by Hugh Brogan
Fort Sumter, 268, 286, 312–14, 324, 346, 378
Fort Ticonderoga, 165, 172
Fortune magazine, 588
Foster, Stephen, 281
Foundations, 445
‘Founding Fathers’, 204–5, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 306, 409, 438, 550, 640
Fourteen Points see Wilson, Woodrow
Fourth of July, the, 174–5, 178, 316, 318, 337, 437, 623
Fox, Charles James, 80, 162
Fox, George, 93, 662
France, the French, 7, 8, 11, 34, 43, 52, 63, 66, 75, 76, 81, 85, 92, 102, 106, 108, 110–11, 113, 114, 126, 203, 204, 209, 210, 219, 237, 250–52 passim, 255, 257, 260, 261, 262, 324, 327, 336, 394, 436, 442, 483, 499, 507, 584, 586, 604, 611, 651
defeat in Seven Years War, 85–6
and A. Revolution, 133, 164–5, 168, 169, 177, 180–82, 184, 185
and First World War, 467, 468, 469, 470, 480, 481
and Versailles treaty, 484–6
and Second World War, 572, 577-8
and Indo-China, 606, 646–8, 652
Franciscan friars, 7, 52
François I, King of France, 6–7
Frank, Leo, 404
Frankfurter, Mr Justice Felix, 627
quoted, 627
Franklin, Benjamin, 50, 73, 91, 108, 109, 112, 118, 215
early life, 97–9, 127
Poor Richard’s Almanac, 98
and Stamp Act crisis, 115–16, 125, 132, 135–6
and Quartering Act, 136
and Quaker party, 145
and Tea Act, 158–9
and Declaration of Independence, 174
mission to France, 180, 181n, 185
at Constitutional Convention, 195, 197, 200
quoted, on English arrogance, 80; on Royal Navy, 128; on John Wilkes, 154; on Boston Tea Party, 162; on the rising sun, 200; also quoted, 115–16, 132
Frederick II of Prussia, 86, 111, 182
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 333, 336
Free blacks, 289, 298, 300, 328
Free enterprise, 543
Free soil, 245, 294, 296, 302, 303, 304, 307
Free Soil Party, 299, 304
Free trade, 84n, 158, 271, 278, 381, 394, 464, 482, 563, 576, 577, 579
Freedmen, black, 331, 337–8, 339, 347, 352, 358–72 passim, 410
Freedmen’s Bureau, 344, 353, 361, 362, 367–8
Freedom, idea of, 191, 312
idea of A. freedom, 172–3, 206, 319, 348, 403
Freedom Riders, 632, 657–8
Freemasons, 94, 139, 278, 418
Frelinghuysen, Sen. Theodore, 64
Frick, Henry Clay, 385, 388, 404, 410, 420
Frick Collection, 388
Friends, Society of see Quakers
Frontier of settlement, 23, 48, 62, 68, 119–20, 121, 191, 220–21, 228, 229, 237, 239, 245, 246, 254, 282, 361, 393, 402, 418, 423, 588
Southern, 283, 286
Frostbelt, 672
Fuchs, Klaus see Spies, atomic
Fugitive Slave laws, 299, 304
Fulbright, Sen. James William, 628
Fulton, Missouri, 591
Fulton, Robert, 250, 378
Fur-trade, 8, 39, 47, 53, 57, 112, 149, 187
Gable, Clark, 684
Gadsden, Christopher, 131, 163
Gage, Gen. Thomas, 136, 149, 162, 163, 164, 170, 172
Gaines v. Canada, 624, 626
Gallatin, Albert, 255, 263
Galloway, Joseph, 73, 145, 163
Gallup Poll, 557
Galveston, Texas, 447
Gandhi, Mohandas, 629
Garfield, James (Pres. 1881), 268, 362n, 408, 449, 633
Garner, Vice-Pres. John Nance (‘Cactus Jack’), 559
Garrison, William Lloyd, 292, 293, 295, 305, 323, 331
Garvey, Marcus, 619
Gary, Indiana, 641
Gaspee, HMS, 128n, 155, 158
Gates, Gen. Horatio, 181
Gates, Sir Thomas, 23
Gaulle, Gen. Charles de, 577, 647, 651
General Electric, 684
General Motors, 493, 511, 609
General warrants, 154, 211
Genêt, Edmond Charles (‘Citizen Genêt’), 252
Geneva conference, 1954, 648
George, Henry, 393
George I, King, 78
George II, King, 73, 78, 86
George III, King, 78, 79, 80, 86, 106, in, 145, 148, 154, 163n, 169, 172, 175, 182, 186, 187, 192, 204, 256, 264, 275, 298, 441, 516, 562
character, 73
denounced by P. Henry, 123–4
dismisses Grenville, 132
New York statue, 135
and Chatham, 140–42
and Lord North, 151, 180
‘Junius’ on, 154
T. Paine on, 173
George, Sen. Walter Franklin, 549
George V, King, 478, 483, 503n
Georgia, 7, 67, 108, 673, 686
colony, 52, 88, 101, 120, 121; in A. Revolution, 131, 132, 151, 153, 163, 182
state, 66, 68, 190, 201, 227, 229, 275, 311, 404, 428, 581, 587, 618, 619, 661; and slavery, 175n, 199, 292, 298; in Civil War, 335, 340, 341–3; under Reconstruction, 348, 364, 368; and civil rights movement, 635
Germain, Lord George, 168, 182
German-Americans, 94, 95n, 397, 437, 477, 488, 558
Germantown, Pennsylvania, 99
Germany, Germans, 86, 93, 106, 108, 145, 182, 204, 300, 303, 394, 395, 396, 402, 422, 437, 439, 646
in First World War, 468–81 passim
and Versailles treaty, 484, 485–6
during 1920s, 499, 501, 507–8, 512
under Hitler, 554, 555, 557, 627
in Second World War, 567, 571–3, 58i> 623
after 1945, 578, 579, 584, 590
West G., 587, 590, 600
Geronimo, 62, 69
Gerry, Elbridge, 145n, 198, 200
Gerrymandering, 145, 409
Gettysburg Address, 337–8
Gettysburg, Battle of, 334, 337–8, 437
Ghana, 619
Ghent, peace of, 228, 230, 255, 436
Gibraltar, 112–13, 182
Gila river, 56n
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 7, 12, 13
Gilded Age, 383n
Gladstone, William Ewart, 112, 469
Glasgow, 101
Glass, Sen. Carter, 463, 526–7, 533
Goebbels, Joseph, 581, 623
Gold, 4, 6, 10–11, 13, 23, 387, 410, 428, 430, 431, 443, 463, 507, 670
Gold standard (see also Currency), 418, 426, 429–32, 443, 513, 525–6
Gold-bugs, 429, 430, 431, 443
Goldwater, Sen. Barry M., 635, 653, 684
Gompers, Samuel, 377n, 419–21, 430, 459, 535
Gone with the Wind, 285n
‘Good Neighbour’ policy, 552
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 692
Gould, Jay, 386–7, 389, 410, 411, 423–4, 446
Government, British imperial
and A., 135, 151, 156, 192
and the Indians, 119, 120–21
Government, US
federal (see also Articles of Confederation; Constitution of the US; Constitutional Convention 1787), 188, 191, 193, 194–5, 244, 258, 262–3, 265, 276, 278, 462, 611, 694; relations between the three branches (see also Separation of powers), 407–8, 501, 547, 550; and blacks, 623, 625–6, 629, 631–2, 635; and Depression, 516, 526; devolution in, 312; and the economy, 334, 386, 425, 462–3, 505, 516, 544, 617; in Gilded Age, 407–10; and impeachment of Pres., 355–6; and Indians, 120; and labour, 420–21; and McCarthyism, 601–4; military responsibility, 119; impact of New Deal, 527; patent office, 386; in Reconstruction, 339, 340, 366; regulatory power, 454; and slavery, 307; in First World War, 477
municipal, 236, 383, 400, 463; and unemployment, 516; impact of Second World War, 568
states (see also States’ rights; State sovereignty), 189, 190, 192, 194, 383, 414, 464, 546; and the cities, 515; and the Depression, 516, 618; legislatures, 193, 197, 236, 311, 410; in the Revolution, 1
69, 174; Southern, 617
territorial, 191, 307–8
Governors
colonial, 25, 117, 118, 130, 137, ‘44, 148, 153, 163, 165, 178
state, 335, 411
Grafton, Augustus Henry, Duke of, 151
Grandfather clause, 371n, 620
Grant, Madison, 404–5
Grant, Gen. Ulysses Simpson (Pres. 1869–77), 210, 325, 333, 337, 340, 343–5. 346, 348, 355, 356, 410, 412, 656
administration, 369–70, 408
Grasse, Admiral François de, 184, 185
Great American Desert, 422
Great Awakening, 91–2, 232
Great Britain see Britain
Great Compromise, 198, 201, 207
Great Lakes, 52, 112, 185, 187, 191, 231, 254, 271
Great Migration
of Puritans, 41–2, 43
of the 19th century, 393–9, 624, 640
of blacks, 616, 617, 640
Great Plains, 8, 240, 379
Great Removal see Indian Removal Act
Great Revival, 232, 291
Great Salt Lake, 238, 241
Great Valley of the Appalachians, 221, 226
Greece, Greeks, 394, 590, 592. 594
Greeley, Horace, 285
Green Berets, 649, 650, 655
movie, Green Berets, 657
Green Hills, 231
Greenback Party, 418, 426, 427, 443
‘Greenbacks’ see Currency
Greene, Gen. Nathanael, 183, 184
Greenland, 4
Greensboro, N. Carolina, 629–30
Grenada, 691
Grenville, George, 111–16, 121, 122, 132, 134, 146, 151, 157, 166, 258, 303
and George III, 111, 132
and land tax, 143
and Quartering Act, 136
and Rockinghams, 140
and Stamp Act, 115, 117, 125
and Sugar Act, 122, 124
and C. Townshend, 142, 143
Grew, Ambassador Joseph, 554
Greyhound Bus Co., 637
Grimké, Angelina, 293
Grimké, Sarah, 293
Gross National Product, US, 443
Groves, Gen. Leslie R., 570
Guadalcanal, 574
Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 297
Guam, 441, 495–6, 562, 651
Guatemala, 610
Guinea Coast, 100
Guiteau, Charles Julius, 408
Gulf Oil Co., 492
Habsburg, house of, 6, 11, 111, 162n
Hague Court, 445, 495, 499
Haiti, 289, 552
Hakluyt, Richard, 13, 14, 15–16, 33, 64, 74
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 143–4, 172
Ham, curse of, 107
Ham, Rev. Mordecai F., 504
Hamilton, Alexander, 191, 193, 195, 228, 262, 263, 266, 270, 277, 278, 370, 461, 463, 492, 598
and making of Constitution, 196, 198, 201, 202–3, 206, 209, 211
Secretary of the Treasury, 257–61
Hamiltonism, 258, 263, 448
Hammond, James Henry, 289, 290, 307
Hampton, Gen. Wade, 369
Hampton Roads, 334
Hancock, John, 202, 203, 256
at Continental Congress, 166
as patriot leader, 138, 141n, 161
as smuggler, 138, 149
Hanford, Washington, 570
Hanna, Marcus (‘Mark’) Alonso, 431, 432, 449, 450–51, 609
Hanoi, 662
Hanover, 12
Harding, Warren Gamaliel (Pres. 1921–3), 210, 489, 492, 496, 4908, 499, 500, 501n, 504, 536–7
Harlan, Mr Justice John Marshall, 414, 429
Harney, Gen. William Selby, 69n
Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, 309, 310, 327
Haniman, Edward Henry, 423
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 336
Harrison, Benjamin (Pres. 1889–93), 407–8, 426
Harrison, Gen. William Henry (Pres. 1841), 66, 254, 268, 276, 297, 426
Harrison’s Landing, Virginia, 224
Harrodsburg, Kentucky, 224
Hartford Convention, 254
Harvard (College and University), 50n, 92, 119, 291, 414, 450, 498, 522, 592, 640, 663
Business School, 447
Hawaii, 395, 495, 564–6, 571, 672
Hawkins, Sir John, 6, 12, 28
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 234
Hay, John, 438
Hayes, Lucy Webb, 408
Hayes, Rutherford Birchard (Pres. 1877–81), 369, 371, 408, 418
Haymarket police riot, 404, 419
Headlight system, 25
Hearst, William Randolph, 440
Helsinki agreements (1975), 671, 681
Henderson, Richard, 224, 224
Henry, Patrick, 154, 166, 189
in Parson’s case, 123–4
in Stamp Act crisis, 125–6
and US Constitution, 203, 204, 206, 256
Hepburn Act, 452–4
‘Hessians’, 172n
Higginson, Rev. Francis, quoted, 30
High Plains, 241n, 422, 423, 425
Highway Act (1921), Federal, 495
Hillman, Sidney, 535
Hillsborough Resolutions, 150
Hillsborough, Wills Hill, Earl of, 148, 149, 160–61
Hilton, William, 39
Hirohito, Emperor, 563, 589
Hiroshima, 585
Hiss, Alger, 597
Hitler, Adolf, 323, 470, 529, 551–62 passim, 563, 563, 566, 572–4, 579, 581, 592, 601, 604, 622
Ho Chi Minh, 646, 648
Ho Chi Minh City, 671
Holland see Netherlands
Hollywood, 495, 580, 600, 677, 684, 685
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, quoted, 375
Holy Alliance, 255
Homestead Act, 239, 301, 304, 308, 384, 397, 422
Homestead strike, 388, 404, 420
Homosexuality, 676, 677–8
Honolulu, 565
Hood, Gen. Joseph, 336
Hoover, Herbert Clark (Pres. 1929–33), 492, 499, 505, 509, 510, 524, 525, 528, 536–7, 546, 620, 623, 671, 683, 684, 686
as Food Administrator, 477, 484, 487
elected Pres., 504
and the Depression, 511–18 passim, 521, 528–9, 541, 543
foreign policy of, 513
Hopkins, Harry L., 503, 540–42, 549, 569
House, Col. Edward M., 472, 474, 487
House (of Representatives) Committee on Unamerican Activities (HUAC), 595, 597, 600, 684
House of Representatives, 210, 257, 260, 262n, 271, 297, 301, 332, 370, 456, 459, 591, 667, 685
gag rule, 296
malapportionment, 410
Ways and Means Committee, 429
Housing, 416, 505, 511, 544, 588, 621, 625, 644, 675n black, 631, 638, 640
H. Act, 1949, 641
slum h., 399–400, 638, 641–2
Houston, Gen. Sam, 296, 310
Houston, Texas, 479, 637
Howard, Gen. Oliver Otis, 362
Howard Johnson’s, 494
Howard University, 392, 644
Howe, Louis, 523
Howe, Admiral Richard Viscount, 168, 172
Howe, Gen. Sir William, 170, 172, 179–80
Hudson, Sir Henry, 35
Hudson river, 7, 8, 35, 38, 57, 181, 271, 316
Hughes, Chief Justice Charles Evans, 473, 492
Secretary of State, 495, 499
Chief Justice, 533, 546, 548
quoted, on NIRA, 533; on segregated schooling, 624
Hughes, John, 132
Huguenots (French Protestants), 95n
Hull, Cordell, 553–4, 557, 564, 618
Humphrey, George, 609, 610
Humphrey, Vice-Pres. Hubert Horatio, 596, 613, 659, 660
Hungary, Hungarians, 394, 422, 604
Hunt, Howard, 665
Huntington, Collis Potter, 423
Hutchinson, Anne, 45, 130
Hutchinson, Gov. Thomas, 139, 146, 152, 176, 190, 211
attacked as Massachusetts notabl
e, 130
compensation question, 137
Gov. of Mass., 153, 159–62
History of Mass., 160
quoted, British govt. in 1774, 135; on Mass. radicals, 137; on Sugar Act, 125
Iceland, 4
Ickes, Harold L., 532, 540, 541
Idaho, 65n, 69, 688n
Illinois, 230, 236, 294, 301, 303, 307, 311, 354, 357, 426, 430, 620
Cook County, 638
mobs in, 239, 240, 293, 297, 478–9, 620
Illinois river, 108
Immigrants, immigration (see also German-Americans; Ireland; Irish Protestants; Migration), 95, 100, 273, 302, 311, 363, 371n, 381, 393–406, 415, 419, 421, 427, 459, 478–9, 497, 504, 675, 694
literacy tests, 406
‘melting-pot’, 405, 496–7
i. restriction, 466, 496
statistics, 403, 443, 496–78
workers, 417
Immigration Acts 1917, 496
1924 (Johnson-Reid), 496–7, 554
‘Immigration, New’, 405, 417
Imperialism, American, 438–42, 452, 561, 589, 652
Indentures, system of, 27–8, 29, 94, 101, 109
Independence, American (see also Declaration of I.)
achieved, 185
after 1783, 187, 204
bicentennial of, 667
demands for, 173
idea of, 123, 167
inevitability of, 135–6
resolutions for, 175
India, 4, 75, 85, 110, 156, 182, 438, 571, 629
Indian Territory see
Oklahoma
Indian tribes
Algonquian linguistic
group, 56
Algonquins, 62
Apaches, 69
Araphoes, 62, 247
Cherokees, 53, 66n, 67, 68, 119, 187, 221, 224, 238
Chickasaws, 65
Choctaws, 67
Creeks, 67, 187, 227
Delawares, 61, 399n
Five Civilized Tribes, 65, 67
Hurons, 8, 57
Iroquois (Five, Six Nations), 8, 57, 61, 66, 183
Manhattans, 35
Nez Perces, 62n, 69
Ottawas, 112
Powhatans, 20, 24
Pueblos, 52, 53, 56
Seminoles, 62, 65
Shawnees, 55, 221, 224
Sioux, 56, 58, 68, 247
Susquehanna, 29
Tuscaroras, 53, 57n
Utes, 245
Wampanoags, 57n
Yamasees, 85
Indiana, 230, 275, 293n, 426
Indianopolis, 355
Indians, American (see also Tribes; Population; Skraelings), 2, 3, 4, 8, 9n, ii, 14, 15, 17, 23, 26, 38, 43, 51, 52–70, 94, 104, 107, 108, 112, 139, 149, 185, 220, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 245, 247, 248, 254, 264, 286, 287, 316, 317n, 361, 372, 421, 533n, 568
I. agents, 58, 63
I. Allotment Act (1887), 61, 69
in Central and S. America, 2, 5, 8, 55, 62–3
‘firewater’, 58, 61, 62
and land, 64–70, 120
missionaries to, 119