Rome
Page 43
Benevenum, battle of 63
Beth-Horon, battle of 198
Bocchus, king of Mauretania, ally of Jugurtha 126–127
Boii, Gaulish tribe of northern Italy 90
Boudica, leader of British revolt against Romans 197
Brennus, Celtic chieftain 38–39
Britannicus, Claudius’s son by Messallina 195–196
Britain 194, 207–211, 246–247, 282–284, 307
Brundisium, Pact of, restoring Second Triumvirate 172–173
Brutus, Marcus, assassin of Caesar, leader of Republican opposition to Second Triumvirate 170–172
Bulla, Italian social bandit under Severus 278–280
bureaucracy, in Late Roman Empire 268–271
Burgundians, Germanic people settled in Western Empire 300, 304, 307
Burrus, Prefect of Praetorian Guard under Claudius and Nero 196
Cabira, battle of 150
Caesar, Julius
his family, early career, and populism 126, 157–158
in First Triumvirate 158–159, 161–163
in Gallic War 159–161
in Civil War 163–167
as dictator 167–168
Cales, Roman colony in southern Italy 51–52
Caligula, Gaius, emperor 189–191
Camerinum, battle of 54
Camillus, Marcus Furius, Early Republican conservative politician and general 37, 39–41
Campania and Campanians 48–49
Cannae, battle of 83
Capitolinus, Marcus Manlius, Early Republican radical politician and general 40–41
Capua, ancient city in Campania 48, 50, 83–84
Caracalla, emperor 246–248, 281
Caratacus, leader of British resistance to Roman conquest 194
Carausius, usurper emperor based in Britain 265
Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius, radical politician, ally of Marius 140–141
Carnuntum, Pact of, attempting to restore Tetrarchy 272
Carrhae, battle of 162
Carthage (and Carthaginians), city-state and mercantile empire
foundation myth 1
general character 66–67
in Mamertine dispute 67–68
in First Punic War 68–73
navy in First Punic War 70
between wars 73–74
conquest of Spain 76–77
in Saguntine dispute 77–79
in Second Punic War 79–90
army in Second Punic War 81
in Third Punic War 99–100
Carus, emperor 262
Cassius, treaty of 29–30, 48
Cassius, Gaius, assassin of Caesar, leader of Republican opposition to Second Triumvirate 170–172
cataphracts (cataphracti or clibanarii), super-heavy cavalry 260, 267
Catiline, Lucius Sergius, radical politician, opponent of Cicero 155–156
Catiline conspiracy 155–156, 158
Cato the Elder, Marcus Porcius, hawkish politician of 2nd century BC 99
Cato the Younger, conservative politician, enemy of Caesar 158, 163, 166
Cato on agriculture 106
Catuvellauni, Celtic tribe in south-east Britain 194
Caudine Forks, battle of 52–53
Celtiberians, ancient people of Spain
general character 76–77
in Second Spanish War 90
in Third Spanish War 91, 104
in war against Sertorius 148, 150
Celts, see Gauls
censor, senior Roman magistrate responsible for census 43
census 23
centuriation, system of Roman land division 51
century (centuria), Roman army unit 15, 23–24, 182
Cestius Gallus, Roman Governor of Syria under Nero 198
Chaeronea, battle of
in 338 BC 59
in 86 BC 139
Châlons-sur-Marne, battle of 304–305
chieftainship in Early Rome 13–15, 19
Christians, Christianity, and Christian Church
conversion of Constantine 273–274
Edict of Milan 273
origins and Early Church 274
in Great Persecution 275–276
reasons for Church-state alliance 275–276
Catholic-Donatist schism 276–277, 289
growth of Church under House of Constantine 288–289
Arianism 288–289
Council of Nicaea 288
conflict with paganism 289–290, 295–296
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, conservative politician, lawyer, orator, and writer 138–139, 155–158, 161, 170–171
Cimbri, northern tribal people defeated by Marius 127–128
Cinna, Lucius Cornelius, radical politician, ally of Marius 140
circumcelliones, radical Donatist militants in North Africa 280–281
Civilis, Julius, leader of mutiny and revolt in Rhineland under Vespasian 204–205
civitates peregrinae (foreign communities), legal status of Roman subject peoples 76
civitas sine suffragio (city without suffrage), legal status of Roman subject
citizenship, Roman
dispute about franchise in Late Republic 117–119, 134–137
communities 50
Constantinople, ‘New Rome’ of Christian Empire 288–289
Classicus, Julius, leader of revolt in Gaul under Vespasian (with Tutor) 204–205
Claudius, emperor 191–196
Claudius Gothicus, emperor 258–259
Cleon, revolutionary leader in First Sicilian Slave War 109–110
Cleopatra, queen of Egypt 166, 174–176
client-king, Roman puppet ruler 69
clientes (clients), men connected with a powerful patron, see patronage
Clodius, Publius, radical tribune, ally of Caesar 161–162
Clodius Albinus, usurper emperor 239–242
cohort (cohors), Roman army unit 132–133, 182
cohortes urbanae, paramilitary riot police in Rome 180
cohortes vigilum, paramilitary firefighters and nightwatchmen in Rome 180
coinage, in Late Empire 270, 301–302
Colline Gate, battle of 141
coloni (serfs), peasants tied to estates in Late Empire 282
coloniae (colonies), city-based settlements of Roman citizens 50–51, 75–76, 105, 114, 131, 180–181
comitatenses (field-army troops) 266
Commodus, emperor 236–239
Concordia Ordinum (Union of the Orders), political programme of Cicero and optimates 155–156
Constans, emperor, son of Constantine 286
Constantine, the Great, emperor 271–278, 286
Constantine II, emperor, son of Constantine 286
Constantine III, usurper emperor 298–300
Constantius I, tetrarchic co-emperor with Diocletian, father of Constantine 265, 271
Constantius II, emperor, son of Constantine 286–287
Constantius, general, effective ruler of Western Empire 299–300, 301
constitution, Roman, its distinctive characteristics
in Middle Republic 42–45
under Sulla 142
in Early Empire 178–180, 186–187
under military monarchy 242–243
consul (consul) and consulship, supreme Roman magistracy 28–29, 35, 41, 43, 142
consultum (‘advice’), edict of Roman Senate 29, 43
Corfinium, rebel capital in Social War 134
Corinth, city in southern Greece 99
corn dole 115, 161
corruption in Late Republic 138–139, 147
Cosa, port city in west-central Italy 107
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, leading general, politician, and member of First Triumvirate 141, 151–153, 157–159, 161–162
Cremera, battle of 27
Cremona
Roman colony in northern Italy 75–76
first battle of 201
second battle of 203
Critolaus, Greek revol
utionary democrat and anti-Roman rebel 99
curators, centrally-appointed town governors in Late Empire 283–284
curia (canton), political sub-division of ancient Rome 14–15
curiales, see decurions
cursus honorum (course of honours) 142
Cynoscephalae, battle of 93–94
Dacia and Dacians
general character and First Dacian War 211
Second Dacian War 216
Third Dacian War 216–217
Damophilus, Sicilian landowner executed in First Sicilian Slave War 109
Dardanus, treaty of 139
debasement, of coinage in Late Empire 248, 259
debt-bondage 31, 41
Decebalus, king of Dacians, enemy of Rome 211, 216–217
Decemvirate, Roman aristocratic junta 33–34
Decimus Brutus, assassin of Caesar, opponent of Antony 171
Decius, Publius, commander at battle of Sentinum 54–55
Decius Trajan, emperor 253–254
decurions (decuriones) 121–123, 145, 180, 269, 283–285
dictator (dictator), extraordinary temporary supreme magistrate 29
Didius Julianus, emperor 239–240
Dido, mythic founder-queen of Carthage 1
Diocletian, emperor 262–272, 275
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek historian of Rome 6
Domitian, emperor 210–214
domus, grand Roman town-house 21
Drusus, Marcus Livius, conservative politician, opponent of Gracchi 119
Drusus, Marcus Livius, proposer of radical franchise bill 134
Dyrrhachium, siege of 164–165
Elagabalus, emperor 249
Enna, fortress-city in central Sicily 109–111
Epirus 98
equestrians (equites), second division of Roman aristocracy
in Early Republic 24
in Late Republic 115–117
in Early Empire 179–180
under military monarchy 242, 249
Etruscans, ancient people of north-central Italy
civilisation 17
way of war 17–18
imperialism 18–19, 26–27
in Third Samnite War 54
Eugenius, pagan usurper emperor in Late Roman West 295–296
Eunus, revolutionary leader in First Sicilian Slave War 109–111
exploitation, by state in Late Empire 281–282
Fabius, Quintus, commander at battle of Sentinum 54–55
Fabius Maximus, Quintus, ‘the Delayer’, general and dictator in Second Punic War 82–83
familia, the Roman family 12–13
Faustulus, mythic royal herdsman 3
Fidenae, Latin-Etruscan city close to Rome 36–37
First Triumvirate, informal alliance between Caesar, Crassus and Pompey 158–159, 161–163, 168–170
Fishbourne, Flavian palace near Chichester in south-central Britain 208
Flaccus, Marcus Fulvius, radical politician, ally of Gracchi 117–118
Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, victor of Cynoscephalae 93–95
Flaminius, Gaius, general in Second Punic War 82
Florus, leader of Gallic revolt (with Sacrovir) 195
foederati (federates), barbarian war-bands in Late Roman military service 293–294, 299
Franks, Germanic people settled in north-eastern Gaul 307
Fregellae, Roman colony in southern Italy 52
frontier policy 210–211, 222–224, 267
Galatians, ancient Celtic people of central Anatolia 96
Galba, Servius Sulpicius, general in Third Spanish War 91
Galba, Servius Sulpicius, emperor 199–201
Galerius, tetrarchic co-emperor with Diocletian 265, 271–272
Galla Placidia, mother of Valentinian III, enemy of Aëtius 302
Gallia Narbonensis 127
Gallienus, emperor 254–257
Gallic Empire 255, 257, 260–261
Gallus, emperor 254
games, Roman 146
Gauls, ancient people of north-west Europe
origins 38
in Third Samnite War 54–56
conquest of Po Valley 74–76
in war against Cimbri and Teutones 127–128
in Caesar’s Gallic War 159–161
revolts under Early Empire 195, 204–205
gens, traditional kinship-based clan 13, 27
Gergovia, siege of 160
Germans, ancient people of north-central Europe
at Teutoburg Forest 185
in Civilis Revolt 204–205
in German War under Marcus Aurelius 232–233
Gessius Florus, Roman Governor of Palestine under Nero 198
Geta, emperor 246–247
Giardino Vecchio farm 107
Gordian I, usurper emperor 251–252
Gordian III, boy emperor 252
Goths, ancient people of Eastern Europe 253–254, 291–292, 293–294, 298–300, 304–305
Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, radical tribune of the plebs, brother of Tiberius 102–103, 113–120
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, general in Second Spanish War, father of Tiberius and Gaius 90–91
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, radical tribune of the plebs, brother of Gaius 102–105, 108, 111–113, 115
grain dole, see corn dole
Gratian, emperor, son of Valentinian I 290–294
Greeks
history and general character in Magna Graecia (southern Italy and Sicily) 56–59
Hellenistic way of war 61, 94
general character of the Hellenistic
East 91–92
in Illyrian Wars 92
in First Macedonian War 92
in Second Macedonian War 92–96
in Antiochene War 96–97
in Third Macedonian War 97–98
in Fourth Macedonian War 98–99
Hadrian, emperor 214–215, 221–227
Hadrian’s Wall 224
Hamilcar Barca, hawkish Carthaginian general and father of Hannibal 72–74, 76–77
Hannibal, great Carthaginian general 77–89
Hasdrubal, Carthaginian general and brother of Hannibal 86, 88
Heraclea, battle of 61–62
Heraclea Minoa, battle of 69
Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse and Roman client ruler 65–67, 69
Honorius, emperor, son of Theodosius 296–300, 302
hoplite, Greek-style citizen heavy infantryman 17–18, 24, 58
Huns, ancient people from Central Asia 302–305
Ilipa, battle of 86–87
imperial administration, Roman
in Middle Republic 49–51, 75–76
imperial ideology
under Hadrian 224–225
under Septimius Severus 241
See also Augustus
imperialism, Roman
in regal period 22–25
in Early Republic 36–38
in Middle Republic 44–45, 49–50, 53–54, 64, 67–68, 74, 77–78, 84–86, 89–90, 95–96, 98–100
theory of ‘defensive imperialism’ refuted 77–78, 92–93, 95–96
in Late Republic 138–139, 144, 146–148, 159–160
in Early Empire 182–186, 193–195, 197, 200, 213–215
limits of expansion 219–222, 228–229, 233–235
causes of decline 245–248, 251, 253, 262–264, 271, 278
resilience in decline 258, 263–264
evidence of decline 278–286
collapse 290, 299, 300–307
imperium, senior Roman magistrate’s power of command 43
Jerusalem, holy city of the Jews 154, 198, 226
Jesus of Nazareth 117, 274
Jews and Judaism
at time of Pompey 154
in First Jewish Revolt 198
in Second Jewish Revolt 226–227
Jovian, emperor 289–290
Jugurtha, Numidian ruler and enemy of Rome 125–127
Julia Maesa,
sister of Septimius Severus 248–249
Julian, emperor 287–290
Jupiter, patron deity of Rome 1, 16
Justinianic Code and Digest, Late Roman codification of law 281–284
kings of Rome 3–4, 14–15
kingship in Early Rome 23–26
Lake Regillus, battle of 29
Lake Trasimene, battle of 82
Lars Porsenna, Etruscan military adventurer 26–27
latifundia (large estates) 106–108
Latin League 29–30, 48–49
Latins, ancient people of west-central Italy
in chiefdom period 10–12
in First Latin War 29–30
in Second Latin War 48–50
in Late Republic 117–119
Latium, region in west-central Italy 2, 11–12
Lautulae, battle of 53
Lavinium, city in Latium 2
leges (laws), measures proposed by Senate and passed by Assembly of the Centuries 41
legion (legio), Roman army unit 15, 24, 55, 132–133, 181–182
Lepidus, Marcus, member of Second Triumvirate 171–172
Leptis Magna 244, 284
Licinio-Sextian laws 41
Licinius, emperor 272, 277–278
lictors (lictores), ceremonial attendants of senior Roman magistrates 43
Lilybaeum, Carthaginian port city in western Sicily 73
limitanei (frontier-garrison troops) 266
Livy, Roman historian 1–7
Lombards, see Germans
Luca, Pact of, restoring First Triumvirate 161–162
Lucius Antonius, brother of Mark Antony, opponent of Octavian 172–173
Lucius Verus, emperor, co-ruler with Marcus Aurelius 230–232
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, general in Third Mithridatic War 150–154
Lusitania (ancient Portugal) and
Lusitanians 90–91, 104 luxuria, extravagant and conspicuous consumption of wealth 22, 96, 144–146
Lyons, battle of 242
Macrianus, rebel general in East, opponent of Gallienus 255–256
Macrinus, emperor 248–249
Macro, Prefect of Praetorian Guard under Tiberius and Caligula 189–190
Magnentius, usurper emperor 286–287
Magnesia, battle of 96
Magnus Maximus, usurper emperor 294
maniple, Roman army unit 55, 86, 132
Manius Aquillius, victor in Second Sicilian Slave War, ally of Marius 128–129
Manlius Vulso, Gnaeus, destroyer of Galatia 96
Mamertines, corps of Italian mercenaries at Messina 65–68
Marcomanni, see Germans