Without Precedent
Page 49
8Marshall to George Washington, Aug. 31, 1795, MP, 2:320.
9From Thomas Marshall, Nov. 6, 1795, MP, 2:324.
10Smith, Marshall, 178.
11Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 14–16.
12Jefferson to James Madison, Nov. 26, 1795, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 28: 539; Smith, Marshall, 177–178.
13Bemis, Jay’s Treaty, 210–216.
14Bemis, Jay’s Treaty, 238–240.
15Stahr, John Jay, 313–316.
16Bemis, Jay’s Treaty, 318–325.
17Stahr, John Jay, 324–330.
18Stahr, John Jay, 331–332.
19Bemis, Jay’s Treaty, 355–359; Henry Adams, The Life of Albert Gallatin (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1879), 158.
20As quoted in Donald L. Stewart, The Opposition Press of Federalist Period (Albany NY: SUNY Press, 1969), 218, from the Charleston South–Carolina State-Gazette.
21Stahr, John Jay, 337.
22Bemis, Jay’s Treaty, 261, 371–373; Thomas L. Hungerford, CRS Report on U.S. Federal Government Revenue: 1790 to Present (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 2006.) 3–4.
23Newmyer, Marshall, 109.
24Newmyer, Marshall, 110.
25Indeed, the Constitutional Convention hammered out the treaty clause as a carefully drawn compromise that ensured that all states, regardless of population, would have an equal voice in the Senate in adopting a treaty. Joel Richard Paul, “The Geopolitical Constitution,” California Law Review 86, no. 4 (1998): 730–737.
26Article 9, Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between His Brittanick Majesty and the United States, U.S. Treaty Series, 1794.
27Harlow Giles Unger, John Marshall: The Chief Justice Who Saved the Nation (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2014), 111.
28Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 18–19.
29Marshall to Hamilton, Apr. 25, 1796, MP, 3:24.
30Marshall to Hamilton, Apr. 25, 1796, MP, 3:23.
31Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 19–20.
32Marshall to George Washington, Jul. 11, 1796, MP, 3:32.
33See, generally, Paul, Unlikely Allies.
34From Chevalliė, Oct 5, 1792, MP, 2:126, n6.
35As quoted in Joseph J. Ellis, Founding Brothers (New York: Vintage Books, 2000), 224–225.
36Winik, Great Upheaval, 516.
37Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 316.
38Beveridge, Marshall, 2: 211.
39Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 21–22.
40Smith, Marshall, 185–186; Mason, My Dearest Polly, 86.
41Mason, My Dearest Polly, 89–90.
42To Mary Marshall, Jun. 24, 1797, MP, 3:92.
43To Mary Marshall, Jul. 5, 1797, MP, 3:95.
44To Mary Marshall, Jul. 10, 1797, MP, 3:97.
45To Mary Marshall, Jul. 3, 1797, MP, 3:94 and notes.
46To Mary Marshall, Jul. 3, 1797, MP, 3:94 and notes.
47To Mary Marshall, Jul. 11, 1797, MP, 3:99.
48To Mary Marshall, Jul. 14, 1797, MP, 3:102.
49To Mary Marshall, Jul. 11, 1797, MP, 3:99–100.
50To Mary Marshall, Jul. 12, 1797, MP, 3:100.
51From Pickering, Jul. 15, 1797, MP, 3:102–119.
52To Mary Marshall, Jul. 20, 1797, MP, 3:120–121.
CHAPTER 9. TALLEYRAND
1To Mary Marshall, Aug. 3, 1797, MP, 3:122; To Mary Marshall, Jul. 20, 1797, MP, 3:121–122.
2Beveridge, Marshall, 3:229.
3Rudé, French Revolution, 150–151; Jan-Pieter Smits, Edwin Horlings, and Jan Luiten van Zanden, Dutch GNP and Its Components, 1800–1913 (Groningen, The Netherlands: N. W. Posthumus Institute, 2000), 100.
4Marshall to George Washington, Sep. 15, 1797, MP, 3:139–141.
5Marvin R. Zahniser, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney: Founding Father (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967), 30–35.
6James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 281, 505–507.
7Frances Leigh Williams, A Founding Family: The Pinckneys of South Carolina (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), 291, 295.
8To Mary Marshall, Sep. 9, 1797, MP, 3:130.
9From Vans Murray, Sep. 2, 1797, MP, 3:128.
10Marshall to George Washington, Sep. 15, 1797, MP, 3:146.
11Marshall to Pickering, Sep. 9, 1797, MP, 3:134–135.
12Marshall to Charles Lee, Sep. 22, 1797, MP, 3:148.
13Marshall to George Washington, Oct. 24, 1797, MP, 3:268–269.
14MP, 3:147, n6.
15Zahniser, Pinckney, 165.
16To Mrs. Gerry, Nov. 25, 1797, in Russell W. Knight, ed., Elbridge Gerry’s Letterbook: Paris 1797–1798 (Salem, MA: The Essex Institute, 1966), 22; Harold Cecil Vaughan, The XYZ Affair 1797–1798: The Diplomacy of the Adams Administration and an Undeclared War with France (New York: Franklin Watts, 1972), 48; Paris Journal, MP, 3:158; Smith, John Marshall, 200.
17Clinton Rossiter, 1787: The Grand Convention (New York: W. W. Norton, 1966), 85–85; Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention, of 1787 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966) 3:329; Walter Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 456; Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention, 3:88; From Vans Murray, Sep. 24, 1797, MP, 3:150.
18Paris Journal, MP, 3:242–243.
19Paris Journal, MP, 3:159.
20Duff Cooper, Talleyrand (New York: Grove Press, 1997), 34–43.
21David Lawday, Napoleon’s Master: A Life of Prince Talleyrand (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2007), 56–57.
22Lawday, Napoleon’s Master, 65.
23Cooper, Talleyrand, 56–61; Lawday, Napoleon’s Master, 72.
24Lawday, Napoleon’s Master, 45–46, 76–77.
25Lawday, Napoleon’s Master, 77.
26Cooper, Talleyrand, 73–79; Lawday, Napoleon’s Master, 86.
27Jean Orieux, Talleyrand: The Art of Survival. Translated by Patricia Wolf (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 163–168.
28Cooper, Talleyrand, 84– 85.
29Rosalynd Pflaum, Talleyrand and His World (Afton, MN: Afton Press, 2010), 171.
30Paris Journal, MP, 3:159–160; Marshall to Charles Lee, Oct. 12, 1797, MP, 3:246–248.
31From Paine, Oct. 11, 1797, MP, 3:243–245.
32Paris Journal, MP, 3:160–161; Paul, Unlikely Allies, 299; Marshall to Charles Lee, Oct. 12, 1797, MP, 3:248.
33William Stinchcombe, “Talleyrand and the American Negotiations of 1797–1798,” Journal of American History 62, no. 3 (December 1975): 577, 584.
34William Stinchcombe, “The Diplomacy of the WXYZ Affair.” William and Mary Quarterly 34, no. 4 (October 1977): 596; Stinchcombe, “Talleyrand and the American Negotiations,” 582.
35Talleyrand, “Memoirs on relations between France and the United States,” in Stinchcombe, “A Neglected Memoir by Talleyrand on French-American Relations.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 121, no. 3 (1977): 204–207.
36Talleyrand, “Memoirs on Relations between France and the United States,”in William Stinchcombe, “A Neglected Memoir by Talleyrand on French-American Relations,” Proceedings of American Philosophical Society, 121, no. 3 (June 1977): 207.
37Speech of the President to Congress, May 16, 1797, Philadelphia.
38Talleyrand, “Memoirs on Relations between France and the United States,” in Stinchcombe, “Neglected Memoir,” Proceedings of American Philosophical Society, 206.
39Paris Journal, MP, 3:161–162; Marshall to Pickering, Oct. 22, 1797, MP, 3:256–257.
CHAPTER 10. NOT A SIXPENCE
1To Mary Marshall, Nov. 27, 1797, MP, 3:299.
2Paris Journal, MP, 3:162–163.
3Marshall to Pickering, Oct. 22, 1797, MP, 256–257; Stinchcombe, “WXYZ Affair,” 597–598.
4Paris Journal, MP, 3:163.
5Paris Journal, MP, 3:164–165; Stinchcombe, “WXYZ Affair,” 598.
6Paris Journal, MP, 3:165–166.
7Marshall to George Washington, Oct. 24, 1797, MP, 3:268–270.
8Paris Journal, MP 3:166–167; Marshall to Pickering, Oct. 22, 1797, MP, 3:260–265.
9Paris Journal, MP, 3:167; Marshall to Pickering, Oct. 22, 1797, MP, 3:261–262.
10Paris Journal, MP, 3:167–168.
11Paris Journal, MP, 3:167-168.
12Paris Journal, MP, 3:168–169.
13Paris Journal, MP, 3:168–169; Stinchcombe, “WXYZ Affair,” 599.
14Paris Journal, MP, 3:169–170.
15Paris Journal, MP, 3:169–171.
16Paris Journal, MP, 3:171.
17Paris Journal, MP, 3:171.
18Paris Journal, MP, 3:171–174.
19Paris Journal, MP, 3:174.
20Paris Journal, MP, 3:174–176; Stinchcombe, “WXYZ Affair,” 600.
21Paris Journal, MP, 3:176.
22Paris Journal, MP, 3:177–178; Cooper, Talleyrand, 104–118.
23Paris Journal, MP, 3:179–183.
24Stinchcombe, “Talleyrand and the American Negotiations,” 585–586.
25Lawday, Napoleon’s Master, 98–100; Pflaum, Talleyrand, 171.
26As quoted in Smith, Marshall, 194–195.
CHAPTER 11. LOVE AND WAR
1Delamétherie, Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts, Dugour, (1798), 3:135–141.
2Paris Journal, MP, 3:185; Marshall to Charles Lee, Nov. 3, 1797, MP, 273–274.
3Paris Journal, MP, 3:185, 188.
4Marshall to Talleyrand, Nov. 11, 1797, MP, 3:293–294.
5Paris Journal, MP, 3:185–186.
6From Beaumarchais, Nov. 7, 1797, MP, 3:275–276; Stinchcombe, “WXYZ Affair,” 601–602.
7Paris Journal, MP, 3:188–189.
8To Mary Marshall, Nov. 27, 1797, MP, 3:299.
9To Mrs. Gerry, Nov. 25, 1797, in Knight, ed., Gerry’s Letterbook, 22.
10To Mary Marshall, Nov. 27, 1797, MP, 3:300–301.
11Monique Ferrero, Voltaire la nommait Belle et Bonne: La marquise de Villette, un coeur dans la tourmente. (Bourg-en-Bresse, France: M & G Editions, 2007), 12–15.
12Jean Stern, Belle et Bonne: Une Fervente Amie de Voltaire (1757–1822) (Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1938), 15.
13Ian Davidson, Voltaire: A Life (New York: Pegasus Books, 2010), 447; Ferrero, Voltair la nommait, 15–17; Stern, Belle et Bonne, 13–15.
14Stern, Belle et Bonne, 30; Ferrero, Voltaire la nommait, 20.
15William Stinchcombe, The XYZ Affair (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 67; Ferrero, Voltaire la nommait, 22; Stern, Belle et Bonne, 42; Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press, 2003), 514, 518, 525–526.
16Stern, Belle et Bonne, 28; Jeffrey Merrick and Bryant T. Ragan Jr., eds., Homosexuality in Modern France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 31–32; Roger Pearson, Voltaire Almighty: A Life in Pursuit of Freedom (New York: Bloomsbury, 2005), 369; Michael Sibalis, “Villette, Marquis,” in Robert Aldrich and Garry Wotherspoon, eds., Who’s Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiqurty to World War II (New York: Routledge, 2001) 1:464.
17Merrick and Ragan, Homosexuality in Modern France, 32, 36–40; Davidson, Voltaire, 447; Pearson, Voltaire Almighty, 370; Ferrero, Voltaire la nommait, 18, 26; Stern, Belle et Bonne, 28.
18Stern, Belle et Bonne, 95.
19To Mrs. Gerry, Nov. 25, 1797, in Knight, ed., Gerry’s Letterbook, 25, n 3; Stern, Belle et Bonne, 168–171; Stinchcombe, XYZ, 67–68.
20To Mrs. Gerry, Nov. 25, 1797, in Knight, ed., Gerry’s Letterbook, 22–23.
21MP 3:300, n7.
22Mary Pinkney to Margaret Manigault, Mar. 9, 1798, Manigault Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.
23Michel Poniatowski, Talleyrand et Le Directoire, 1796–1800 (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 1982), 563.
24Marshall to Pickering, Dec. 24, 1797, Exhibit C, MP, 3:322.
25Paris Journal, MP, 3:190–191.
26Paris Journal, MP, 3:191.
27Paris Journal, MP, 3:192–193.
28To Pinckney, Dec. 17, 1797, MP, 3:311–312.
29Marshall to King, MP, 3:315–316.
30Mary Pinckney to Margaret Manigault, Jan. 23, 1798, Manigault Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.
31Mary Pinckney to Margaret Manigault, Mar. 9–12, 1798, Manigault Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.
32Beveridge, Marshall, 2:297.
33Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:332.
34Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:333.
35Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:333–334.
36Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:334.
37Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:334.
38Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:334–335.
39Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:338.
40Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:352–355.
41Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:339–342. Marshall cited Emer de Vattel in support of this argument. Marshall had studied Vattel, and he carried an English translation of Vattel’s principal work, The Law of Nations, with him to Paris. Vattel wrote that belligerents had the right to search neutral ships and seize ordinary non–military goods owned by belligerents, and he rejected a right of armed neutrality. Vattel, The Law of Nations, eds., Béla Kapossy and Richard Whitmore, 3:114. Vattel’s rule favored major naval powers, like Britain, at the expense of weaker naval powers, like France and the United States, that did not have the capacity to stop and search hundreds of merchant vessels crossing the ocean.
42The U.S. position on armed neutrality was consistent since its founding and indeed was included in the Plan of 1776, the country’s model treaty for commercial relations. Eric A. Belgrad, “John Marshall’s Contributions to American Neutrality Doctrines,” William & Mary Law Review 9 (1967–1968): 430, 434.
43Carl J. Kulsrud, “Armed Neutralities to 1780,” American Journal of International Law 29, no. 3 (July 1935): 423. In 1780, for example, the Empress of Russia, Catherine II, formed a League of Armed Neutrality that endorsed the principle that “free ships make free goods,” and that contraband should be narrowly defined to include only munitions of war and not supplies that could be used for non-military purposes. The League included Spain, France, Denmark, Sweden, Prussia, Austria, Portugal, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, as well as the United States. After the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, the League became an anachronism since virtually all of continental Europe was pulled into the war as belligerent parties. The United States was the only neutral party remaining in the League. Philip C. Jessup, American Neutrality and International Police (World Peace Foundation Pamphlet Series 1, 1928), 374.
44Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:350–355.
45Journal de Physique, 135–139.
46Paris Journal, MP, 3:195.
47Paris Journal, MP, 3:198–199.
48Paris Journal, MP, 3:199.
49Paris Journal, MP, 3:199.
50Paris Journal, MP, 3:195–197.
51C. C. Pinckney to Thomas Pinckney, Feb. 22, 1798, Pickering Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, as quoted in Paris Journal, MP, 3:197.
52Paris Journal, MP, 3:196–197.
CHAPTER 12. TOSSED INTO THE SEINE
1Mary Pinckney to Margaret Manigault, Mar. 9, 1798, 12–14, Manigault Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.
2Mary Pinckney to Margaret Manigault, Mar. 9, 1798, 3–4, Manigault Family Papers, South Carolini
ana Library, University of South Carolina.
3Mary Pinckney to Margaret Manigault, Mar. 9, 1798, 4, Manigault Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.
4Stinchcombe, XYZ, 78, 82–83, 94–97.
5From Nathaniel Cutting, Feb. 17, 1789, MP, 3:383–386.
6Stinchcombe, XYZ, 109, citing Cutting to James Monroe, Feb. 22, 1798, Cutting Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.
7Stinchcombe, XYZ, 109, citing Skipwith to Thomas Jefferson, Mar. 17, 1789, Wolcott Papers, 12, Connecticut Historical Society.
8Stinchcombe, XYZ, 110, citing Skipwith to Thomas Jefferson, Mar. 17, 1798, Wolcott Papers, 12, Connecticut Historical Society.
9Zahniser, Pinckney, 176; Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France 1797–1801 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966), 51–52. But see Smith, Marshall, 218; Stinchcombe, XYZ, 68.
10Orieux, Voltaire, 37–38.
11Note, MP, 3:155.
12Stinchcombe, XYZ, 52.
13Stinchcombe, XYZ, 55, 67, 96, 108; Smith, Marshall, 215, 592.
14Stinchcombe, XYZ, 59, 68; Smith, Marshall, 215.
15The British had budgeted close to one million pounds in an unprecedented spying operation directed by William Wickham that deployed agents of various nationalities. The British hoped to undermine France’s efforts to organize a massive invasion of Britain, and they hoped to foment an insurrection against the Directory. See generally, Liam Sumption, “Confidential Gentlemen on Confidential Service,” unpublished manuscript, British Library YA.1997.b.2793.
16Stern, Belle et Bonne, 171–172.
17Smith, Marshall, 218.
18Paul, Unlikely Allies, 169–170, 178–182, 254–256.
19Though there is no evidence that the “lady” referred to was Madame de Villette, Marshall’s biographer Beveridge concluded that it was de Villette, and there is no evidence to the contrary. Smith has suggested that the woman in question could be Madame de la Forest, but there is no evidence to support that. Smith, Marshall, 593.
20Pinckney Memorandum, Dec. 21, 1797, MP, 2:318–319.
21The editors of Marshall’s Papers concluded that there was no indication he suspected de Villette was working for Talleyrand. Note, MP, 3:155.
22Paris Journal, MP, 3:200–201.
23Paul, Unlikely Allies, 149–151.