delegations of Third Crusaders fulfil pilgrim vows at, 512
devotional importance accorded to, in Middle Ages, 676
Dome of the Rock in, 91, 112, 187, 362, 570, 624
Fatimids conquer, 21
First Crusade advances on and besieges, 89–96
first direct assault, 94
First Crusade’s assault on, 96–103, 111
aftermath of, 103–7
recorded casualties in, 102
return to Europe after, 106–7
Franks re-establish presence in, 572
Frederick II enters, 570
Frederick II’s recovery of, 569
Godfrey’s death and, 118
Holy Sepulchre in, see main entry
Hospital of St John in, 169, 185
Hospitallers formed in, 169 (see also main entry)
Islam’s early dominion over, 17
al-Kamil surrenders, 569
Khwarizmians attack, 574–6
limited political, economic and strategic value of, 540
Louis IX offers to exchange Damietta for, 602
military orders formed in, see Hospitallers; Templars
most revered focus of pilgrimage, 13
Mount of Olives in, 91
in Muslim histories, 112
Notre-Dame de Josaphat monastery near, 187
Nur al-din’s ornate pulpit in, 262–3, 363
Old City within, 91
Order of the Temple of Solomon (Templars) formed in, 168 (see also Templars)
patriarch of, 9
plunder amassed in, after First Crusade, 106
Quadrangular Tower in, 92, 97
reconquered from Fatimids, 22
ritual purification as prelude to taking of, 96
St Anne’s convent in, 187
Saladin’s 1187
conquest of, see Jerusalem, Kingdom of: Saladin’s 1187 conquest of
Saladin’s 1187 entry into, 357, 361
Saladin’s belief in sanctity of, 515
Temple Mount (Haram as-Sharif) in, 91, 101, 362, 569, 676
Third Crusade’s first advance on, 480–2, 481, 488–9
Third Crusade’s second advance on, 502–3
indecision during, 502–3
Third Crusade turns back from, see Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s first retreat from; Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s second retreat from
Tower of David in, 92, 102, 103, 118, 119, 357
unrivalled sanctity of, 13
in Urban’s Clermont sermon, 36
Wailing Wall in, 91
Zion Gate in, 92
see also Jerusalem, kingdom of; Outremer; Palestine
Jerusalem, kingdom of, 115, 126, 128, 148, 161, 176, 178, 232, 236, 249, 290, 318, 492, 538, 648–9, 676
Angevin–Capetian rivalry perpetuated by political future of, 435
Angevin–Capetian settlement concerning throne of, 448
Baldwin of Boulogne anointed first king of, 120
Baybars’ truce with, 644
Conrad of Montferrat and, 435–6, 448
‘crusader state’, 115
Egypt a client state of, 271
extreme vulnerability of, 353–4
Franks request terms on Saladin’s 1187 conquest of, 358
Frederick II’s compromise with Latin nobility of, 571
Fulk V of Anjou crowned king of, 173
Guy and Sibylla become king and queen of, 342
Hohenstaufen domination rejected by, 573
interest in Egypt shown by, 268
Louis IX bolsters coastal defences of, 607
Nablus general assembly in, 172
nascent, 106
prayer-book treasure from, 174
repossession of, 361–3
Saladin begins first significant campaign against, 306
Saladin’s 1183 attack on, 326–9
Saladin’s 1187 conquest of, 355–63, 391
William of Tyre becomes chancellor of, 195n
see also Baldwin II; Baldwin III; Baldwin IV; Baldwin V; Guy of Lusignan; Jerusalem; Outremer; Palestine
Jesus of Nazareth, 14, 15, 49, 250
Muhammad acknowledges, 18
spear that pierced, 77–8
Urban invokes authority of, 38
Jezreel valley, 619
jihad, 1, 23–6, 113, 226, 256, 263, 264, 659–60, 677
changing nature of, 25–6
enthusiasm for, 183, 189
examined, 25, 669–70
gathering pace of, 258
Nur al-Din a champion of, 238, 249, 262
Saladin’s passion for, 287, 306, 334, 514, 515
Zangi prioritises, 228
Joachim of Fiore, 389
Joanne of England, 389, 390, 429
Richard I’s suggestion of al-Adil’s marriage to, 484–5, 487
Job, 250
John II Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 171–2, 254
John the Baptist, 49, 169, 250
Crypt of, 187
John of Brienne, 539, 551, 552, 555, 557, 560, 561, 565, 571, 592
censured, 562
crown of Sicilian Armenia pursued by, 559
Damietta demanded by, 558
John of Ibelin, 631, 635
John of Joinville, 581, 584, 585, 586–7, 595, 598, 600, 601–2, 603–4, 605, 640
John, Prince (later king of England), 377, 383, 385, 493–4, 502, 516, 526
Philip Augustus’ alliance with, 497, 502
John of Villiers, 654, 655, 656
Joscelin II of Edessa, 193–4, 230–1, 237
Joscelin III (of Courtenay), 237, 259, 260, 304, 307, 323
release of, 304
surrender of, 259
Joscelin of Cornault, 594, 603
Joscelin of Courtenay, 138–9, 146, 149, 154
death of, 168
Joscius of Tyre, Archbishop, 367, 371, 372, 380
Jubail, 147, 150, 649
Judaean hills, 90, 92
lawlessness in, 122
Judaism:
Islam seen as ‘refinement’ of, 18
Islam’s poll tax on, 18
Jerusalem’s immutable, historical link with, 91
see also Arab–Israeli conflict
Judas Iscariot, 400
Jurdik, 273, 292, 322, 507
Just War, prerequisites of, 15
Kafr Sabt, 346, 348
al-Kamil, 540, 552, 554, 556, 557–8, 560–2, 568–9, 593
death of, 573
Frederick II agrees terms with, 569
Frederick II’s communications with, 565–6, 568–9
Kemal, Namik, 674
Kerak, 167, 281, 282, 304, 318, 324, 344, 396, 557
Saladin besieges, 327–8, 329, 331
Kerbogha of Mosul, 72, 75, 76, 78–9, 79–81, 89
shameful retreat of, 81
Keukburi of Harran, 320, 332, 344, 345, 354, 404, 423
Khadir al-Mihrani, 626, 645, 646
al-Kharruba, 402, 408, 410
al-Khilafa, Shams, 125, 126
Khwarizmians, 566, 574–5, 589, 614
Kilij Arslan I, 52, 53, 56, 57–9
see also Dorylaeum, Battle of; Nicaea, Siege of
Kilij Arslan II, 305, 316–17, 382
Kinaniyya, 589, 590
kingdom of Jerusalem, see Jerusalem, kingdom of
Kitbuqa, 615, 618, 619, 620 ‘Knights, much is promised’, 210–11
knights, 13–14
bloodshed sinful to, 14
forms of warfare familiar to, 14
Kogh Vasil, 138
Konya, 420, 421
Koran, 18, 24, 25, 180, 234
Krak des Chevaliers, 171, 396, 545–6, 634, 638, 641–2, 650
Kublai Khan, 618
La Forbie, 575–6
La Mahomerie, 70
Lake Mansallah, 552, 553, 560
Latakia, 137–8, 139, 142, 145, 396, 416, 538, 548, 618, 637, 650
Lateran Palace, Rome, 34
Latin Romania, 531, 532, 541, 573, 577, 62
8
Latin West, transformation of, 519–21
Latrun, 354, 482, 504
Le Mans, 372, 383
Lebanon, 62, 86
general council convened to consider, 149
Leon I, prince of Cilician Armenia, 252
Leon I, king of Cilician Armenia (formerly Prince Leon II), 539, 559
Leopold V of Austria, Duke, 381, 444, 515
Levant, see Outremer
Liège, 106
Limassol, 429
Lisbon, 212, 213
Lloyd George, David, 674
Lot, 250
Louis VII of France, 201–2, 207, 210, 211, 212, 214–21 passim, 233, 236, 303, 369, 376, 388
crusading precedent set by, 214
death of, 323
Raymond of Antioch’s scheme rejected by, 233
Richard I’s disputes with, 377
Louis VIII of France, 578
Louis IX of France, 1, 578–9, 578–80, 615, 632, 662, 670
capture and imprisonment of, 604–5
death of, 641
dysentery suffered by, 603, 604
extreme piety shown by, 607–8
first crusade of, 580–608
effect of indecision on, 602
preparations for, 580–4
scurvy suffered during, 601–2
illnesses of, 580, 640–1
John of Joinville’s account of, 581
release of, 606
return of, to France, 607
second crusade of, 639–41
Edward I continues, 641, 643–4
see also Damietta; Mansourah
Louis of Blois, 527
Low Countries, 6, 534, 639
fighting aristocracy of, 43
Ludwig III of Thuringia, 403, 418
Ludwig IV of Thuringia, 566
Ludwig of Bavaria, 560
Lusignan dynasty, 377, 494
Lydda, 131, 307, 354, 482
Lyons, Malcolm, 335
Ma‘sud of Anatolia, 219, 232, 237, 249
Mahalla Canal, 561, 593, 601
Mainz, 372
al-Majusa, 184
Malik Shah, 22
mamluks, 2, 192, 274, 276, 442, 465, 590–1, 594, 597, 598, 600, 606
Bahriyya among, 591, 594, 597, 600, 606, 612–13, 621
Mamluk dynasty, 611, 612–13, 614, 616–18, 617, 618–37, 643, 645–8, 650–1
centralised power in state of, 624
diplomacy of, 626–8
intelligence network of, 630
military machine of, perfecting, 628–30
at Siege of Acre, 651–6
sultanate, 612, 613, 617, 620, 621–2, 627, 646
Qalawun and, 648
see also Ayn Jalut, Battle of; Baybars Manfred of Sicily, 627, 632
mangonels, see siege engines, projectile-launching
Mansourah, 558, 560, 591, 592, 593, 595, 601
Battle of, 596–9, 662
al-Mansur Ali, 612
al-Mansur Muhammad, 500
Manuel Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 172, 216, 218–19, 221, 254–6, 260, 271, 305
death of, 317
Manzikert, Battle of, 27
Marash, 60, 141
Mardin, 258, 321
Maria of Antioch, 254, 304
Maria Comnena, queen of Jerusalem, 271, 299, 328, 356, 360, 436
Maria of Jerusalem, Queen, 539
Marj Ayun, 260
Marqab, 396, 430, 396, 430, 634, 650
Marrat, 84, 85, 90, 662
in Muslim histories, 112
Mary Magdalene, 207
al-Mashtub, 274, 276, 332, 405, 426, 440, 441, 444
Masyaf, 295, 645
Matthew of Edessa, 153
Maudud of Mosul, 150, 151, 153, 154–6
assassination of, 156
Mayer, Hans, 490
Mecca, 17, 19, 281, 325, 513
Muhammad conquers, 18, 24
Medina, 17, 19, 281, 325
Melaz, Princess, 117
Melisende, queen of Jerusalem, 173, 174, 178, 185, 194, 245–6, 303
psalter of, 174–5, 185
Mesopotamia, 20, 22, 23, 138, 226, 227, 246, 257, 289, 321, 495, 499, 541, 615, 638
heartland of Sunni Islam remains in, 191, 229
Hülegü Khan subjugates most of, 615
Saladin and, 312, 319, 332, 339
see also Iraq
Michael VIII Palaeologus, 628, 639
Michaud, François, 672, 674
military orders, see Hospitallers; Templars; Teutonic Knights
Mohammad/Mohammed, see Muhammad
monasticism, 11, 12
Möngke Khan, 615, 618
Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia, 615–16, 617, 625, 627, 628–9, 635, 639, 643, 645–6, 648
Mongols, 546, 566, 611, 613–20, 617, 621, 622, 625–8 passim, 633, 635, 638, 643, 644–6, 648
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