by Hugh Brogan
Massachusetts Bay,
Company of, 41–2, 45, 66n
charter, 41, 88, 90, 138, 144, 160
Massachusetts Body of
Liberties, 46
Laws and Liberties, 46n
Mather, Rev. Cotton, 63n, 89, 91, 102
Mather, Rev. Increase, 63
Mauduit, Jasper, 115
Mauldin, Bill, 573n
Maury, Rev. James, 124
Mayflower, 37, 396
Mayflower Compact, 40
Meade, Gen. George
Gordon, 336, 340
Meany, George, 421n, 603
Meat Inspection Act, 454
Meat–packing industry, 390, 454, 491n
Mellon, Andrew, 492, 499, 501, 505–6, 508, 609
Melville, Herman, 396
Memphis, Term., 325, 352, 464, 643
Mencken, Henry Louis, 33, 139n, 491n
Mendes–France, Pierre, 648
Mengistu Haile Mariam, 681
Mercantilism, 80–86, 114, 156, 157, 191, 258, 394, 513, 578
Merchant marine, 83, 235, 251
Merchants, American, 96, 145, 190, 199, 226, 228, 257, 446
in A. Revolution, 130, 146–8, 152–3, 155, 157
Merchants, British (Scottish and English), 123, 132n, 133, 189
Meredith, James, 632
Merrimac and Monitor, Battle of, 325
Messersmith, Ambassador
George, 554, 557
Methodists, 91, 232, 303
Mexico City, 297
Mexico, Mexicans, 5, 8, 52, 63, 168, 238, 240, 276, 279, 296, 297, 316, 379, 405, 442, 475
M. Revolution, 468–9
Miami, 678
Miami, Honda, 505, 631
Michigan, 230
Middle class see Class, middle
Middle Passage, 102–3, 102n
Middle West, 230n, 291, 293,397, 456, 465, 539
Midway, Battle of, 571, 572
Migration (see also Immigrants), 3–4, 17, 17n, 60, 93, 394, 405
internal, 219, 402, 494, 503–4, 566–7, 611
Military Reconstruction Act, 359
Militia, 190, 193, 225, 316, 361, 405
British, 126n
performance, 120–21
in A. Revolution, I26n, 165
in War of A. Revolution, 126n, 165, 181
in Civil War, 319, 321, 323
Milk, Harvey, 677
Milliken’s Bend, Battle of, 333
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 397
Miners, Cornish, 396
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 596
Minnesota, 290, 397, 427, 456, 659, 672n
Minorca, 182
Minuit, Peter, 35
Minute Men, 165
Missionaries, 437, 441, 468, 562, 597
Mississippi river, 52, 67, 93, 108, 185, 187, 191, 225, 226, 229, 237, 238, 240, 245, 283
Mississippi, state, 67, 227, 240, 245, 282, 283, 286, 294, 298, 307, 311
in Civil War, 245, 325, 358
under Reconstruction, 352–3, 360, 362–3
and civil rights movement, 632, 635, 636
Mississippi, University of, 632–3
Missouri, 225, 233, 236, 245, 270, 294–5, 301, 305, 306, 379, 613, 625, 672
in Civil War, 245, 316, 329
Jackson County, 236
Missouri Compromise, 212, 294, 302, 304, 306
Missouri Crisis, 294, 693n
Missouri river, 108, 225, 240, 301, 377, 422
Mitchell, Arthur W., 621
Mitchell, Charles E., 509
Mobility
geographical, 108, 495, 640
social, 108, 640
Molasses, 83n, 124
M. Act, 92
Molly Maguires, 417
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 575, 590
Mondale, Vice-pres. Walter, 672n
Monetarism, 675, 687
‘Monkey Trial’, 432
Monroe, James (Pres. 1817–25), 66, 255, 256, 268, 270, 271
Monroe Doctrine, 255–6, 436, 437, 438, 452, 468, 486, 602, 604
Montana, 69, 380, 515
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat de, 76, 105, 209
Montgomery, Alabama, 311, 319, 628, 632, 636
Montgomery Ward, 386, 510
Monticello, Virginia, 104, 262, 269
Montreal, 8, 187
Morgan, House of (J. P. Morgan & Co.), 391, 431, 446, 458, 488, 510, 524, 558
Morgan, Iwan M., 689n
Morgan, John Pierpont, 388, 390–91, 392, 430, 446, 451, 453, 455, 459, 462, 506, 530, 531n
Morgenthau, Henry, 528, 548, 569, 578
Mormons, 232–45, 291, 293n, 588, 611, 676
Morris, Gouverneur, 195, 200
Morris, Robert, 195, 494–5
Morse, Samuel, 378
Moscone, George, 677
Moses, Robert, 494–5
Mount Hood, 542
Mount Vernon, Virginia, 150, 170, 185
Mountain Meadows massacre, 243
Movies (see also Hollywood), 248, 495, 580
Muck-rakers, 450, 454
Mugwumps, 412–14, 458
Munich crisis, 556, 557, 582, 604
Murfreesboro, Battle of, 333
Music, 102, 415
Mussolini, Benito, 529, 530, 549, 558
My Fair Lady, 641n
Myrdal, Gunnar, 629
Nagasaki, 585
Nashville, Term., 226, 227, 342
Battle of N., 333, 342
Nation, American, idea of, 131, 173, 195, 257–8
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 676
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 619–20, 624, 626, 629, 632, 633, 634, 644, 675
National Defense Advisory Committee, 623
National Guard, 573, 628, 632, 643, 662
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 526, 530, 533
Section 7(a), 531, 534
quoted, 530
National Labor Relations Act see Wagner Act
National Organization of Women (NOW), 676, 678, 680
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 526, 531–5, 537, 541, 569, 618
National Republican party, 275
National Security Council, 553
National Women’s Political Caucus, 678
Nationalism, American, 204, 279, 385, 414, 439, 495, 674
Native (white) Americans, 303, 304, 395, 403, 415, 421, 448
Nativism, 403–6, 427, 438, 444
Nauvoo, Illinois, 236, 237, 240, 245
Naval stores, 83n, 84
Navigation Acts, English, 82, 164, 187
effects of, 84–5
enforcement of, 114, 155
opposition to, 129–30
provisions of, 83, 123
Navigation laws, American, 188, 198–9
Navy, Royal, 11, 84, 92, 250, 251–2, 253, 255, 438, 439, 440
in A. Revolution, 149, 168, 182, 184
conditions, 127–8
impressment, 128
and Navigation Acts, 114
in Stamp Act crisis, 131
and White Pine Acts, 118
in First World War, 469–70, 477, 484
Navy, US, 203, 385, 455, 553
in A. Revolution, 182
in war of 1812, 254
in Civil War, 319, 325
in First World War, 472, 477
in Second World War, 565–6, 571, 574
since 1945, 587, 653
Nazi-Soviet pact, 558, 578
Nebraska
state, 241n, 379, 380, 422, 431, 456
territory, 302, 304, 307
Netherlands, 11, 34, 35, 94, 204, 250, 261, 472, 652
Neutral rights, 251
Neutrality Acts, 554, 555
Nevada, 297, 688n
New Amsterdam see New York
New Deal, 178, 242, 522–59, 560, 566, 567, 568, 570, 587, 594, 596, 602, 672, 684, 685
and blacks, 620, 625
‘Black Monday’, 533–5, 546
&nbs
p; New Dealers, 537, 545, 549, 569
and the South, 617
New Denmark, 7
New England, 7, 18, 20n, 26, 30–50, 53, 63, 84, 92, 94, 101, 166, 173, 176, 179, 181, 183, 187, 198, 199, 230–31, 233, 261, 274, 286, 291, 538, 616
and Archb. Secker, 119
and Sugar Act, 122
and Tea Act, 158
and anti-slavery, 179, 297, 300, 309
in war of 1812, 254
Industrial Revolution in, 282, 290, 381, 404
and Civil War, 323, 328
New England Emigrant Aid Society, 305
New France, 7, 53
New Freedom, 459, 475
New Frontier, 630
New Guinea, 574
New Hampshire, 49, 84
colony, 121; in A. Revolution, 151, 152, 153; and White Pine Acts, 118, 126
state, 202, 231, 250; primary elections in, 608, 660
New Haven, Conn., 49, 92, 182
New Jersey, 52, 64, 90, 95, 101, 180
colony: judicial tenure in, 118; in A. Revolution, 131, 155
state, 193, 201, 280, 459, 479
New Mexico
Spanish colony, 52, 56
US territory, 299
state, 297
New Nationalism, 457, 458, 459, 461
New Netherland see New York
New Orleans, 187, 226, 325, 328, 415, 637
Battle of, 227–8, 253, 254, 255, 378, 423
massacre of, 352
New Sweden, 7, 52
New York
Dutch colony, 8, 35, 52, 62n
British colony, 8, 52, 88, 94, 101, 103, 118; judicial tenure, 118; Billeting Act, 136, 143; in A. Revolution, 121, 131, 150, 153, 155, 157, 182
state, 35, 193, 195, 200, 231, 232, 263, 267, 269, 271–3, 274, 276, 278, 299, 412, 449, 494–5, 518, 540–41, 587, 595; ratifies Constitution, 202; gives women the vote, 464; legislature expels socialists, 488; New Deal rehearsed in, 523
city (see also Manhattan; Wall Street), 89–90, 96, 187, 226, 231, 257, 275, 282, 287, 293, 303, 396, 401, 410, 412, 420, 422, 464, 483, 517, 530, 533, 601, 637, 638, 639, 641n, 671; mob, 127; in A. Revolution, 131, 135, 136, 149, 159; tea party in, 159; in War of Revolution, 180, 184, 185; and the Civil W, 384; draft riots in, 323, 334, 337, 639; and the West, 384; as financial centre, 398, 463, 528, 543; chief US city, 398; in 1920s, 490–91, 493, 502; Puerto Ricans in, 641n, 642; Broad St., 391; Broadway, 490, 535n; the Bronx, 402, 642; Brooklyn, 402, 639; Castle Garden, 398; Ellis Island, 398; Empire State Building, 490; Fifth Avenue, 490; Greenwich Village, 657; Harlem, 490, 639; Lower East Side, 642; Madison Ave., 462; Queens, 402; Rockefeller Centre, 490
New York Daily News, 671
New York Stock Exchange, 250, 391, 490, 510
New Yorker magazine, 107n, 490
New Zealand, 648
Newcastle, Thomas, Duke of, 74, 79n, 86, 141
Newfoundland, 6, 8, 21, 41, 52, 75, 88, 112, 576
Newport, Rhode Island, 99, 108
and Sugar Act, 122
and Stamp Act, 131
Gaspée affair, 155
Newspapers (see also Journalism), 98, 99, 272, 279, 290, 292–3, 297, 299, 319, 323, 394, 424, 440, 451, 467, 478, 533, 598, 666
in A. Revolution, 125n, 130n, 139, 147
quoted, 93, 139, 162, 230, 315, 333, 363, 370, 467–8, 492, 556, 580, 627
Ngo Dinh Diem, 650, 652
Nicaragua, 442, 691
Nicholas II, Tsar, 74
Nimitz, Admiral Chester, 571, 574
Nisei see Japanese-Americans
Nixon, Richard Milhous (Pres. 1969–74), 349, 587, 591, 612, 613, 630, 642, 667, 670, 680, 681, 685, 689
character, 662–3
and Vietnam War, 653, 656, 661–6
and Watergate affair, 663–6
quoted, 663
Nobel Peace Prize, 455, 468, 636, 643, 664
Non-consumption, 147
Non-exportation, 164
Non-importation, 131, 133, 148–50, 152, 164
Non-Intercourse Act (1809), 253
Norfolk, Virginia, 126, 325
Norris, Sen. George William, 456, 526
North Africa, 573
North American Review, 393
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 607, 648
North Carolina (see also Carolinas, the), 67
colony, 52, 57n, 84, 91n, 103, 221; Regulators’ rebellion, 153
state, 202, 206, 226, 316, 504, 618, 619; in Civil War, 335, 343
North, Colonel Oliver, 691
North, Frederick, Lord, 74, 79, 142, 160, 161, 163, 164, 166, 303
becomes Prime Minister, 151
ministry of, 80
and tea duty, 157–8
and War of A. Revolution, 182, 185
North, the, 197, 198, 212, 286, 302, 306, 308, 620
and slavery, 290, 293, 296, 298, 303, 304–5, 306
and secession, 312
in the Civil War, 315–45 passim
and assassination of Lincoln, 346
and post-bellum South, 363
and civil rights movement, 637
North-West, Old, 187, 230, 232, 260, 286, 297, 305, 311, 379
North-West Ordinance, 192, 195, 219, 230, 294
North-West Passage, 13
Northern Pacific Railroad, 384, 387
Northern Securities Co., 445, 451
Norton, John, 158
Norway, Norwegians, 395, 402
Nova Scotia, 22n, 52, 88, 90n, 112, 120
Nuclear industry, 570, 588
Nuclear submarine programme, 690
Nuclear weapons, 570, 585–7, 588, 596, 600, 630
Cuban missile crisis, 631, 653
‘missile gap’, 649
n. test ban treaty, 631, 653
n. weapons tests, 630–31
Nullification, 132, 274, 348
N. crisis, 295, 304, 310
Nuremberg Tribunal, 590
Oak Ridge, Tenn., 570
Oakley, Annie, 247
Office of Price Administration, 569, 589
Office of Production Management, 569
Ohio, 224, 230, 231, 240, 275, 276, 277, 293, 294, 302, 303, 313, 342, 355n, 431, 489
Ohio river, 93, 223, 224, 238, 300
Forks of, 108, 221
valley of, 120, 121, 187, 192, 226, 233
Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, 385
Oil industry, 385, 390, 494, 513, 558, 616, 618, 638, 670, 673, 682, 687
Okinawa, 574
Oklahoma, 67, 241n, 421, 538
Old order, 75–86, 121, 168, 214
Olive Branch Petition, 172
Oliver, Andrew, 129, 130
Olympic Games (Moscow, 1980), 681
Omaha, Nebraska, 240, 426, 639
Omaha platform, 427–8, 431, 458
quoted, 427
O’Neill, Speaker, 673
O’Neill, Speaker Tip, 673n
Opechancanough, 24
Open Door Policy, 437, 438, 468, 496, 597
Open Housing Act, 640, 644
Orders in Council, British, 187, 253
Oregon, 40, 219, 238, 239, 242, 297n, 298, 301, 307, 421
Oregon Trail, 236n, 240, 379, 401
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 666, 670, 687
O’Sullivan, John L., 297n
Oswald, Lee, 634
Otis, James, 129, 137, 139, 141n, 147
and writs of assistance, 123
Overseers, 283
Owen, Robert, 235
Pacific North-West, 297
Pacific Ocean, 219, 220, 237, 241, 246, 438, 440
‘South Sea’, 23, 108n
Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza Shah, 682
Paine, Thomas, 173, 174
Common Sense, quoted, 173
Pakenham, Gen. Sir Edward, 228, 266
Pakistan, 648
Palatines see German-Americans
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 488
Palmerston, Henry John, Viscount, 325
Palmyra, NY, 232
/> Panama, 7, 674
Panama Canal, 442, 451, 553, 674
Panay, USS, 563
Panmunjon peace talks, 607
Paper money see Currency
‘Paper ships’, 396
Paris, 194, 257, 291, 334, 335, 378, 490, 497, 502, 607, 611, 612
first treaty of (1763), 86, 108, 111, 187
second treaty of (1783), 185, 186–7, 189, 191, 219
third treaty of (1898), 441, 442
Parker, Admiral Sir Peter, 168n
Parks, Rosa, 628
Parliament, 45, 49, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83, 86, 87, 140, 144, 151
S. Adams on, 148
J. Dickinson on, 147–8
J. Otis on, 137–8
and A. Revolution, 157, 160, 162, 163, 166, 175, 185
and Stamp Act, 115–16, 117, 132–3
supremacy of P., 123, 133, 136, 209
Parson’s case, 123–4
Party political system, American, 260, 261, 266–79 passim
Party politics, 140, 234, 249, 260, 263, 269
Patriots (see also Sons of Liberty), 131, 139, 146, 159, 165, 183
Patronage, 105, 264–5, 268, 300, 370, 399, 428, 451
in British Empire, 78–80, 144
Patton, Gen. George, quoted, 622
Pawtucket, Mass., 230
‘Paxton Boys’, 108
Pearl Harbor, 438, 562
attack on, 564–6, 568, 569, 571, 574, 658, 670
Pearson, Drew, 607
Peasantry, European, 6, 394–5
Pecora Committee, 524–5
Pecos river, 56n
Pelham, Henry, 76
Peltries trade, 53
Pendleton Act, 408
Penn, Admiral Sir William, 93n
Penn, William, 52, 61, 93–5, 95n, 99
Penn family, 99, 145
Pennsylvania
colony, 52, 63, 64, 84, 89, 92, 93–5, 96, 101, 103, 106, 221; judicial tenure in, 118; politics of, 145; in A. Revolution, 131n, 132, 150, 159, 163, 179
state, 188, 189, 195, 199, 201, 207, 231, 250, 274, 281, 287, 305, 321, 327; and anti-slavery, 179; in Civil War, 321, 335–6, 341
Pennsylvania Dutch see German-Americans
Pennsylvania Railroad, 410
Pennsylvania, University of, 98
Penobscot Bay, Maine, 34
Pentagon building, 553
Pentagon Papers, 665
Peonage, 366, 368
Perkins, Frances, 464, 527
Perkins, George, 458
Perry, Commodore Matthew Galbraith, 438, 564
Pershing, Gen. John J., 468, 477, 479, 483
Persian Gulf, 682
Personal Liberty laws, 304
Peru, 5, 8, 63
Petersburg, Virginia, 341, 343
Philadelphia Gas Trust, 412
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 87, 89, 91, 93–100, 108, 171, 194, 197, 198n, 207, 226, 232, 303, 401, 528, 558
in A. Revolution, 121, 143–4, 147, 149, 153, 157, 159, 160, 163, 168, 174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183n, 185