, 31–4, 41, 44
and the A. Revolution, 118–19, 193
Churches (see also Baptists; Catholics; Clergy; Congregationalism;’ Episcopalians; Methodists; Mormons; Presbyterians; Quakers)
in A. Revolution, 173
disestablishment, 179, 193–4
and slavery, 303
and Reconstruction, 361, 362
C. of Christ Scientist, 233–4
People’s Temple, 236n
black, 415
and sexual conduct, 677
Churchill, Sir Winston Spencer, 168, 484, 551–2, 571, 575, 578, 591
Cincinnati, Ohio, 277, 300, 380, 397
Cities and towns (see aho Urbanization), 290, 377n, 379, 381, 386, 393, 399, 404, 415, 415, 423, 425, 465, 515, 637–9, 641–4, 675n
colonial, 127
Citizenship, US, 353
City Tavern, Philadelphia, 200
Civil Rights Commission, 635
Civil rights laws 1866, 353, 1957, 630, 635 1960, 630, 1964, 635, 636, 644
Civil rights and liberties, 192, 352, 371, 672
Civil rights movement, 628–30, 631–5, 659, 660, 675, 676
March on Washington, 634
Civil rights murders, 636
Civil Works Administration (CWA), 569
Civilian Conservation Corps, 525, 569
Clarendon, Thomas, Earl of, 81
Class conflict, 230
in industrial A, 393, 404, 516–17
in post-bellum South, 364, 366
Class, industrial and urban working, 430, 431, 443, 447, 454, 465, 494, 503, 596, 638, 640, 661, 662
Class, middle, 96, 417, 447, 464, 465, 494, 508, 511, 548, 588, 638, 640
Class, moneyed, 275, 278, 279, 290
Class structures, economic and social, 96, 104–6, 258, 278, 287, 381, 404, 415, 618, 640–41
Classes, labouring (see also Slaves), 127, 366, 382, 389, 4, 415, 416
in England, 15, 16, 18
rural poor, 494
Clay, Henry, 254, 255, 266, 270–72. 274, 275, 276, 278, 294, 295, 297, 299, 300–301, 312, 370, 456
Clayton Act, 461
Clemenceau, Georges, 481–6
Clergy, 250, 504, 636
and anti-slavery, 179
colonial, 118, 123, 135
Cleveland, Grover (Pres. 1885–9, and 1893–7), 408, 413, 426, 428–30, 431, 433, 451
Cleveland, Ohio, 355, 638
Clinton, Gov. George, 202
Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry, 170, 182
Clinton, William Jefferson (Bill) (Pres. 1993-), 527n, 688, 691n, 693
Cloth-trade, English, 12, 17, 41
Co-operation and competition, 65, 235, 242–3, 386, 425, 445, 530
and consolidation, 389
Coal industry, 380, 385–6, 390, 451, 616, 618
in the Depression, 513, 532, 534
Coca-Cola, 558, 617
Cod fisheries, 6, 8, 47, 101, 164
Cody, William Frederick, 245–8, 293n, 379, 440
Cody, Wyoming, 379
Coffin-ships, 94, 396
Cohen, Felix S., 51
Cold Harbor, Battle of, 340
Cold War, 570, 584–614, 645, 647, 651, 672, 682, 692
Coligny, Admiral, 34
Colombia, 451
Colonial agents, 116, 136, 157
Colonialism, 63
Colonization (see also American Colonisation Society)
African, 289, 331
of North A., 3–70 passim
Colorado, 245, 297, 380, 490, 538, 568
Colorado river, 56n
Colour prejudice see Racial enmity
Columbia, S. Carolina, 343
Columbia University, 440
Columbus, Christopher, 4, 5, 11, 14, 467
Columbus, New Mexico, 468
Columbus, Ohio, 419
Committee for Industrial Organization see Congress of Industrial Organizations
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, 559
Committees of correspondence
in 1828 election, 272
in A. Revolution, 156, 159–60, 163, 164, 311
Commons, House of see Parliament
Communism
in colonial A., 39
Indian, 235
discredited, 645
in early I9th-c. A., 235
Marxist, 582
Russian, 582
Communist party, American, 529, 558, 596, 600, 601, 659
Community Relations Service, 635
Compromise of 1850, 300, 301
Compromise of 1877, 371–2
Concord, Battle of, 165, 181
Conestoga wagons see Prairie schooners
Confederated States of America (the Confederacy), 23, 312–45 passim, 348, 636
Confiscation Acts, 324, 359
Congregationalism, 44, 49, 119
decline of, 90
Congress, Confederated States, 317, 343
Congress, Confederation, 187, 188, 189, 191–3, 194, 197, 203, 204, 205, 209
Congress, Continental, 163–4, 165, 168–74, 178, 179, 196, 261
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 535, 547, 548, 595, 621
Congress of the United States (see also House of Representatives; Senate, US), 69, 199, 210, 211, 227, 253, 254, 255, 262, 268, 272, 274, 299, 305, 307, 308, 404, 437, 482, 495, 496, 497, 499, 501, 502, 503, 529, 530, 535, 591, 596, 610, 612, 620, 661, 664, 668, 671, 678, 679, 681, 685, 691, 693