Control Data Corporation, 178
Cosmopolitan, 75, 76, 77, 216, 217
Cosmo Virtual Makeover, 233
Courant, Richard, 28, 31, 32
Cronkite, Walter, 60
Cross, Katherine, 241
Crowther, Patricia, 84–94, 110
Crowther, Will, 86–94, 110
Curtis, Pavel, 143
“cyber,” 239
cyberfeminism, 237–42
Cyberfeminist Manifesto for the 21st Century, 237–38, 239
Cybergrrl.com, 131, 214
Cyber Rag, 182–85, 183, 188, 195
CyberSlacker (cartoon), 197–99
CyberSlacker parties, 186, 187, 192
Cyberville (Horn), 134, 150, 151
CyberVision, 224–25
cypherpunks, 102
da Rimini, Francesca, 237, 239
Darwin, Charles, 16
data, 174
metadata, 159, 174
Dateline, 195
Davidson, Deborah, 73
Deadheads, 133, 134, 140, 180
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 110, 130; see also ARPANET
Defense Communications Agency, 130
De Morgan, Augustus, 16
Department of Defense (DoD), 69–71, 110, 112, 115
Advanced Research Projects Agency, 110, 130; see also ARPANET
Dickens, Charles, 16
Difference Engine, 13, 16–18, 42, 74
differential analyzer, 40, 41
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 125, 126
Dijkstra, Edsger W., 71
Disney, 232
Distributed Link Service, 173
domains, 120–21
Domesday Book, 155–56, 158
Domesday Discs, 156–58
dot-com bubble, 146, 186, 189, 191, 192, 193, 204, 205, 241
FuckedCompany.com and, 218–19
stock market crash and, 198–200, 201
Duncan, Theresa, 233
Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), 88, 89
Echo, 134–52, 138, 153, 178, 180–81, 187, 202–3, 205, 209
BITCH, 142
Bowe and, 180–81, 188
Embraceable Ewe and, 142, 144
hosts of, 148–49
simulcasting on, 150
Women in Telecommunications (WIT), 141–42, 144, 205
Eckert, J. Presper “Pres,” 40–42, 45–46, 49, 51, 55, 57, 79
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC), 55–63, 73
e-commerce, 216–17
commercialization of Web, 204–5, 217, 241
see also advertising
Ecos, 104
Edison, Thomas, 35
Einstein, Albert, 36
Eisenberg, Rebecca, 234
Eisenhower, Dwight, 60
Electronic Hollywood (company), 195–99, 201
Electronic Hollywood (magazine), 183–86
electronic publishing, 184, 186, 188, 201–3
Cyber Rag, 182–85, 183, 188, 195
Electronic Hollywood, 183–86
Suck.com, 194, 201–2
Women’s WIRE and, 211–13
Word, 188–95, 201–3, 205, 214, 215
e-mail, 110, 116, 121, 130, 137, 170, 179
Embraceable Ewe, 142, 144
EMCC (Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation), 55–63, 73
Engelbart, Douglas, 111–12, 115, 154, 210
engineering, 77, 124
software, use of term, 77–78, 93
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), 38–52, 45, 54–56, 66, 79
programming of, 44–52, 79
toy, 223–24
unveiling of, 47–51
ENIAC Six, 39–52, 54, 55
Ensmenger, Nathan, 78
Esquire, 184
Ethernet, 126, 128
Evans, Nancy, 219
Facebook, 139, 141, 148, 149, 151, 210
Faraday, Michael, 16
Farm, The, 132–33
Farnsworth, Philo, 41
Feinler, Elizabeth “Jake,” 111–24, 114, 129, 154, 166, 210, 242
Felsenstein, Lee, 99, 101–4
feminism, 205, 217, 221, 233, 235, 239
cyberfeminism, 237–42
Women’s WIRE and, 207–8
FidoNet, 131
First Cyberfeminist International, 240
FitzNeal, Richard, 155–56
Fleming, Williamina, 23
Flint Ridge, 84–85
FLOW-MATIC, 69, 70
FORTRAN, 70, 88, 89, 93
404 Errors, 170, 171
FreeNets, 131
FuckedCompany.com, 218–19
games, see computer games
Gandhi, Mahatma, 160
garbage in, garbage out, 100
Garmisch, 77
Garrubbo, Gina, 213–15, 217
Glazer, Avram, 194
Glenn, John, 24
Goldstine, Adele, 47–48, 51
Goldstine, Herman, 41, 44, 47–48, 51
Google, 115, 154, 215
Gore, Al, 136, 146
Gorn, Saul, 69
Grateful Dead, 102, 133, 134, 140, 180
Grier, David Alan, 24
hackers, 98, 101, 102, 106, 108, 116, 118, 124, 185
Hacker’s Dictionary, The (Steele, ed.), 72
Haight-Ashbury Switchboard, 97
Hall, Wendy, 155–61, 160, 165, 167, 168, 169–174
Hanson, Pete, 85
Hardt-English, Pam, 96–101, 103–4
hardware, 33, 38–39, 44–45, 51–52, 64, 66, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76–77, 79, 80, 177
Harrenstein, Ken, 114–15
Harris, Josh, 187, 199
Harvard Computers, 23
Harvard University, 10, 54, 153
Computation Laboratory, 34–36, 54, 57–58
Hopper at, 31–37, 54, 56, 58, 63, 117
Mark I computer, 18, 31–39, 46, 59, 79
Mark II computer, 34, 38, 54, 79
Hawes, Mary, 69, 70
Haystack Radio Observatory, 93
Hearst Communications, 217, 220
Her Interactive, 233
Hewlett-Packard, 167
High Performance Computing Act, 136–37
Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, The (Adams), 171, 174
Hofstadter, Douglas, 67
Holberton, Elizabeth “Betty” (née Snyder), 39, 43, 44, 47–49, 51, 53, 56–62, 68, 70, 73, 98, 108, 125
Honeywell, 73, 86, 93, 96
Hopper, Grace, 27–40, 30, 44, 46, 52, 53–55, 56, 57–60, 63, 64–74, 75–76, 78, 80, 93, 98, 101, 108, 119, 242
at EMCC, 56–59
at Harvard, 31–37, 54, 56, 58, 63, 117
in navy, 29–31, 75
Hopper, Vincent, 27–29, 54
Horn, Stacy, 134–42, 144–52, 147, 180–81, 202–3, 209, 242
hosts, 113, 118
addresses of, 120–21
ARPANET Host Table, 113, 114, 120
domains and, 120–21
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 154, 196
HyperCard, 165, 168, 169, 183, 184
hypertext, 153–74, 177, 186, 203, 222
conferences on, 165, 167–69
HyperCard and, 165, 168, 169, 183, 184
Microcosm and, 159–61, 160, 164, 167, 168, 170–74
NoteCards and, 164–66, 168, 170
World Wide Web and, 168–70, 201
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 154, 196
IBM, 64, 65, 69, 73, 75, 79, 161, 186, 197
EMCC and, 60
ENIAC and, 43, 44
Mark I and, 32–34
OS/360 and, 76
Icon CMT, 188, 189, 193
identity and, 143–44
Idol, Billy, 185–86, 188
Industrial Revolution, 12
information, 25, 121, 122, 161
packets of, 110, 126, 202
information superhighway, 136–37, 146, 151
Instagram, 139, 149
Intel, 124
Interface Message Processor (IMP), 86–87
Intermedia, 162, 170
Internet, 93, 96, 99, 100, 109–10, 115–18, 121, 122, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 145, 151, 153–54, 177, 189, 190, 202, 204, 222
addresses, 113–14, 120–21
ARPANET and, see ARPANET
browsers, see browsers
cyberfeminism and, 238–42
domains, 120–21
dot-com bubble and, see dot-com bubble
egalitarian vision of, 119, 212
e-mail, 110, 116, 130, 170
High Performance Computing Act and, 136–37
identity and, 143–44
misogyny and violence on, 240–41
see also World Wide Web
Internet Explorer, 172
Internet Hall of Fame, 118
Interval Research, 227–29, 231, 235
iVillage, 214, 216–21
Jacquard, Joseph-Marie, 12
Jacquard loom, 12–13, 20
Janowitz, Mary, 104–7
Jargon File, 71–72
Jennings, Betty Jean, 39, 40, 43–52, 45, 53, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62
Johnson, Katherine, 24–25
Joyce, James, 154
Karp, Peggy, 114
Kay, Alan, 226
Kennedy, John F., Jr., 137
Kidd, Alison, 166–67
Kilmer, Joyce, 127
kilogirls, 11, 24, 70, 80
Klein, Renate, 240
Knapp, Sue, 73
Koss, Adele Mildred, 73
Kretchmar, Laurie, 213, 217
LambdaMOO, 143
Langley Research Center, 24–25
Laurel, Brenda, 223–36
Laybourne, Geraldine, 216
Learning Company, The, 233, 235
Leary, Timothy, 226
Lefkowitz, Joan, 105–7
Leopold’s, 101, 130
Levi’s, 214, 215
Levy, Jaime, 181–93, 183, 185, 195–203, 242
Levy, Steven, 91
Lichterman, Ruth, 39, 40, 43, 48, 49
Liebowitz, Annie, 99
Life on the Screen (Turkle), 229
Light, Jennifer S., 50
links, 161, 168
anchor, 162
dead, 170–72, 174, 201
metadata and, 159, 174
Microcosm and, 159–61, 160, 164, 167, 168, 170–74
on World Wide Web, 168–70
Lipkin, Ephrem, 98, 101, 102
Longest Cave, The (Brucker and Watson), 88
looms, 11–13, 20
Los Angeles, Calif., 129–30
Lost Illusions (Balzac), 200
Lovelace, Ada, 13–24, 15, 42, 52, 74, 80, 238, 242
Ludd, Ned, 12
Luddites, 12
Macie, Chris, 96–98, 104, 105
magazines, online, see electronic publishing
magnetic tape, 60–62, 79, 110
Malloy, Judy, 164
Mammoth Cave, 83–88, 90–92
Manhattan Project, 10, 36
Margolis, Jane, 222
Mariner I, 76
Mark I computer, 18, 31–39, 46, 59, 79
Mark II computer, 34, 38, 54, 79
Marshall, Cathy, 162–70, 173
mathematics, mathematicians, 9–14, 16–18, 20–22, 24, 25, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 66, 67, 157
MATH-MATIC, 69
Mattel, 230, 233–35
Mauchly, John, 40–43, 45–46, 48, 49, 51, 55–57, 79
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC), 55–63, 73
Maupassant, Guy de, 200
McDaniel, Marleen, 210–14, 216, 217, 219–20
McNulty, Kathleen “Kay,” 39, 42, 43, 49, 56
Media Metrix, 217, 220
Menabrea, L. F., 19–21
men:
computers as viewed by, 229
women impersonated by, 143–44, 179
metadata, 159, 174
Microcosm, 159–61, 160, 164, 167, 168, 170–74
Microsoft, 195, 211
Milhon, Jude, 102
Miller, Joe, 224
MIT, 110, 113, 123–24, 128, 153
Mitchell, Maria, 10–11, 24
MITRE Corporation, 114
Mittelmark, Howard, 147–49
Mobil, 139–40
modems, 130, 131
Monahan, William, 137
Mondo 2000, 102, 183, 184
Montgomery Ward, 224, 225
Moore School of Electrical Engineering, 37–42, 47, 48, 50, 54–56
Mosaic, 172, 186, 209
Moser, Nora, 73
Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 158–60
Ms., 139
Ms. Pac-Man, 226, 234
Multicosm, Ltd., 173
multimedia, 157, 159
Multi-User Dungeons (Multi-User Domains; MUDs), 143, 214
Myst, 165, 229
NASA, 24, 76
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 24
National Defense Research Committee, 24
National Parks Department, 83
National Science Foundation, 130, 133, 153
NATO, 77
Navy, U.S., 29–31, 70, 75
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 160
Nelson, Ted, 154
Netscape, 172, 191, 209, 215
network effect, 172
Network Information Center (NIC), 112–19, 114, 121, 122, 166
Reference Desk of, 113
WHOIS, 119–20
networks, 25
packets in, 110, 126, 202
spanning-tree protocol for, 126–28
Network Working Group, 117
Neustrup, Chris, 97–98
Newsweek, 183, 184, 191
New York, 187, 210
New York City:
9/11 attack in, 150, 200–201
Silicon Alley in, 146, 182, 184, 186–88, 191–94, 196–201, 218, 219
New-York Historical Society, 150–51
New York Times, 9–10, 50, 136, 191, 194, 199, 218, 235
New York University (NYU), 134, 195, 196
Interactive Telecommunications Program, 182
NeXT, 168
Nightline, 233
9/11 terrorist attacks, 150, 200–201, 204
NLS (oNLine System), 111–12, 115, 116, 154, 210
NoteCards, 164–66, 168, 170
nuclear bombs, 36, 55
nuclear submarines, 76
Old Boys’ Network, 239–40
online publishing, see electronic publishing
OS/360 operating system, 76
Oxygen Media, 216
Pack, Ellen, 205–13, 215, 216, 219–20
packets, 110, 126, 202
PDQ Committee, 71, 73
Pearce, Naomi, 133, 208
Pearl, Amy, 162
Pearl Harbor attack, 27–29, 32
People’s Computer, 98, 119
Perlman, Radia, 123–28
Phiber Optik, 136, 187
Pickering, Edward Charles, 23
PicoSpan, 132, 135
Pierce, Julianne, 237
Plant, Sadie, 11, 21, 80, 238
PLATO (Prog
rammed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations), 178–81
Pleasant Company, 235
Poetics (Aristotle), 226
Pollock, Scarlet, 239
Powers, Richard, 88
presidential election of 1952, 60
programming, 25, 26, 46, 52, 64–74, 75–80, 91–92, 106, 122–24, 162, 226
and association between women and software, 51–52
automatic, 65–69, 73, 119
caving compared with, 88
compilers in, 66–69, 73
computer-written programs, 59–60, 68
conference on crisis in, 77
Cosmopolitan article about, 75, 76, 77
debugging and, 66, 68, 74
decline in women in, 76–78, 93
distinction between operating and, 52
documentation in, 37, 65, 69
Editing Generator and, 73
educational requirements for, 78, 93
EMCC and, 56, 57
ENIAC and, 44–52, 79
first programs, 21
flowcharts and, 59
hardware development and, 77
Lovelace and, 20
machine code in, 66–68
magnetic-tape, 60–62, 79, 110
Mark I and, 32–33, 46, 59
perfection required in, 76–77
professionalization and masculinization of, 76–78, 93, 222, 228
punch cards and tapes in, 12–13, 32–33, 35–36, 39, 46, 47, 60–62, 79, 110
renamed software engineering, 77–78, 93
shortage in programmers, 76
social skills and, 78–79
Sort-Merge Generator and, 59, 68, 73
subroutines in, 37, 65, 67, 68
UNIVAC and, 58–59, 65
see also software
programming languages, 46, 65–73, 79, 108
COBOL, 71–73
FORTRAN, 70, 88, 89, 93
Project One, 95–108, 119
Prose, Francine, 218
Pseudo, 186–87, 199
publishing, see electronic publishing
punch cards and tapes, 12–13, 32–33, 35–36, 39, 46, 47, 60–62, 79, 110
Purple Moon, 227–36
Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 69
Radio Shack, 225
Raisch, Charles, 96
Razorfish, 191, 197–99
Reddit, 149
Reed, Lou, 192
Remington Rand, 60–63, 65–70, 73
Requests for Comments (RFCs), 117–18, 120, 129
Reson, Sherry, 95, 96, 103–7
Resource One, 96–108, 109, 130, 132, 215, 242
Resource One Generalized Information Retrieval System (ROGIRS), 98
Reynolds, Joyce, 117
Rheingold, Howard, 148–49
Rhine, Nancy, 132–33, 205–12
Richardson, Ann, 75
Rockett games, 230–36
Rolling Stone, 99
routers, 86, 93
routing algorithms, 124–28
Broad Band Page 31