We Have Been Harmonised

by Kai Strittmatter

  92 ‘China a positive force for world peace’, Xinhua, 1. 8. 2017 (http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-08/01/c_136490347.htm)

  93 Jeremy Bentham (1843d), The Works, 4. Panopticon, Constitution, Colonies, Codification, Liberty fund. p.39

  94 Jeremy Bentham, (1843), The Works, 10. Memoirs Part I and Correspondence, Liberty fund.

  95 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison, New York 1977 (French original published in 1975).

  96 Jason Dean, ‘Why artificial intelligence is the new electricity’, Wall Street Journal, 27. 7. 2017 (https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-artificial-intelligence-is-the-new-electricity-2017-06-27).

  97 Jeffrey Ding, ‘Deciphering China’s AI Dream – The context, components, capabilities and consequences of China’s strategy to lead the world in AI’, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, March 2018, p.7.

  98 ‘Xi Jinping: Tuidong woguo xinyidai rengong zhineng jiankang fazhan’ (‘Xi Jinping: driving forward the healthy development of a new generation of artificial intelligence’), in: Xinhua, 31.10.2018 (http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/1031/c64094-30374719.html)

  99 ‘State Council Notice on the Issuance of the Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan’, translated by China Copyright and Media, 20. 7. 2017 (https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2017/07/20/a-next-generation-artificial-intelligence-development-plan/).

  100 Zhi Zhenfeng, ‘Jiakuaituijin wangluoqiangguo sianshe de genben zunxun’ (‘Fundamentals for expediting and constructing a cyber-power’), Guangming Daily, 7. 5. 2018 (epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2018–05/07/nw.D110000gmrb_20180507_1_11.htm ).

  101 ‘White Paper Outlines Potential Uses of AI’, China Digital Times, 19.11.2018, (https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/11/white-paper-outlines-potential-uses-of-artificial-intelligence/)

  102 https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~pedrod/Prologue.pdf

  103 Emily Rauhala, ‘America wants to believe China can’t innovate. Tech tells a different story’, in: Washington Post, 19. 7. 2016 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/americawants-to-believe-china-cant-innovate-tech-tells-a-different-story/2016/07/19/c17cbea9–6ee6–479c-81fa-54051df598c5_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.4f67f508b2de).

  104 National Science Board, ‘Science & Engineering Indicators 2018’, National Science Foundation, January 2018 (https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsb20181/).

  105 ‘Beijing fayuan: dangshiren ke tongguo weixin li’an’ (‘Beijing court: trial participants can submit files using Weixin’), Xinhua, 26. 12. 2017 (http://www.xinhuanet.com/legal/2017–12/26/c_1122168318.htm).

  106 ‘Guangzhou qianfa quanguo shouzhang weixin shenfenzheng’ (‘Guangzhou issues first WeChat ID cards’), Xinhua, 27. 12. 2017 (http://www.xinhuanet.com/city/2017–12/26/c_129775203.htm).

  107 Jeffrey Ding, see note 3 above, p. 25.

  108 Ibid.

  109 Zhou Wenting, ‘AI takes a look at legal evidence’, China Daily, 11. 7. 2017 (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017–07/11/content_30064693.htm).

  110 ‘China embraces AI: A close look and a long view’, Sinovation Ventures/Eurasia Group, 2017 (https://www.eurasiagroup.net/files/upload/China_Embraces_AI.pdf)

  111 ‘State Council Notice on the Issuance of the Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan’, as above.

  112 https://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2126553/metro-pickpockets-beware-chinas-hi-tech-cameras-are-watching-your

  113 Sina News: ‘Hangzhou zhe suo zhongxue jiaoshi limiande “Tianyan”’ (‘The “eyes in the sky” in the classrooms of this middle school in Hangzhou’), 16. 5. 2018 (slide.news.sina.com.cn/s/slide_1_2841_271359.html#p=7).

  114 Human Rights Watch: ‘China: Police ‘Big Data’ Systems Violate Privacy, Target Dissent’, 19. 11. 2017 (https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/19/china-police-big-data-systems-violate-privacy-target-dissent).

  115 https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/19/china-police-big-data-systems-violate-privacy-target-dissent

  116 Tang Yu, ‘Dashuju shidai ‘hulianwang + jingwu’ shengji shehuizhili moshi’ (‘The era of big data: how internet and police together are taking the model of social management to a new level’), Newspaper for Democracy and Law, 4. 1. 2017 (http://www.cbdio.com/BigData/2017–01/04/content_5422185.htm).

  117 Wang Yongqing, ‘Wanshan shehui zhian zonghe zhili tizhi jizhi’ (‘Perfecting the mechanisms of the system of comprehensive steering of public security’) Qiushi, 2015/22 (http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2015–11/15/c_1117135295.htm).

  118 Wang Jingshan, ‘Dongyingshi gonganju jingxin dazao “zaobadian + jingwu” dafangguankong xin moshi’ (‘The Dongying police and their carefully implemented new model of crime-fighting and prevention, with the help of the “Mornings at Eight” police project’), Shandong Legal Daily, 17. 8. 2016 (http://fazhi.dzwww.com/dj/201608/t20160817_10786479.htm).

  119 Kurban Niyaz, ‘Authorities Require Uyghurs in Xinjiang’s Aksu to Get Barcodes on Their Knives’, Radio Free Asia, 11. 10. 2017 (https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/authorities-require-uyghurs-in-xinjiangs-aksu-to-get-barcodes-on-their-knives-10112017143950.html).

  120 Adrian Zenz, ‘New Evidence for China’s Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang’, Jamestown Foundation, 15. 5. 2018 (https://jamestown.org/program/evidence-for-chinas-political-re-education-campaign-in-xinjiang).

  121 ‘“Pingan Xinjiang zhihui tongxing” lianhe chuangxin shiyanshi luohu wulumuqi gaoxinqu’ (‘A new research laboratory called “Peaceful Xinjiang, Smart Cooperation” has been opened in the Gaoxin district of Urumqi) Urumqi High-Tech Industrial Development Zone’, 11. 5. 2018 (www.uhdz.gov.con/info/1005/25748.htm).

  122 Emily Feng, ‘Uighur children fall victim to China anti-terror drive’, Financial Times, 10. 7. 2018 (https://www.ft.com/content/f0d3223a-7f4d-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720d.

  123 Tencent Research Institute (ed.): Rengongzhineng: Guojia rengongzhineng zhanlüe xingdong zhuashou (‘Artificial Intelligence: a national strategic initiative for AI’), Renmin Daxue Chubanshe (People’s University of China Press), November 2017.

  124 ‘Zhongguoren geng kaifang, yuanyong yinsi huan xiaolü’ (‘The Chinese are more open, they are willing to exchange their privacy for efficiency’), The Paper, 26. 3. 2018 (http://tech.caijing.com.cn/20180326/4425045.shtml).

  125 Sun Qiru, ‘Rengong zhineng weixie geren yinsi cheng yinyou’ (‘Secret concerns about the threat to the privacy from artificial intelligence’), Beijing News, 3. 3. 2018 http://www.xinhuanet.com/info/2018–03/03/c_137012166.htm).

  126 Jiang Jie, ‘China’s leading facial recognition beefs up nation’s surveillance network for security’, People’s Daily Online, 20. 11. 2017 (http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/1120/c90000-9294587.html).

  127 State Council of the People’s Republic of China, ‘Planning Outline for the Establishment of a Social Credit System (2014 – 2020)’, 14. 6. 2014 (https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/socialcreditsystem/?lang=en).

  128 Credit China: ‘Laolai xianqin jianguangsi mo yin shixin wu zhongsheng’ (An incorrigible debtor being exposed on a date. Don’t ruin your whole life with your breaches of trust), 14. 11. 2017 (https://www.creditchina.gov.cn/gonggongwenjianjia/tujiexinyongold/tujiexinyong/201711/t20171114_93948.html).

  129 Mareike Ohlberg, Shazeda Ahmed, Bertram Lang, ‘Central Planning, Local Experiments: The complex implementation of China’s Social Credit System’, MERICS China Monitor, 12. 12. 2017 (https://www.merics.org/sites/default/files/2017–12/171212_China_Monitor_43_Social_Credit_System_Implementation.pdf).

  130 Andreas Landwehr, ‘Brisantes Handbuch: China schnürt ausländischen NGOs die Luft ab’, dpa, 6. 5. 2018 (www.nzz.ch/international/brisantes-handbuch-schnuert-auslaendischen-ngosdie-luft-ab-ld.1383554).

  131 Interview with Sebastian Heilmann, ‘19. Parteitag: Die Digitalisierung spielt der Kommunistischen Partei in die Hände’, MERICS China Flash, 11. 10. 2017 (https://www.merics.org/de/chinaflash/19-parteitag-der-kp-china-die-digitalisierung-spielt-der-kommunistischen-part
ei-die).

  132 Yan Lianke, ‘Finding Light in China’s Darkness’, New York Times, 22. 10. 2014 (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/23/opinion/Yan-Lianke-finding-light-in-chinas-darkness.html).

  133 ‘What worries the world?’ Ipsos Public Affairs, July 2017 (https://www.ipsos.com/en/what-worries-world-july-2017).

  134 Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, London 2017, p. XI.

  135 Nancy Bazilchuck, ‘Chinese are more right wing than Americans’, Science Nordic, 8.10.2018 (http://sciencenordic.com/chinese-are-more-right-wing-americans)

  136 Cheng Yinghong, ‘Diduan renkou: shehuidaerwenzhuyi zhengzhi de buxiangzhizhao’ (The underclass – harbingers of Social Darwinism), The Intitium, 26. 11. 2017 (https://theinitium.com/article/20171126-opinion-Social-Darwinism/).

  137 Murong Xuecun: ‘Ru qiushui changtian’ (‘Autumn water and endless sky’), speech at the Hong Kong Book Fair, 25. 7. 2012. English translation: ‘A Plea for a gentler China’, China Digital Times, 30. 7. 2012 (https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2012/07/one-authors-plea-for-a-gentler-china/).

  138 Sebastian Herrmann, ‘Warum das Vorbild nicht zu vorbildlich sein darf’, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 3. 3. 2018 (http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/psychologie-warum-das-vorbild-nicht-zuvorbildlich-sein-darf-1.3402683).

  139 Chang Ping, ‘We’d be satisfied with any government’, ChinaChange.org, 1. 10. 2015 (https://chinachange.org/2015/10/01/wed-be-satisfied-with-any-government/).

  140 Ai Weiwei, ‘Ni ruguo xiwang liaojie nide zuguo, ni yijing zoushangle fanzui de daolu’, Tweet by Ai Weiwei, 30. 3. 2010.

  141 Ra Jong Yil, ‘The darkness of heart’, 15. 5. 2012 (http://destinationpyongyang.blogspot.com/2012/05/darkness-of-heart-by-ra-jong-yil.html).

  142 http://shanghaiist.com/2015/08/28/wang_sicong_secrets_of_china/

  143 Weibo user Yuanliuqingnian, ‘Normal Country Delusion’, China Digital Times, 18. 8. 2015 (https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/08/translation-normal-country-delusion-in-tianjin/).

  144 Minxin Pei, ‘Chinese history tells us: Never stop fighting until the fight is done’, Nikkei Asian Review, 27. 7. 2017 (https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Chinese-history-tells-us-Never-stop-fighting-till-the-fight-is-done).

  145 Li Chenjian, ‘Tingzhi beiliang, juzuo quanru’ (‘Stand tall and deny yourselves cynicism’), Mingpao, 24. 3. 2018 (https://news.mingpao.com/ins/instantnews/web_tc/article/20180324/s00004/1521904316201).

  146 Li Ling, ‘Marxism, the CCP, and Traditional Chinese Culture as I Know Them’, China Digital Times, 5. 7. 2017 (https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2017/07/li-ling-marxism-ccp-traditional-chineseculture/).

  147 Karin Betz, ‘Schreib mir mit deiner Asche einen Brief’, Interview with Liao Yiwu, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 22. 7. 2017 (https://www.nzz.ch/feuilleton/liao-yiwu-ueber-den-tod-des-buerger-rechtlers-liu-xiaobo-schreib-mir-mit-deiner-asche-einen-brief-ld.1307297)

  148 Geremie R. Barmé, ‘The True story of Lu Xun’, The New York Review of Books, 23. 11. 2017 (http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/11/23/true-story-of-lu-xun/).

  149 Zhao Xiaoli, ‘If I don’t speak, I’ll spend my life in shame’, China Digital Times, 25. 2. 2018 (https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/02/translation-dont-speak-ill-spend-life-shame/).

  150 Václav Havel, ‘The Power of the Powerless’, tr. Paul Wilson, The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe, London 2009, p.23

  151 English translation: Xiao Meili, ‘The Story of Ma Hu’, China Digital Times, 20. 6. 2018, https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/06/translation-the-story-of-ma-hu-part-3/

  152 Benjamin Peters, How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of The Soviet Internet, Cambridge, MA, 2016.

  153 Preface to the Novissima Sinica (1697/1699) http://east_west_dialogue.tripod.com/id12.html

  154 Ian Buruma, ‘Year of the “China model”’ The Guardian, 9. 1. 2008 (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/09/yearofthechinamodel).

  155 Michael Moritz, ‘China is leaving Donald Trump’s America behind’, Financial Times, 10. 9. 2017 (https://www.ft.com/content/1ac0337c-9470–11e7–83ab-f4624cccbabe).

  156 Michael Moritz, ‘Silicon Valley would be wise to follow China’s lead’, Financial Times, 18. 1. 2018 (https://www.ft.com/content/42daca9e-facc-11e7–9bfc-052cbba03425).

  157 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmfaff/612/61202.htm

  158 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/uk-china-trade-security-human-rights-abuses-mps-theresa-may-xi-jinping-rusi-a8853371.html

  159 https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/apr/04/unseen-letters-shed-light-on-royal-court-censorship-row-british-council

  160 Dan Strumpf, ‘Apple’s Tim Cook: No Point Yelling At China’, Wall Street Journal, 7. 12. 2017 https://www.wsj.com/articles/apples-tim-cook-no-point-yelling-at-china-1512563332.

  161 https://www.blog.google/around-the-globe/google-asia/google-ai-china-center

  162 Ryan Gallagher, ‘Google Employees Uncover Ongoing Work on Censored China Search’, The Intercept, 4.3.2019 (https://theintercept.com/2019/03/04/google-ongoing-project-dragonfly/)

  163 Jia Wenshan, ‘Xi’s inclusive thought offers China solution to the World’, China Daily, 30. 1. 2018 (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201801/30/WS5a6fb50ba3106e7dcc1377af.html).

  164 Li Laifang, ‘Enlightened Chinese democracy puts the West in the Shade’, Xinhua, 17. 10. 2017 (http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017–10/17/c_136685546.htm).

  165 Teddy Ng, Andrea Chen, ‘Xi Jinping says world has nothing to fear from awakening of “peaceful lion’”, South China Morning Post, 28. 3. 2014 (http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1459168/xi-says-world-has-nothing-fear-awakening-peaceful-lion)

  166 See for example Song Yanbin, ‘China’s Foreign Policy’, speech by Song Yanbin, ambassador of the PRC to Costa Rica, at the UN University for Peace, Ciudad Colón (Costa Rica), December 2016.

  167 Thorsten Benner, Jan Gaspers, Mareike Ohlberg, Lucrezia Poggetti, Kristin Shi-Kupfer, ‘Authoritarian Advance: Responding to China’s Growing Political Influence in Europe’, Berlin: MERICS and GPPI, February 2018 (http://www.gppi.net/publications/rising-powers/article/authoritarian-advance-responding-to-chinas-growingpolitical-influence-in-europe/).

  168 https://www.cecc.gov/events/hearings/the-long-arm-of-china-exporting-authoritarianism-with-chinese-characteristics

  169 ‘Power and Influence: The hard edge of China’s Soft Power’, 5. 6. 2017, abc.net.au (http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/power-and-influence-promo/8579844).

  170 https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/the-real-reason-you-wont-be-reading-my-new-book-on-china-anytime-soon-20171124-gzsjse.html

  171 Clive Hamilton, Silent Invasion: China’s Influence in Australia, Melbourne 2018.

  172 Anne-Marie Brady: Magic Weapons: China’s political influence activities under Xi Jinping, Christchurch, September 2017.

  173 https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/new-zealand-academic-anne-marie-brady-is-targeted-for-exposing-china-885gkh5vq

  174 Eleanor Ainge Roy, ‘“I’m being watched”: Anne-Marie Brady, the China critic living in fear of Beijing’, The Guardian, 23.1.2019 (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/23/im-being-watched-anne-marie-brady-the-china-critic-living-in-fear-of-beijing)

  175 George Gao, ‘Why is China so… uncool?’, Foreign Policy 8. 3. 2017 (http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/08/why-is-china-so-uncool-soft-power-beijing-censorship-generation-gap/).

  176 David Shambaugh, ‘China’s Soft Power Push’, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2015 (https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-06-16/china-s-soft-power-push).

  177 Anne-Marie Brady, Magic Weapons: China’s political influence activities under Xi Jinping, Christchurch, September 2017

  178 James King, Lucy Hornby and Jamie Anderlei, ‘Inside China’s secret ‘magic weapon’ for worldwide influence’, Financial Times, 26. 10. 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/fb2b3934-b004–11e7-beba-5521c713abf4.

  179 ‘Dalai Lama can’t deny China central government’s role in reincarnation�
�, Xinhua, 6. 9. 2015 (http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/video/2015–09/07/c_134598280.htm).

  180 Charles Parton, ‘China-UK Relations. Where to Draw the Border Between Influence and Interference’, Royal United Services Institute, RUSI Occasional Paper, February 2019 (https://rusi.org/event/china%E2%80%93uk-relations-where-draw-border-between-influence-and-interference)

  181 Wang Dan, ‘Beijing Hinders Free Speech in America’, New York Times, 26. 11. 2017 (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/26/opinion/beijing-free-speech-america.html).

  182 Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, ‘The Chinese Communist Party is Setting Up Cells at Universities in America’, Foreign Policy, 18. 4. 2018 (http://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/18/the-chinese-communist-party-is-setting-up-cells-at-universities-across-america-china-students-beijing-surveillance/).

  183 Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, ‘China’s Long Arm Reaches into American Campuses’, Foreign Policy, 7. 3. 2018 (http://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/07/chinas-long-arm-reaches-into-american-campuses-chinese-students-scholars-association-university-communist-party/).

  184 ‘Rang zhonghua ernü gongxiang xingfu guangrong’ (‘Let the sons and daughters of China share in happiness and glory’) People’s Daily, 21. 3. 2018 (http://lianghui.people.com.cn/2018npc/n1/2018/0320/c417507–29879275.html).

  185 https://twitter.com/yangyang_cheng/status/965351874571505665

  186 Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, ‘Chinese Police Are Demanding Personal Information from Uighurs in France’, in: Foreign Policy, 2. 3. 2018 (http://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/02/chinese-police-are-secretly-demanding-personal-information-from-french-citizens-uighurs-xinjiang/).

  187 ‘A tour of Confucius Institutes in the Americas’, China Daily, 30. 5. 2014 (http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201405/30/WS5a2fc6f3a3108bc8c6729bfa.html).

  188 http://chinesestudies.eu/?p=585

  189 ‘Confucius Institutes to better serve Chinese diplomacy’, People’s Daily Online, 25. 1. 2018 (http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/0125/c90000–9419574.html).