Without Precedent
Page 59
Randolph, Judith, 74
Randolph, Mary Isham, 12, 13
Randolph, Nancy, 74–75
Randolph, Richard, 51–52, 53, 74–75
Randolph, Theodorick, 74
Randolph, William and Mary, 12, 13
reality follows appearances (Marshall), 2, 11
reciprocity principle, 113, 160, 270, 321, 329
Regulators, 33
Repeal Act, 245–47, 249, 250, 255, 260
Repeal of Land Grant, 301, 302, 303, 304–5
republicans (Republican Party)
Britain/British vs., 61
Chase vs., 276–77, 279, 281, 282
debating the Constitution, 39
embargo acts, 308–9
entangling alliances, 88, 90–95
federalists vs., 48, 60, 86, 89, 90, 108, 179, 180, 198, 214, 225, 226, 236–37, 239, 245, 266–67, 299, 331
France and, 62, 146, 149, 150, 162
Genet and, 73, 77, 78–79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84
Jay’s Treaty, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105
Jonathan Robbins, 189, 190, 191, 192
Marshall vs., 183–84, 224, 248–50, 294, 358
new order of things, 215–17, 219, 222, 228
public and private, 374–75, 379, 380
showdown, 234, 241, 242
slavery, 124–25
strategic retreat, 251–52, 260
supreme law, 339–40, 341
War of 1812, 315, 316, 317
XYZ Affair, 171–72, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177
Yazoo land, 301–2, 305
See also Jefferson, Thomas; Madison, James; Monroe, James; political parties; Story, Joseph; specific other republicans
revolutionary capital, 20–30, 42, 437
Revolutionary War, 15, 17–19, 24, 26, 28, 34, 42, 53, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, 70, 71, 72, 73, 92, 93–94, 96–97, 100, 102, 107, 116, 121, 132, 152–53, 154, 160, 208, 209, 235, 239, 244, 248, 250, 325, 336, 339, 373, 385, 398, 404, 407
Reynolds, Maria, 167
Rhode Island, 31–32, 33, 34, 41, 42, 217, 380
Richmond, Virginia, 20–30, 42, 45, 47, 62, 66, 67, 74, 77, 88, 90, 92, 97, 105, 106, 112, 147, 182, 194, 287, 289, 299, 321, 324, 417, 418, 426, 429, 430, 431, 437
Richmond Enquirer, 343, 371, 433–34
Ridge, Major, 435
“riding circuit,” 223–24, 225, 246–47, 250–51, 260, 275, 287, 348, 432
“right of armed neutrality,” 143, 144
“right remains with strongest” (Marshall), 392
Roane, Spencer, 22, 336–37, 343, 346
Robbins, Jonathan, 188–92, 273, 312, 438
Robespierre, Maximilien de, 72–73, 78
Rodney, Caesar Augustus, 288, 291
Romeo and Juliet (play), 112
Rosiette (privateer), 264
Ross, Robert, 321, 322, 324
Royal Navy, 99, 114, 203
“rule against perpetuities,” 51
Rumsey, James, 364–65
Rutherford, Samuel, 311, 362
Rutledge, Henry, 115, 117, 118, 121
Rutledge, John, 223
Saint-Domingue revolution, 47–48
Sandford, Dred Scott v., 257, 388, 435
Sandwich (privateer), 209–10
sans culotte, 275
Saunders, Ogden v., 382–83
Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon, 309–14, 329
Schooner Peggy, 263, 329
Scotland/Scottish, 62, 69
Scott, Winfield, 435
secession, 185, 276, 283–84, 302, 318, 412–13, 421, 426–27, 429–30
Second Bank of the United States, 339–40, 429
Second Continental Congress, 16
Second Great Awakening, 374
Sedition and Alien Acts, 179–80, 183, 184–85, 189–90, 195, 276, 293, 438
Seeman, Hans, 238–40
Seeman, Talbot v., 240–41, 242, 268
“self-executing” treaties, 393, 394, 395
Seminole tribe, 390
Senate, 196, 217, 218, 222, 223, 225–28, 229, 232, 243, 245, 251, 252, 277, 278, 297–98, 316, 388, 411, 429, 435
separation of powers, 4, 37, 77, 168, 225, 313, 362
Sequestration Act of 1777, 63, 65
Sergeant, John, 413, 414
Sergeant, Thomas, 420–21
Shattuck, Jared, 264–70
Shays, Daniel, 33
Shays’s Rebellion, 32–34, 233
Shelby, Isaac, 82
Shockoe Hill Cemetery, 418, 433
showdown, 231–42
Sidney, Algernon, 346
See also Roane, Spencer
Sinclair, John, 96–97
Sixth Amendment, 287
Skipwith, Fulwar, 150, 151, 167
slavery, Constitution, 116, 350–51, 357
slaves/slavery, 4, 17, 20, 23–25, 41, 44–53, 63–64, 74–75, 80, 93, 102, 110, 124–25, 187, 196, 220, 231, 235, 244–45, 257, 275, 317, 341, 343–44, 347, 349–63, 366, 385, 388–89, 414, 429–30, 435, 437
Smith, John, 352, 354
Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, 48, 358
“sole organ,” foreign relations powers, 191–92
South Carolina, 73, 81–82, 176, 188, 189, 217, 298, 301, 303, 365, 371, 390, 424, 426, 427
sovereignty, meaning of, 306–14
Spain/Spanish
Burr vs., 283, 284, 285, 286, 294
Florida and, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394
France and, 123, 158, 197, 206, 308, 392, 393, 394
Genet and, 72, 73, 80, 81, 82
privateers and pirates, 209–11, 214, 329
slavery, 352, 353, 354, 356–57, 359–61
Transcontinental Treaty, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394
Spurlock, Robin, 25, 49, 50, 110, 275, 430
“Star-Spangled Banner, The” (Key), 356
state vs. national banks, 339–45
statutory interpretation, 4, 241, 268, 269
Stelle’s Hotel, 254–55, 326–27
Steuben, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin von, 2, 5–7, 8–9, 10–11, 23, 24, 66, 261, 363, 438
See also Marshall, John; Prussia/Prussians
Stoddert, Benjamin, 175, 244, 270–71
Story, Joseph
Commentaries on the Law, 307
constitutional law authority, 262
Indian rights, 406, 415, 416, 419, 421, 423
Marshall and, 307, 334–35, 349, 384, 410, 411–12, 426, 427, 428, 429–31, 434
public and private, 377, 378, 381, 383
slavery, 358, 361
supreme law, 336–38, 341–42, 344, 346–47
War of 1812, 319–20
Yazoo lands, 303–4
See also Marshall, John (Chief Justice); republicans (Republican Party)
strategic retreat, 243–61
Stuart, Gilbert, 306, 322
Stuart, Hugh, 250, 251
Stuart v. Laird, 251, 260–61
Sturges, Josiah, 380–81
Sturges v. Crowninshield, 381–82, 383
“supremacy clause,” 63, 65, 336
Supreme Court, 1, 3, 413
chief justice position, 222–23
courtrooms, 3, 67–68, 223, 232–33, 297, 298, 322, 326, 377–78
modern Supreme Court, 68
“riding circuit,” 223–24, 225, 246–47, 250–51, 260, 275, 287, 348, 432
See also Constitution; Marshall Court; Marshall, John (Chief Justice); United States; specific cases; specific justices
supreme law (federal power over states), 184–85, 229, 337–38, 339–47, 364–72
“supreme law of the land” (
treaties), 63–66, 68–69, 86, 191, 263, 336, 338, 391, 392–93, 396, 397
Swartwout, Samuel, 284–85, 287–88, 289
Talbot, Silas, 209, 210, 238–40
Talbot v. Seeman, 240–41, 242, 268
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, 111
bribe demand, 126, 127, 129, 130–32, 134, 139, 145, 150, 151, 152, 170, 213, 264
loan demand, 125–26, 127, 129, 130, 131, 134–35, 139, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156–57, 158, 159–60, 161, 162, 170
Marshall’s letters to, 133–34, 141–44, 154–55, 164–65, 312
peace mission, 107, 108, 109–10, 112–13, 115–68, 171, 176, 181, 183, 184, 200, 207, 261, 269, 330, 437, 439
Washington and, 120, 122, 159, 161–63
XYZ Affair, 169–77, 178, 183, 189, 205–6, 207, 227, 264, 362
See also France/French
Taney, Roger, 429, 434–35
Temple of Mars, 206
Tennessee, 283, 387, 397
Third Amendment, 44
Thirty Hogsheads of Sugar v. Boyle, 327–28, 329
Thompson, Reverend James, 14
Thompson, Smith, 358, 383, 415, 416, 421
Thompson, William, 294–95
Tidewater elite, 16, 21, 26
Tingey, Thomas, 323
Todd, Thomas, 298–99, 358, 377, 378, 381, 383
“tossed into the Seine” (Gerry), 163
Trail of Tears, 435
Transcontinental Treaty with Spain, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394
treason, 282–96, 438, 439
Treasury Building, 198–99, 323
treaties, 63–66, 68–69, 89, 191, 263, 336, 338, 391, 392–93, 396, 397
Treaty of Alliance with France, 59, 60, 72, 76, 86, 113, 141
Treaty of Amity and Commerce, 122
Treaty of Campo Formio, 128
Treaty of Hopewell, 422
Treaty of New Echota, 435
Treaty of Paris, 28, 29, 62, 63, 65, 99, 100, 103, 336, 391
Treaty of San Ildefonso, 389, 391
Trevett, John, 31
Trevett v. Weeden, 32–33, 42
Trimble, Robert, 383, 384, 388
Tripolitan War, 214
Tuckahoe, 13, 52–53
“twistifications,” 295, 439
umbrellas, 133
unanimous decisions, 3, 236, 240
Union concerns of Marshall, 426–27, 429–30, 432
United States
American exceptionalism, 94, 142–43, 168
Britain and, 59, 143, 154, 165, 211, 214, 310, 331, 385
Brown v. United States, 320–21, 422
foreign trade dependency, 143, 308, 309, 317
France and, 315, 331, 385
GDP (1800 and 2015), 262
political parties formation, 39, 54–61, 71, 75, 77, 78, 79, 83–84, 86, 91, 92, 93–94
U.S. v. Percheman, 394
See also Constitution; Marshall, John; Supreme Court
United States Agency Liberated Africans, 360
United States (steamboat), 370
universalist and moralist (American exceptionalism), 94
University of Virginia, 436
urban slaves vs. plantation slaves, 45–46
U.S. Army, 175, 316, 318
U.S. Navy, 175, 209, 212, 213, 214, 238, 239, 244, 265, 315, 316, 354, 360
USS Constellation, 265
USS Constitution, 209, 238, 239, 240
USS Trumbull, 263
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 2, 5, 6–7, 8, 11, 34, 42, 247, 248, 331, 436
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 366
Varicourt, Reine Philiberte Rouph de. See de Villette, Madame
Vattel, Emer de, 64, 362, 403
Vermont, 300, 379
Virginia, 11, 15–16, 18–19, 23, 24, 42, 45, 88, 89, 110, 185–86, 242, 250, 275, 291, 300, 320, 321, 324, 338, 366, 371, 398, 399, 401–2, 404, 410, 426, 427, 428, 429, 436, 437
Virginia, Cohen v., 345–46, 347
Virginia Argus, 260, 290, 294
Virginia Company, 67, 112
Virginia Court of Appeals, 29, 36, 336, 337
Virginia Gazette, 89, 90, 91
Virginia General Assembly, 21, 24, 26, 28, 29, 39, 42, 48–49, 50, 98–99, 104, 105, 221, 299, 437
Virginia Herald, 180
Virginia House of Delegates, 24–27, 404
Virginia Ratifying Convention, 38–40, 164, 184, 258, 437
Virginia Society for Colonization, 358
Virginia Supreme Court, 26, 51, 52, 346
Voltaire, 136, 137, 138, 140, 151, 166
voting, 183–86, 217–19, 221, 226–28
Wabash Company, 398, 399, 400, 401, 405
Wagner, Jacob, 252, 254
War Department, 162, 175, 192–93
Ware v. Hylton, 65–66, 67, 68–70
War of 1812, 205, 314, 315–25, 339, 396
wartime, 240–41, 273–74
Washington, Bushrod, 22, 182–83, 184, 232, 233–34, 239–40, 246, 247, 300, 307, 332, 358, 377, 378, 381, 383, 410
Washington, D.C., 22, 25, 30, 45, 50, 53, 98, 110–11, 112, 124, 135, 147, 178, 186, 190, 192, 194, 195–96, 197, 198, 214, 216, 219, 231, 235, 237, 255, 286, 287, 299, 306–7, 330, 333–34, 384, 385, 386, 387, 408, 409, 410, 416–17, 418, 419, 421, 427, 429
Washington, George, 1
death of, 187, 188, 206, 247, 433
debating the Constitution, 38, 44, 188
entangling alliances, 91, 92, 93, 95
Farewell Address, 86, 159, 161
French Revolution, 54, 55, 58–60
Genet and, 79, 83, 94
Indian rights, 401
Jay’s Treaty, 100, 102, 104
Jefferson vs., 58–59, 76–77, 77–78, 82, 85, 220, 229, 437–38
justices appointed by, 222, 223, 233
Life of George Washington (Marshall), 2, 247–50, 402
Marshall and, 2, 8, 9, 12, 14, 45, 92, 97–98, 106, 110, 126, 167, 182–83, 184, 363, 386, 399, 410
Monroe vs., 106
neutrality, 60, 70, 75–78, 82, 84–90, 92, 93, 96, 99, 101, 109, 143, 206, 220, 438
Paine vs., 263
peace mission to France, 108, 109, 110
Pickering and, 251
popular acclaim, 67, 74, 331
President’s House, 198, 216
privateers and pirates, 212, 213
Quasi-War with France, 175
Shay’s Rebellion, 34
slavery, 349, 363
Steuben and, 5–6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 23
Talbot and, 239
Talleyrand and, 120, 122, 159, 161–63
XYZ Affair, 174
See also federalists (Federalist Party); Marshall, John
Washington burning, 324–25, 326, 327, 400
Washington Monument, 248
Wayles, John, 51–52, 53
Wayne, James, 428–29
Webster, Daniel, 340, 366, 367, 375–77, 378, 391, 392, 400, 412, 413
Weeden, John, 31–32
Weeden, Trevett v., 32–33, 42
Wentworth, John, 374
West Florida. See Florida
West Indies, 99, 101, 150, 163, 264, 310
Wheelock, John, 374
Wheelock, Reverend Eleazar, 374
Whigs, 94, 388, 423, 429
Whiskey Rebellion, 97, 288
White, Hugh, 397
Wickham, John, 291
Wilde, Richard Henry, 356, 360, 361
Wilkinson, James, 278, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293
Williamsburg, Virginia, 16, 17, 18, 20–21, 22, 36, 45
William V (Prince of Orange), 115
Willin
g & Francis, 300
Willis (Captain), 113
Wilson, James, 68, 69, 184
Winder, William, 322, 400
Wirt, William, 281, 291, 340, 353, 356, 357, 366, 367–68, 375, 412–13, 414, 420–21
without precedent, 440
See also Constitution; Marshall, John; Supreme Court
Wolcott, Oliver, 170, 208
women, Marshall’s view of, 334, 417
Wood, Gordon, 315
Woodward, William, 375
Worcester, 420–23, 425, 435
Worcester, Samuel, 419–24
writ of mandamus, 245, 256–57, 259
Wythe, George, 22, 36, 38, 44, 51, 89
XYZ Affair, 169–77, 178, 183, 189, 205–6, 207, 226–27, 264, 362
Yazoo lands, 300–305
yellow fever, 87, 192, 353–54
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
© Scott R. Kline
Joel Richard Paul is a professor of constitutional and international law at the University of California Hastings Law School in San Francisco. He is the author of Unlikely Allies: How a Merchant, a Playwright, and a Spy Saved the American Revolution, which was named one of the best books of 2009 by The Washington Post. He lives in Northern California.
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