by Hugh Brogan
in Missouri crisis, 294
in Nullification crisis, 295
and Wilmot Proviso, 295
and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 302
in secession crisis, 312
in Civil War, 317, 324, 328, 331–2, 337, 339–40, 343, 384, 385
and Reconstruction, 350–56, 359, 360, 362
and business, 384, 385, 411
and immigration, 405
in Gilded Age, 408, 425, 428–9, 433
in Progressive era, 452–7, 456, 461, 463, 466
and First World War, 472, 475, 478
and the tariff, 492, 505–6, 512
and the New Deal, 524–7, 538, 544
and coming of Second
World War, 554–6, 559, 560
during Second World War, 568, 569
and armed forces, 587
and Marshall aid, 592–3
under Republicans, 595
and McCarthyism, 599–601
and blacks, 625, 626, 627, 630, 633, 634, 636, 642
Tonkin Gulf resolutions, 653
Congressional medal of honour, 333
Conkling, Sen. Roscoe, 408
Connecticut
colony, 46, 48, 49, 52, 92, 161n; and White Pine Acts, 181 and Stamp Act, 131
state, 193, 195, 201, 230
Connecticut river, 118, 291
Connor, ‘Bull’, 633
Conscription, military, 394, 401, 658–9
Conservation, 455, 456, 538
Constitution, English, 123
Constitution, USS, 254
Constitution of the Confederated States, 312, 335
Constitution of the United States, 40, 197–215, 219, 243, 255, 264, 269, 293, 294, 313, 319, 350, 407, 409, 430, 546, 549, 602, 625, 627, 629, 667, 691
amendments (see also Bill of Rights), First, 296, 478, 601; Fourth, 213 Fifth, 601; Tenth, 208; Twelfth, 262n; Thirteenth, 338, 343, 350, 351, 362; Fourteenth, 353, 360, 372, 409, 415, 626; Fifteenth, 359, 371n, 372, 409, 464n; Sixteenth, 553; Seventeenth, 207; Eighteenth, 478, 525; Nineteenth (‘Anthony’), 464–5, 478, quoted, 464n; Twenty-First, 525; Twenty-Second, 594
amending procedure, 307
commerce clause, 533
ratification of C, 201–3, 207
F. D. Roosevelt and, 546
and slavery, 199, 289, 307, 308, 313
Constitutional convention, 1787, 194, 195–202, 207, 211
Consumers, 382, 391, 398, 423, 429, 443, 454, 456, 463, 492, 495, 505, 511
Contras, 691
Convicts, transportation of, 531, 567, 588, 658
Cooke, Jay, 387, 388
Coolidge, Calvin (Pres. 1923–9), 489, 498, 500–507, 509, 510, 527, 609, 619, 690
Cooper, J. Fenimore, 225
‘Copperheads’, 334, 341, 354, 369
Coral Sea, Battle of, 571, 572
Cornwallis, Gen. Charles, Earl, 170, 182, 183, 184, 185
Corporations, 362, 387n, 391, 399, 408, 427, 558, 599
federal incorporations, 384
Cotton, Rev. John, 45
Cotton (see also Enumerated products; Textile industry), 199, 282, 286, 287, 289, 290, 295, 310, 312, 329, 380, 384, 425, 505, 513, 537
ante-bellum boom in c, 229, 298, 306–7
in post-bellum South, 357–8, 359, 365, 372
boll weevil, 372, 503, 617
and First World War, 469, 482, 616
in Depression, 618, 619
Coughlin, Father Charles Edward, 556, 598
Courts, county, 190
Courts, federal (see also Judiciary, federal; Supreme Court), 262
Cowboys, 246, 247, 379, 380, 421
Cox, Gov. James, 489
Crash of 1929 see Business cycle
Crawford, William, 268, 271
Crazy Horse, 68
Creditors see Debtors and creditors
CREEP, 666
Crime, 68, 495, 502, 517, 642, 675n, 694
Crittenden, Sen. John Jordan, 312, 313
Croats, 394
Croly, Herbert, 448, 457, 461
Cromwell, Oliver, 42, 49, 121, 318
Cronkite, Walter, 659
Crowds, 273, 628, 632, 639
in the A. Revolution, 126–31
Crown, British, 24, 25, 118, 134, 147, 157
Crown colonies, 24
Crump, Edward Hull, 464
Cuba, Cubans, 324, 405, 440, 442, 552, 603, 613, 649, 665, 675n
missile crisis, 631, 646, 681
Cumberland Gap, 223, 225, 226, 241
Cumberland river, 223, 325
Cumberland Road, 226
Currency (see also Gold standard), 443, 445, 593
Acts (1863–4), 384
after 1929, 511
colonial, 92, 130, 425–6
colonial paper c, 92, 108, 123–4, 136
Comptroller of, 463
Continental paper, 171, 188n, 189, 202
dollar, 189n, 424, 670, 687, 688
in 1890s, 428–33 passim
and Federal Reserve System, 462–3
greenbacks, 387, 418, 430
hard (specie), 189, 270, 278
paper, 208, 228, 270, 278, 418, 426
tobacco as, 123
Custer, Gen. George, 246, 247
Customs service
in 13 colonies, 83, 84, 85, 114, 125, 126, 137, 144, 146, 147, 149
US, 295, 312
Czechoslovakia, Czechs, 394, 484, 554, 557, 590, 593, 604
Czolgosz, Leon, 449
Dakotas, the (see also S. Dakota), 380, 422
Dale, Thomas, 23
Daley, Mayor Richard J., 613, 643, 660
Dallas, Texas, 634, 637
Darrow, Clarence, 532n
Dartmouth, William, Earl of, 165
Darwin, Charles, 64, 432
Darwinism, 432
Daugherty, Harry M., 500
Davis, Jefferson, 244, 301, 307, 345, 348, 350, 351, 359n, 425, 479
President of the Confederacy, 312, 316, 334, 335, 343
as military leader, 316, 317, 341
Dawes, Charles Gates, 501, 507
Dawes Severalty Act see Indian Allotment Act Dayton, Tennessee, 432
De La Warr, Thomas, Baron, 20, 23
De Priest, Cong. Oscar, 620
Dean, John, 666
Debs, Eugene Victor, 420–21, 459, 478, 492
Debt, National, 189, 258, 259, 385, 506
Debtors and creditors in Britain, 114
in 18th-c. Virginia, 108, 123–4, 189
and US Constitution, 208
in Kentucky, 270
in post-bellum South (see also Peonage), 365–6
and Populism, 425
and Depression, 511
Debts, state, 259, 368
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, 174
Declaration of Independence, 195, 213, 219, 256, 264, 276, 288, 312
and anti-slavery, 306
and Gettysburg Address, 338
making of, 174–5
natural law in, 123
in the Revolution, 178
significance of, 175–8, 319
quoted, 135, 175–6
Declaratory Act, 133, 134
Defense, Department of (see also Pentagon), 588, 665
Defense, Secretary of, 587
Delaware, 52, 201
colony (‘Three Counties’), 95, 101
in A. Revolution, 131, 159
and anti-slavery, 179
Delaware river, 35, 95, 180
Democracy in America, 233
quoted, 278
Democracy, American, 207, 209, 258, 268, 273, 277, 348, 425, 476, 528, 549, 550, 557, 615, 667, 693, 694
majority rule in, 313, 315, 366
G. Myrdal on, 629
Democratic National Committee, 665
Democratic party (see also Copperheads; Democrats, Southern; Elections; Jacksonian party), 236, 241, 266, 272, 274, 275–9, 297–311 passim, 409, 454, 456, 489, 522, 591, 597, 610, 671–2, 673, 674, 675, 683, 684, 685
in
Civil War, 326
during Reconstruction, 354–5, 357, 363, 367, 369–70
in Gilded Age, 410, 413, 414, 426, 430–33
in Progressive era, 457–61, 464
and First World War, 482, 483
and Versailles treaty, 488
during 1920s, 500–501, 512
in the Depression, 513, 517, 535
in the New Deal, 524, 528, 535, 540, 544–5, 546–8
in Second World War, 559. 569
and blacks, 621, 625, 630
and abortion issue, 680
Democrats, Southern, 461, 547–9, 553, 587, 618
Dixiecrats, 596, 625
Dempsey, Jack, 491
Denver, Colorado, 62, 248
Depression, Great (see also Business cycle), 190n, 383, 486n, 492, 510–48, 555, 588n, 593, 685
origins of, 505–11
in the South, 617–18
ended by rearmament, 559
Deregulation, 686, 689
Desegregation (see also Integration; Segregation), 622, 633
of armed services, 622–3, 625, 626
of education, 624, 626–8, 635, 639–40
of lunch-counters etc., 629–30, 635
in Second World War, 623–4
Detroit, Michigan, 494, 508, 637
blacks in, 616, 624
Fort D., 187, 260
Dewey, Admiral George, 440
Dewey, Gov. Thomas Edmund, 595
Dickinson, John, 148, 162, 174, 175, 195, 201, 256
quoted, 71, 147–8
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 649, 650
Dienbienphu, 648
Dillingham, William P., 405
D. Report, 405, 496
Disease, 5, 8, 22, 23, 55, 58, 101, 395n
AIDS, 678
cholera, 58, 396
diphtheria, 416
dysentery, 22
hookworm, 617
malaria, 5, 22, 617
in military hospitals, 328
pellagra, 366, 617
plague, bubonic, 22
scurvy. 22, 128
smallpox, 5, 8, 58, 91, 92, 101, 416
tuberculosis, 55, 419
typhoid, 416
venereal d., 58, 656
yellow fever, 5, 22, 108, 250, 441, 442, 617
Dismal Swamp, 27
District of Columbia (see also Washington, DC)
abolition of slave-trade in, 299
abolition of slavery in, 324
Divide, Continental, 238, 241
Divorce, 677
‘Dixie’, 310
Dodge City, Kansas, 242, 379
Dollar, US see Currency
Dolliver, Sen. Jonathan Prentiss, 456
Dominican Republic, 603
Donnelly, Ignatius, 427
Donovan, Hedley, 684n
Douglas, Sen. Stephen Arnold, 243, 299–300, 301–4, 306–11, 318
‘Western Programme’ of, 301
Douglass, Frederick, 283, 284, 293, 332, 348
quoted, 217, 280, 283, 284, 328
Dowdeswell, William, 158, 162
Downing, Emanuel, 87
Drake, Sir Francis, 6, 7, 12
Drayton, Michael, , quoted, 14, 19
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 212, 295, 306, 307, 353, 409
Drew, David, 387
Drug abuse, 694
Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt, 619
Dubinsky, David, 535
Dubuque, Iowa, 490
Dulles, Alan, 610
Dulles, John Foster, 594, 609, 610, 611, 648
Dumbleton, J., 89
Dumbrell, John, 679n
Dust-storms, 538
Dutch people, the (see also Netherlands), 8, 28, 35, 43, 52, 81–2, 182, 394
Dutch West India Company, 35
Dyer, Eliphalet, no Dylks, Joseph, 232
Early, Gen. Jubal Abderson, 341
East India Company, 13, 75, 101, 141, 142, 158–9, 160, 161
East St Louis, 111., 478–9
Eddy, Mary Baker, 233–4
Eden, Anthony, 581
Edes, Benjamin, I3on Edison, Thomas A., 378, 448, 509
Education, 192, 291, 588, 675n, 678, 688
post-1945, 657
black, 352, 362, 366, 372, 415, 638; Operation Headstart, 639
inequality in, 639
parish schools, 401
public, 362, 414
Education Act 1965, Elementary and Secondary, 639
Education, US Office of, 623, 635
Edwards, Rev. Jonathan, 91
Egypt, 611, 666, 670
Eirik’s Saga, 3
Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight David (Pres. 1953–61), 541, 573, 600, 607, 608–14, 626, 627, 628, 630, 631, 632, 640, 648–9, 662, 684, 685
quoted, 611, 622n
El Salvador, 691
Elections
in colonial A., 45, 105, 145–6
and machine politics, 400–401
national e., 609
in Northern army, 318
primary, white see White primary
Electoral college, 209, 271, 370, 429
Electoral reform, 457–8
Electricity industry, 390, 391, 526
Elijah Mohammad, 638–9
Eliot, Rev. Andrew, 152n, 162
Eliot, Rev. John, 63
Elizabeth I, Queen, 7, 12, 30, 31–2, 291
Elkins Act, 452
EUsberg, Daniel, 665
Emancipation Proclamation, 179n, 327–8, 330–32, 333, 338, 350, 633
Embargoes, 260
in 1807–9, 253
in the Civil War, 322, 329, 335
and Second World War, 563
Arab oil e., 666
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 165, 285, 291, 300, 686–7
Engineering industry, 611
England, English (see also Britain; British Empire), 8, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 40–42, 45–9, 62, 66, 87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 103n, 106, 108, 111n, 118, 119, 127, 183n, 188, 204, 235, 240, 250–56 passim, 269, 281, 282–3, 287, 307, 319, 324, 325, 334, 394, 402, 411, 419, 469, 483
exploration of North A., 6–7
on eve of colonization, 10–18
Puritanism in, 29–34
colonial expansion, 29–34
racial attitudes, 64
the realm denned, 76n
B. Franklin on, 80
and mercantile system, 84
and slave-trade, 100–101
riots in, 114, 129n
and war in A. Revolution, 168
and Andrew Jackson, 184
in industrial A., 417n
Enlightenment, the, 177
Enumerated products, 82–3
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 689
Environmentalism, 689, 694
Episcopalianism, Episcopalians (see also Church of England), 31, 91, 96, 105, 145
Equal Employment Opportunity, Committee on [later, Commission], 631, 635
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) (1972), 678, 679, 680
Equality
egalitarianism, 235, 243, 274, 278, 314, 353, 424
principle of, 46, 191, 274, 312, 348, 372, 582
racial, 101, 675
Erie Canal, 271, 272, 383
Erie Railroad, 387
Espionage and Sedition Acts, 478
Ethiopia, 554, 558, 681
Ethnic groups, 95n, 102, 437, 641–2, 671
Ethnicity, 405
European Economic Commuinity, 209
European state system, 5, 7, 28
Evers, Medgar, 633
Export–Import Bank, 543–4
Exports and imports, 250, 269, 450, 488, 499, 500
Factories, 381, 403, 616, 623
Fair Deal, 596, 607
Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), 624, 625
Fair Labour Standards Act, 548–9
Falkland Islands, 436
Fall, Albert Bacon, 500
Falmouth, Maine, 137
Faneuil Hall, Boston, 159
Faragher, John Mack, 224n
Farewell Address see
Washington, George
Farm Bureau, 621
Farm Credit Act, 527
Farm Holiday Association, 536
Farm Security Administration, 569, 621
Farmers, 192, 229, 230–31, 235, 244, 253, 269, 274, 298, 380, 397, 401, 409, 417, 418, 421, 440, 443, 453, 465, 477, 492, 514–15, 529, 567, 596, 611
and Shays’s Rebellion, 189–90
Southern f., 361, 365–6, 371, 465, 503–4, 617, 621
and Populist movement, 423–33
in the 1920s, 500, 503–4
in the Depression, 516, 535–6
during the New Deal, 525–5, 535, 536–40
Farmers’ Alliance, 425–7
Farms, family, 286, 290, 365, 386, 395–6, 425, 432, 465, 490, 504
Farragut, Admiral David Glasgow, 325
Faubus, Gov. Orval, 628
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 417, 580, 601, 634, 666
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 539, 540–42, 618
Federal Emergency Relief Act, 526, 540
Division of Rural Rehabilitation, 542
Federal Housing Administration, 544, 621, 625
Federal Reserve Act, 462–3
Federal Reserve Board, 463, 464, 509
Federal Reserve System, 461, 463, 506–7, 524, 543
Federal system, federalism, 208, 407–9, 693
Federal Trade Commission, 529
Federal Writers American Guides, 542
Federalist, The, 201, 211
Federalist party (post-1789), 259, 261, 262, 263, 272, 273, 279, 426
Federalists (pre-1789), 201–3, 206
Field, James, 426–7
Fillmore, Millard (Pres. 1850–53), 243, 299, 300, 304
Financiers see Capitalists
Finland, Finns, 95n, 108, 484, 578
Fire-Eaters, 306, 309, 310
Fires, fire-fighting, 92, 97, 400
Triangle fire, 464
Fishing (see also Cod fisheries), 8, 47, 185
whaling, 127
Fisk, James, 386, 387, 388, 410
Fitzgerald, Francis Scott Key, 495
Flag of the United States (‘Stars and Stripes’), 210, 312, 314, 318, 414
Florida
Spanish colony, 7, 34, 52, 66, 85, 187, 192
British colony (East and West F.), 87–8, 91, 112, 120, 162, 223
state, 311, 312, 348, 440, 504, 587, 618, 672, 675n
land-boom, 505, 617
‘Flying Tigers’, 560
Forbes, Charles, 499
Ford, Gerald Rudolph (Pres. 1974–7), 500, 667, 671, 686
Ford, Henry, 445, 493, 532
Model T, 493
peace ship, 445
Foreign relations, 220, 499, 501, 552–66, 603–4, 657
Forrest, Gen. Nathan Bedford, 342
Fort Donelson, 325
Fort Duquesne see Pittsburgh
Fort Henry, 325
Fort Laramie, 220
Fort Monroe, 326, 345
Fort Pickens, 312–13
Fort Pillow, 333