personal reinvention of, 73
prominence of, 5, 51, 57, 73, 75, 93, 103, 146, 165
ranch established by, 92
religion of, 79
role in founding Montana Historical Society, 93
sense of honor of, 55–56, 61–62, 71
as skilled outdoorsman, 60–61, 90
in Texas military, 69–71
in Upper Missouri region, 71–85
at USMA, 5, 9, 28, 55–57
wedding of, 5, 8–10
youth of, 57–71
Clarke, Helen P. “Nellie,” xx, 5–6, 91, 154, 184, 191, 197, 212, 237, 239, 244, 281, 283–84
accomplishments of, 6, 164–65, 169, 170, 189, 192
as allotment agent, 154, 167–81, 175, 184, 190, 192, 192, 201, 208
allotment of, 186–87, 189
as “Aspasia of the wilderness,” 165
birth of, 81, 263, 276
burial and grave of, 192–93, 192
and Carlisle Indian School, 168–71, 169, 200
commanding presence of, 154, 165
death of, 6, 192–93, 195
destroyed scrapbook of, 157–58
economic hardships of, 158, 179, 180, 184–85, 188–90, 191
education of, 81, 159, 268
eulogy for, 192
fetishized hybridity of, 190–91, 191
generosity of, 191
in incident of M. Clarke’s murder, 98–102, 157
M. Clarke’s biography written by, 75, 91
Midvale house of, 183–85, 184, 193
in Midwest, 6, 105
Montana as home for, 6, 147, 158–66, 177–78, 184–94
in newspaper battle with Monteath, 185–86
Piegan tribute to, 194
Piotopowaka (the Bird That Comes Home) moniker of, 161, 176, 185, 194
in plan to capitalize on tourist trade, 189–90
as proud of mixed heritage, 185
racial bias experienced by, 161–62, 165
refinement of, 172, 173
resourcefulness and flexibility of, 173
and Royle, 153–55
single status of, 160–61, 184–85
stage career of, 4, 153, 154, 157–59, 168, 170, 173, 192
as superintendent of schools, 6, 164
teaching career of, 159, 184, 193
visitors of, 190–91
W. F. Sanders as patron of, 159–60, 175, 179
Clarke, Horace J., xx, 5–6, 104, 142, 184, 186, 192, 200, 204, 212, 237, 239, 244, 289
appearance of, 141–42
birth of, 81, 263, 276
children of, 146
as De-tan-a-ma-ka, 142
divorce of, 147, 201
economic hardships of, 188–90
education of, 81, 90
hallucination of, 143
heartaches and tragedies of, 146–47
in incident of M. Clarke’s murder, 99–103
in Marias Massacre, 109–10, 143–44, 145–46, 150, 151–52
marriage of Margaret and, 5, 146–47, 160
as mediator to Piegans, 142
Midvale house of, 5, 146, 183–85, 184, 193
old age of, 141–43
in O. McKenzie feud, 90–91
reunion and reenacted footrace of, 150, 151
vengeance for M. Clarke’s murder sought by, 107, 109, 120, 128
wounding of, 101–2, 105, 120
Clarke, Isabel, see Dawson, Isabel Clarke
Clarke, Isidoro, 93
Clarke, John L., xx, 192, 196, 207, 213, 221, 244
adopted daughter of, see Turvey, Joyce Clarke
animals as subjects of, 200, 206, 207, 212, 216, 217, 238; see also specific animals
as artist and sculptor, 6–7, 195–97, 198, 205, 206, 210, 225, 235, 236, 289, 291
artistic success of, 211–13, 218, 219, 222, 225
awards and honors of, 212, 218, 236–37
birth of, 6, 146
bust of Two Guns sculpted by, 223–24, 224
Cutapuis moniker of, 215
as deaf mute, 6, 196, 197, 198–209, 212, 214, 236
death and burial of, 239
domestic contentment of, 214, 218–19
economic hardship of, 197, 219–21, 229, 238
education of, 197, 200–204, 205–9
and Ewers, 233–35
exhibitions and showings of, 211–12, 220–21
friezes of, 225, 227–31, 230, 232, 233, 234
Hill as patron of, 204–5
Indian self-identity of, 197–98, 215–16, 225–26, 226
Indian themes as subjects of, 224–26, 224, 227–31
literacy of, 204
marketing strategy of, 215–16
marriage of, 210, 213–15, 213, 288
MHS retrospective of, 195–97
as outdoorsman, 197, 212
patience and equanimity of, 238–39
personal independence of, 212–13
plaster casts by, 233
and Russell, 210–11
scarlet fever of, 199–200
studios of, 207, 211, 212, 217, 218, 224, 227, 233, 238, 239
teaching and training by, 221–22, 226–27
tools of, 196, 204, 238, 240
vandalized and restored works of, 231
vandalized property of, 238
Clarke, Joyce Marie, see Turvey, Joyce Clarke
Clarke, Judith, 93
Clarke, Malcolm (Horace’s son), 168–69, 212, 289
Clarke, Margaret Spanish (First Kill), xx
divorce of, 201
marriage of Horace Clarke and, 5, 146–47, 199–200
Clarke, Mary Peters Simon “Mamie,” xx, 210–11, 213, 221
adopted daughter of, see Turvey, Joyce Clarke
correspondence between E. Sherman and, 220–22, 229
death of, 225
declining health of, 222, 225
first marriage of, 214, 218
as J. L. Clarke’s business manager, 214
marriage of J. L. Clarke and, 6, 198, 213–15, 213, 288
Clarke, Nathan (M. Clarke’s father), xx, 73, 258, 259
death of, 68
in M. Clarke’s admission to USMA, 65–66, 67
military service of, 58–60, 61, 65, 68
Clarke, Nathan (M. Clarke’s son), 102, 105, 109, 120, 142
birth of, 81, 263
murder of, 161
Clarke, Ned, 168–69
Clarke, Phoebe, 93
Clarke, Robert Carrol, 93
Clarke family, 3, 7, 236, 243
racial blending as attribute of, 4–5, 103, 244–45
spelling of name, 2n
tree, xx
Clarke School for the Deaf, 203
Clatsop, Fort, 29
Cleveland, Grover, 166
Clinton, DeWitt, 20–21
Cobb, Fort, 113
Cobell, Joe, 119, 123, 126, 127, 161
Cody, Buffalo Bill, 69
Collier, John, 227, 231
Colorado, 83, 86
Colter, John, 29–32, 33
Columbia Fur Company (CFC), 34
Columbia River, 29, 32
Colyer, Vincent, 132–33, 136, 272
Comanches, 24, 113
Confederacy, 4, 67
Congress, U.S., 182
in Indian affairs, 19, 135, 137, 284
Connecticut, 58, 201
Constitution, U.S., Thirteenth Amendment to, 137
Cooke, Camp, 97
Cooper, Gary, 236
Cooper, Peter, 139
cordeling, 38–39
Corps of Discovery expedition, 13–21, 29–30, 38, 243
Cortés, Hernán, 85
Coth-co-co-na (“Cutting Off Head Woman”), 45–53, 74, 98, 101–2, 198, 200, 244, 262, 269
birth of, 45–46, 255
death of, 160, 201
marriage of M. Clarke and, 2, 4, 9, 48, 51–53, 80–81, 83, 93, 110
Piegan girlhood of, xx, 18, 23, 25, 28, 45–48
as s
killed in tanning, 8, 22, 233
wedding of, 5, 8–10
cottonwood, 35, 198, 216, 218
“country wives,” 80
Cox, Jacob D., 114
Creeks, 137
Crees, 24, 26, 37, 43, 44
Cretaceous period, 177
Crockett, Davy, 68–69, 71, 259
Crooks, Ramsey, 34
Crows, 25, 31, 37, 96
Culbertson, Alexander (Little Beaver), 41, 51, 52, 84, 262–63, 279
in first Montana gold transaction, 86
marriage of Natawista and, 50, 53, 83, 257
and M. Clarke, 23–75, 77–78, 111–12
Culbertson, Joe, 52
Culbertson, John Craighead, 73
Culbertson, Thaddeus, 262
Cumberland Gap, 19
Curly Bear, 193
Curtis, Edward S., 191, 235
Custer, George Armstrong, 111, 113, 115, 133, 162, 181
Cut Bank, Mont., 197, 244
Cypress Hills Massacre, 1–3
David and Peggy Rockefeller Collection, 218
Dawes, Henry L., 166–67
Dawes Act, see General Allotment Act
Dawson, Andrew, 84–85, 263
Dawson, Isabel Clarke, xx, 85, 100, 160, 200, 201
birth of, 81, 263
Dawson, Thomas, xx, 85, 201
deafness, 210
bias against, 214–15
and education, 201–4, 205–9; see also specific schools
languages of, 203–4, 211
see also Clarke, John L., as deaf mute
Deer Lodge Valley, 84, 131
Delawares, 48
DeMille, Cecil B., 153
Democratic Party, 42, 163–64, 274
Deroin, Mitchell, 173
De Smet, Pierre-Jean, 92
De-tan-a-ma-ka (the Man Who Stands Alone with His Gun), 142
de Trobriand, Philippe Régis, 105–7, 107, 112, 112, 114, 116–17, 120–21, 124, 129, 131, 140
Detroit, Mich., 59
Devil’s Lake, N.Dak., 201, 204
Devlin, Mary, 155
De Young, Joe, 210
Dickens, Charles, 54
Distant Bear, 45
divorce, 50, 53, 147, 214
Doane, Gustavus Cheyney “Gus,” 127–28, 130, 272
dogs, 37, 113, 202
in Indian culture, 22, 23, 41, 43, 125, 195, 233
Double Strike Woman (Martha), 145
Douglass, Frederick, 40
Drips, Andrew, 42
Drouillard, George, 15–17, 30, 31–32
duels, 56–57, 62
Eagle Ribs, 25
Earth Woman, 80, 145, 256
East Glacier Park, Mont.:
Clarke home at, 5, 141, 146–47, 151, 278
J. L. Clarke’s long residency in, 197, 209
J. L. Clarke’s studio at, 207, 211, 212, 217, 218, 224, 227, 233, 238, 239
“ecological Indian,” 205
Ellis, Fort, 109, 110, 118, 129–30, 130
engagés, 50
England, English:
in colonial America, 18–19
imperialistic goal of, 14, 58
Indian alliances with, 19–20, 59
in trade, 27–29
Episcopalians, 79
Erie Canal, 20–21, 45, 65
Europe, Helen Clarke’s reputation in, 158
Ewers, John C., 233–35, 241, 242
expansionism, U.S., 12–13, 18–19, 59, 62, 118, 134, 272
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 19, 59
Fergus, Andrew, 150, 151
Fetterman Massacre, 122
Field, Joseph and Reuben, 16–17
Fighting Buffaloes (J. L. Clarke), 217–18
Finney, Charles Grandison, 42
“first American West,” 19
First Kill, see Clarke, Margaret Spanish
Fisk, Elizabeth Chester “Lizzie,” 161–62, 165
Fisk, Robert, 161–62
Flatheads, 26, 89
“fleshing,” 46
Fletcher, Alice, 170, 174, 282
Fog Eater, 143
Font, Juan, 222
Fools Crow (Welch), 1–2, 269
Forest and Stream, 181
“forlorn hope” expedition, 37
Fort Laramie, Treaty of, 171
Fort MacKenzie, August 28th 1833 (Bodmer), 44
Fort McKenzie Massacre, 76–77
Fort Union on the Missouri (Bodmer), 35
Fort Wayne, Ind., 59–60
Four Bears, see Clarke, E. Malcolm
“four hundred, the,” 164, 185
France, French:
in fur trade, 26–27
imperialistic goal of, 58
loss of Louisiana by, 10–13
U.S. alliance with, 58
Frohman, Daniel, 158
fur trade, 3, 5, 8–9, 59, 119, 163, 244
alcohol use and, 42
Astor in, 32–34
beaver in, 26–28, 31, 39
in Blackfeet country, 30–31
buffalo robes in, 39–40, 92
decline of, 91–92, 262
dressing of skins in, 8, 22
Indians in, 17, 33, 35–37, 35, 41, 62
intermarriage and, 9, 48–50
M. Clarke in, 2, 8, 73–75, 78–79, 90, 91
Montana in, 10
in Piegan-white enmity, 28–29
Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, 220
Gallaudet College, 201, 220
Gallery of Outstanding Montanans, 7, 192, 236–37
Galpin, Fort, 91
Galveston, Tex., 70
gantlet, running of the, 63–64
Garfield, James A., 137
Garrison, William Lloyd, 137–40
Gates of the Mountains, 92
Gay, Jane, 170
General Allotment Act (Dawes Act;
Dawes Severalty Act; 1887), 166–67, 170, 171, 189
George Heavy Runner, 249
Germans, 32, 34, 40
Gettysburg, Battle of, 116, 118
gifts:
in Corps of Discovery expedition, 14, 16
in Indian culture, 279
white-Indian exchange of, 40
Glacier National Park, 205, 213, 216, 217, 222
conflicting visions for, 182–83
establishment of, 146, 178, 181–82, 182, 200
N.Y. tourist promotion for, 187
renaming of landscape features at, 193–94
tourism at, 182–83, 187–88, 189–90, 225
Glacier Park Lodge, 6, 146–47, 182, 183, 211, 217, 220, 223, 235
glaciers, glaciation, 176, 177
Glencoe massacre (Scotland), 138
gold, lust for, 85–89, 92, 206, 266
Good Singing (Akseniski), 92–93
Grant, Johnny, 84
Grant, Ulysses S., 55, 93, 132, 273, 274, 275
“peace policy” of, 134–35
Grasshopper Creek, 86
Gray Eyes, 108
Gray Wolf, 123–24
Great Depression, 227, 231, 241
Great Falls, Mont., 121, 196, 200, 210, 215
Great Falls Leader Daily, 186
Great Falls Tribune, 186
Great Lakes, 20, 27, 33, 45, 48, 58, 84
Great Northern Railway, 6–7, 181–82, 182, 187, 204, 212, 213, 222
debate over Rocky Mountain goat logo of, 211, 289
Grinnell, George Bird, 4, 177, 181–82, 194, 284
Gros Ventres, 96
Guggenheim, Mrs. Isaac, 183
guns:
in beaver hunting, 27
Indian culture transformed by, 24–25, 41
Guy Mannering (D. Terry), 157
haberdashery, 27, 39
Hagler, Lindsay, 55–56, 70–71, 75, 260
Haiti, 11
Half-Breed, The (Whitman), 82–83
“half-breed,” use of term, 7, 82–84, 154, 162
Halligan, Father, 192
Halvorson, Clara, 202
Hamilton, Alf, 148
Harding, Warren G., 197
Harper’s Weekly, 133
Harrison, Benjamin, 171
Harrison, William Henry, 20
Hartford, Conn., 201
Harvey, Alexander, 75–78, 81, 89, 91, 92, 260
HBC blanket, 28, 251
Heavy Runner, 108–9, 129, 145, 150
Baker’s attack on, 107, 119, 121, 125–27, 147
in heirs’ compensation claim, 148–51
mistaken identity and death of, 125–27, 148, 150, 161
Helena, Mont., 1–3, 87, 92, 97, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112, 117, 121, 151, 185, 201
J. L. Clarke’s carving demonstration and sale in, 219, 239
State Capitol at, 236
Helena Daily Herald, 130, 161
Helena grade school, 159, 193
Helena Woman’s Club, 211
Helen Lake, 194
Henday, Anthony, 28
Henry (Helen Clarke’s lover), 160–61, 169
Hidatsas, 16, 25–26
Highwood, Mont., 199
Highwood Mountains, 146
Hilger, David, 150, 151–52
Hill, Louis W., 181–84, 187, 190, 204–5, 212
J. L. Clarke’s commissioned work for, 211
Hispanic Society of America, 220, 222
Hitler, Adolf, 218
Hooker, Joseph, 116
horse racing, 90
horses:
Indian culture transformed by, 22–25, 23, 41, 229
theft of, 16, 17, 23–25, 94, 99, 100, 108, 129, 148
wealth measured in, 24–25, 56, 94, 148
House of Representatives, U.S., 166
army appropriations bill in, 140
Crockett in, 69
in Indian affairs, 132–33, 135–37
Houston, Sam, 69, 70, 71
Houston Volunteer Guards, 71
Hudson River, 20, 45, 54, 65
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), 17, 27–29, 33, 48, 250
Huntley, Chet, 236
Illinois, 19, 20, 40
Imata-Koan (Little Dog), 216–17
immigrants, 34, 119, 208, 209
Indiana, 19
Indian Affairs Bureau, 133–34
Indian art:
blossoming of interest in, 225
collectors of, 216–17
government support for, 227–28, 231
in New Deal, 228
“Indian craze,” 216–17, 226
Indian head icon, 215
“Indian informants,” 234
Indian New Deal, 227
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 223
Indian ring, 133, 135
Indians:
anthropological studies of, 233–35, 242–44
brutality toward, 128
brutal vengeance of, 63–65
dedication to traditions and old ways of, 193–94, 223, 224, 234–35
deleterious effects of gold rush upon, 86, 88–89
diplomatic missions to, 107–9, 117, 121
dispossession of, 6, 62, 96, 137, 284; see also allotment policy
eroding autonomy of, 41
forced assimilation of, 167, 185, 225, 231
in fur trade, 17, 33, 35–36, 35, 62
The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West Page 36