Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre, 103
Arsuf assault by, 123
bear attacks, 60
bleak initial prospects of, as ruler of
Jerusalem, 116
contested nature of elevation of, 116
illness and death of, 117–18
pre-emptive strike against al-Afdal’s (vizier’s) Fatimids by, 104–5
regal title forgone by, 116
Godfrey, bishop of Langres, 219
Golan Heights, 136
Golden Horde, 614, 627, 628, 639
Golgotha, 90
Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of
Greek fire, 99, 413, 414, 417, 433, 595, 629, 632, 654, 595, 629, 632, 654
new version of, 418–19
Greeks, 19, 23, 27, 36, 44, 48, 52, 73, 75, 138, 142
Bohemond blackens name of, 143
dominion of, over Asia Minor, 63
Latakia retained by, 137–8
little contributed by, 171
marriage between Armenians and, 177–8
Gregory VII, Pope, 522
Christian tradition reinterpreted by, 16
early great military enterprise planned by, 16
exile of, 10
sacred violence sanctioned by, 16–17
‘supreme authority’ view espoused by, 10
Gregory VIII, Pope, 370
Audita Tremendi encyclical of, 370–1
Gregory IX, Pope, 567, 571, 572
Gregory X, Pope, 649
Grousset, René, 454, 673
Guibert of Nogent, 109, 110
Gulf Wars, 677
Gumushtegin, 289, 293–4, 295, 304, 317
Guy of Lusignan (later King Guy of Jerusalem), 323–4, 326–7, 328, 332, 379, 430, 474
capture of, 351, 435
Conrad’s rivalry with, 435–6, 448, 493
crowning and anointing of, 342
at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of
Jerusalem crown lost by, 494
Raymond reconciled with, 344
release of, 398
rift between Baldwin IV and, 329
right of, to Jerusalem throne, 435–6
Saladin’s 1187 invasion of Palestine and, see Palestine: Saladin’s 1187 offensive against
Saladin’s audience with, 351–2
status-loss compensation for, 494
hadith, 24, 25
Haifa, 118, 121, 126–7, 354, 401, 423, 425, 462, 463
Tancred reinstated as lord of, 150
Hainaut, 403
Hakim, Mad caliph of Egypt, 28
Hama, 192, 292, 306, 338
Hamas, 679
Harim, 240, 242, 243, 252, 254, 258–9, 260, 270, 306, 618, 643
Harran, 500
Battle of, 138–40, 166
Hartmann of Dillingen, Count, 79
Hattin, 347
Battle of, 343–53, 363, 370, 371, 378, 435, 513, 631, 663, 677
Horns of, 350, 353
Hauran, 136, 247, 344
Hebron, 505
Hellespont, 382, 420
Helmold of Bosau, 211–12
Henry I of Cyprus, 568
Henry II of Champagne, 385, 415, 417, 449, 468, 472, 492, 494, 504, 510, 512
death of, 538
titular monarch, 496, 510
Henry II of England (formerly Henry of Anjou), 323, 345, 369–70, 376, 377–8, 379, 380, 382–4, 385, 390, 448
death of, 383
Eleanor marries, 369
Saladin Tithe’s gains for, 386
Henry II of Jerusalem, 653, 655
Henry III of England, 570, 577–8, 580, 640
Henry VI of Germany and Sicily, 381, 522
Henry VII of Sicily, 551
Henry of Albano, Cardinal, 372
Henry of Anjou, see Henry II of England
Henry of Germany, Prince, 213
Henry the Lion, 381
Henry the Younger, 376
death of, 377
Heraclea, 60
Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 342, 356, 360
Herman of Salza, 564, 566–7
Hethum, king of Cilician Armenia, 616
Hezbollah, 679
Hijaz, 18
Hisn Kifr, 258
Hohenstaufen dynasty/empire, 198, 381, 522, 551, 562
Gregory IX’s disdain for, 567
papacy’s open warfare against, 577
see also Frederick I of Germany; Frederick II of Germany
Holy Sepulchre, Church of, 28, 90–1, 104, 161, 175, 185–6, 361–2, 512, 569, 570, 575, 645
Fulk’s plea for forgiveness at, 5
Godfrey becomes Advocate of, 103
homosexuality, 412
Homs, 192, 193, 248, 292, 334, 618
Honorius III, Pope, 536, 551, 559–60, 563, 564
death of, 567
Hospitallers (Hospital of St John), 169–71, 185, 271, 344, 353, 386, 463, 468, 489, 541–5, 560, 568, 572, 576, 595, 634–5, 641–2, 650, 655, 658
at Great Siege of Acre, 400
political influence of, 170
supranational nature of, 170, 663
see also Krak des Chevaliers; Templars
House of Sorrow, see Jacob’s Ford
Hubert Walter, bishop of Salisbury, 415, 425, 512
Hugh III of Burgundy, Duke, 323, 431, 448, 449, 451, 454, 460, 461, 468, 579, 491, 492, 494, 496, 503, 508, 510
Richard I’s right to command acknowledged by, 456
rumour spread by, 495
Hugh of Brulis, 132
Hugh of Falchenberg, 119, 127, 133
Hugh of Lusignan, 131, 632, 634
Hugh of Payns, 168, 199
Hugh of Vermandois, 210
Hülegü Khan, 615–18, 620
Humphrey of Toron, 260, 328, 342, 435–6, 483, 493, 512
Hungary, 218, 382, 534, 551, 615
Ibelin dynasty, 323, 539
Iberia, 8, 12, 20, 27, 43, 152, 197, 200, 211, 212, 213, 541, 663
Ibn al-‘Arabi, 28
Ibn al-Athir, 102, 112, 238, 260, 282, 287, 335–6, 341, 355–6, 363, 395, 409, 486, 490–1, 515
Ibn al-Khayyat, 113
Ibn al-Muqaddam, 289, 290–1, 292, 294, 309–10
Ibn al-Qalanisi, 112
Ibn al-Qaysarani, 226, 237, 262
Ibn al-Zaki, 362–3
Ibn ‘Asakir, 262
Ibn Jubayr, 181–2, 250, 262, 330–1
Ibn Qudama, 341
Iftikhar ad-Daulah, 94, 95, 98, 102
Il-ghazi of Mardin, 157, 163, 164, 165, 240, 242, 243
death, 167
tolls abolished by, 183
Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, 261–2, 263, 286, 290, 297–8, 308, 309, 333, 334, 352, 353, 358–61 passim, 362, 392, 397, 403, 411, 426
truce document penned by, 512
Imad al-Din Zangi, 289, 318, 320, 321–2, 333, 334, 499
In Praise of the New Knighthood (Bernard of Clairvaux), 169
Inab, Battle of, 239–44, 245, 368
Innocent II, Pope, 200
Innocent III, Pope, 521–6, 528, 531–5, 541, 550–1, 552, 554, 659, 662
Albigensian Crusade launched by, 532
death of, 535, 536, 551
Fifth Crusade proclaimed by, 533
Fourth Crusaders ignore
Constantinople prohibition of, 531
management and operation of holy war refined by, 523–4
new (Fourth) crusade envisaged by, 524
Innocent IV, Pope, 577 new crusade proclaimed by, 577
Iran, 19, 20, 22, 191, 614, 615
Iraq, 1, 19, 20, 22, 114, 154, 181, 191, 193, 228, 244, 248, 258
see also Baghdad; Mesopotamia
Isa (jurist and imam), 274, 332, 338
death of, 411
Isa (swimmer), 417
Isaac II Angelus, emperor of Byzantium, 382, 393, 529
Isaac Comnenus, 429–30
Isabella II, queen of Jerusalem, 539, 565, 567–8
Isabella of Jerusalem, 301, 3
28, 342, 435–6, 493, 538
Henry marries, 496
Islam:
Abbasid dynasty within, 20, 21–2, 623
fragmentation of, 27
Almoravids among, 27
appetite for conquest demonstrated by, 18–19
bifurcated world as described by, 25
Burid dynasty within, 190, 192, 236, 246–8
Byzantium’s quarrelsome respect for, 27
caliphs in, 18, 20
‘Rightly Guided’, 19
Christian Europe and, on eve of Crusades, 26–9
coexistence of Christians and followers of, see Outremer: life in
continued unabated commerce between Christendom and, 331
‘Crusader–Zionist’ alliance against, 676, 677
crusades profoundly affected by disarray within, 22
early history of, 17–20
emergence of Shi‘ia sect of, 20
Fatimid dynasty within, 20, 21–2, 23, 56, 71, 266
fragmentation of world of, 20–3
Isma‘ili Order within, 156, 645
Jerusalem’s immutable, historical link with, 91
jihad cause reawakened in, 1
Koran’s explicit demand for spread of, 18
little post-Crusade response from, 225
modern parallelism and, 675–7
modern, and shadow of Crusades, 674–5
Near Eastern, Sunni–Shi‘ite schism sunders, 71
Nizari sect within, 156
punishments for sex between Christians and followers of, 178
religious and political divisions in, 19–21
Saladin’s scattered authority over, 339
Second Crusade countered by, 232–7
Shi‘ia sect contests Sunni authority within, 20
spreading influence of, 19
style and practice of warfare by, 23–4
‘submission’ definition of, 18
turbulent disarray of Sunni version of, 22
Turks’ coming transforms, 21
Umayyad dynasty within, 19, 230
coup ends rule of, 20
Urban’s demonising characterisation of, 36–8
Urban’s dire warning concerning, 33
warfare and jihad, late 11th century, 23–6
Ismail of Damascus, 574, 575
Ismat (Saladin’s wife), 231, 296–7
death of, 297n
Israel, 675, 676, 678
Istanbul, see Constantinople
Italy, 6, 8, 143, 144, 183, 206, 208, 369, 381, 555, 651–2
Bohemond’s rapturous arrival in, 143
crusader envoys’ ill-fated treaty with, 527–8, 528–9, 531
fighting aristocracy of, 43
mercantile fleet of, 7, 172
Norman Sicilian aggression in, 208
Normans of, 45, 57, 70, 215–16
northern, Frederick I and, 369, 381
polities in, 7
seaborne merchants of, 7
southern, Gregory IX’s invasion of, 571
southern, Norman conquest of, 44
southern, seizure of by Muslims, 8
see also Rome
Ivanhoe (Scott), 671
Izz al-Din, 317, 320, 321, 332, 333, 334, 397
Jabala, 179, 396
Jackson, David, 335
Jacob’s Ford (House of Sorrow), 311–15
Jacobites, 104
Jaffa, 95, 117, 121, 128–9, 131, 132, 354, 393, 457, 479–80, 488, 538, 569, 631, 635
Baldwin I’s flight to, 133
crusaders’ rebuilding of, 480
Louis IX’s refortification of, 607
Richard I arrives at, 476, 479
Saladin orders demolition of, 423, 476
Saladin’s strike force against, 510–11
Third Crusade stalls at, 480
war council at, 479
James II of Aragon, 651, 652
James of Avesnes, 385, 403, 407, 417, 418, 472
death of, 474
James of Vitry, 534, 536, 538, 545, 551–2, 556, 559
Damietta’s Muslim children baptised by, 558
Jazira, 258, 281, 320, 321, 322, 499, 500
al-Afdal’s exile in, 540
al-Ashraf installed as regional emir in, 540
Jazirat, 423
Jazr, 152, 165
Jean of Ibelin, 538–9, 568, 572
Jericho, 127
Jerusalem, 93
al-‘Arabi’s description of, 28
al-Afdal (vizier) seizes, from Turks, 89
Aqsa mosque (Temple of Solomon) in, 91, 101, 111, 180, 187, 262, 362, 506–7, 570, 624
Baldwin of Boulogne declared new ruler of, 119
Calvary chapel in, 185–6
capture of (638 ce), 19
Church of Our Lord (Templum Domini) in, 362
Damascus Gate in, 92, 97, 375
dangerous undermanning in, 490
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