by Jung Chang
We owe a special thank you to: Aleksandr Borodin, William Burr, Prof. Chen Yung-fa, Prof. Fred Halliday, Col. James Jordan, Lida Kita, Dr. Alexandre Mansourov, Connie Rudat, Roger Sandilands, Andrei Sidorov, Konstantin Shevelyov, Viktor Usov, Michael Wall, Robert Wampler, Lisa & Stanley Weiss, Prof. Arne Westad, Col. William J. Williams, Xue Yi-wei.
We are immensely indebted to our editor at Knopf, Dan Frank, who did so much to improve the text, and whose thought-provoking queries led to the solving of major historical puzzles. Deep gratitude also to our editor at Cape, Dan Franklin; to assistant editor Alex Milner; to Steve Cox, who did an excellent line edit on the penultimate draft; and to all who worked on the book; to our agent, Gillon Aitken, and his associates and staff; and to our indispensable assistant, Alexandra Adamson.
It is impossible to exaggerate the role of Pu Zhang, who over the years bounced our ideas and hypotheses back at us with vigor and insight.
LIST OF INTERVIEWEES
(T: by telephone)
MAINLAND CHINA
(fifteen were informal conversations)
I FAMILY AND RELATIVES OF MAO
Cao Quan-fu
son-in-law of Mao’s brother, Tse-min; political secretary to Zhu De
Cao Yun-shan
grandson of Mao’s brother, Tse-min
Han Jin-xing
relative
Li Na
daughter
Liu Si-qi
wife of Mao’s eldest son, An-ying; adopted daughter
Mao Xin-yu
grandson
Mao Ze-lian
cousin
Zhang Wen-qiu
mother-in-law to Mao’s two sons
II OLD FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES
Li Shu-yi
friend of Mao and his wife, 1920s
Liu Ying
friend of Mao from early 1930s; wife of Lo Fu; Long Marcher
Luo Zhang-long
close friend and colleague, 1915–27
Wang Hui-wu
witness to CCP 1st Congress; she and her husband Li Da friends with Mao
Xiao Ke
subordinate to Mao from 1928; Long Marcher
Yi Li-rong
closest friend for a decade until 1927
Zeng Zhi
friend from 1928 for four decades; wife of Tao Zhu
Zheng Chao-lin
in Shanghai with Mao, 1924; together at 7 August 1927 meeting; last
surviving leader of Shanghai Uprising, 1927
III CLOSE STAFF (SECRETARIES, INTERPRETERS, BODYGUARDS, HOUSEHOLD STAFF, MEDICAL STAFF, GIRLFRIENDS)
Chen Hui-min, Feng Yao-song, Gao Zhi, He Qing-hua, Hu Xiu-yun, Li Jin, Li Yue-ran, Meng Jin-yun, Shang Lai-bao, Shi Zhe, Tian Yin-yu, Wang He-bin, Wu Lian-deng, Xie Jing-yi, Yan Ming-fu, Zhang Han-zhi, Zhang Yu-feng, Zhou Fu-ming
IV FAMILIES OF MAO’S COLLEAGUES
Chen Hao-su
son of Chen Yi
He Ping-sheng
daughter of He Chang-gong
Li Inna
daughter of Li Li-san
Li Lisa
wife of Li Li-san
Li Te-te
daughter of Li Fu-chun and Cai Chang
Lin Li-heng (Dodo)
daughter of Lin Biao
Liu Shi-kun
son-in-law of Yeh Jian-ying; famous pianist
Liu Xiang-ping
Minister of Health; wife of Xie Fu-zhi
Luo Dian-dian
daughter of Luo Rui-qing
Luo Ping-hai
son of Luo Zhang-long
Qin Ji-ma
daughter of Po Ku
Shen Zai-wang
son of Li Jing-quan
Tan Sheng-yuan
daughter of Tan Zhen-lin
Tao Si-liang
daughter of Tao Zhu and Zeng Zhi
Wang Dan-zhi
son of Wang Ming
Wang Guang-mei
wife of Liu Shao-chi
Wang Ning
wife of Zhou Xiao-zhou
Xia Bo-gen
stepmother of Deng Xiao-ping
Xie Fei
former wife of Liu Shao-chi; Long Marcher
Xue Ming
wife of Ho Lung
Zhang Ning
fiancée of Lin Biao’s son, Tiger
Zhang Qing-lin
son-in-law of Lin Biao
Zhu Zhong-li
wife of Wang Jia-xiang; friend of Mao from 1930s
V STAFF FOR THE LEADERSHIP
Cheng Yuan-gong
long-time chief bodyguard to Chou En-lai
Du Xiu-xian
photographer
Guan Wei-xun
secretary to Mrs. Lin Biao
Guo Wen
secretary to Yao Wen-yuan
Hou Bo
photographer
Jin Shan-wang
senior Praetorian Guard officer
Kang Yi-min
chief radio operator; Long Marcher
Liu Ji-chun
member of Lin Biao’s staff
Liu Yu-qin
temporary companion to Li Na
Lü Hou-min
photographer
Qian Si-jie
photographer
Wang Ru-qin
nurse to Lin Biao
Wang Sheng-rong
Praetorian Guard chief
Wu Ji-cheng
Praetorian Guard chief; in charge of arresting the guards of the Gang of Four, 1976
Xu Xiao-bing
photographer
Yang Jun
confidential secretary to Liu Shao-chi
Zhang Zuo-liang
doctor of Chou En-lai
VI TOP ECHELON, KEY WITNESSES TO HISTORICAL EVENTS
Chen Ying-qian
top doctor
Gao Liang
senior diplomat
Hou Zheng
Mao’s wife Gui-yuan’s company chief on Long March
Hu Min
wife of Qiu Hui-zuo
Hu Ping
air force officer involved in the Lin Biao affair
Hua Jun-wu
Yenan witness; foremost cartoonist
Huang Huo-qing
Long Marcher; survivor of Western Contingent
Jiang Wen
chief prosecutor at the trial of Jiang Qing
Jin Shu-wang
intelligence operative, 1920s and 1930s; Yenan Terror victim
Kuai Da-fu
leading Red Guard
Li Jian-tong
author of novel singled out for condemnation by Mao, 1962
Li Pu
high official, close to Tao Zhu
Li Qiong
wife of Yang Fan
Li Rui
one-time secretary to Mao; major liberal in CCP
Li Yun
CCP liaison with Mme Sun Yat-sen
Liao Gai-long
leading Party theoretician
Lin Xiao-xia
son of Zhang Hao; senior official
Lu Min
air force officer involved in Tiger’s plot to assassinate Mao
Luo Fu
senior operative in Hong Kong
Mu Xin
Cultural Revolution Small Group member
Qian San-qiang
director, the Institute of Atomic Energy
Qin Chuan
People’s Daily
editor-in-chief
Shen Rong
senior official; one-time colleague of Wang Guang-mei
Shui Jing
wife of Jiangxi province chief, Yang Shang-kui
Su Fei
wife of Mao’s American doctor, George Hatem
Tu Men
chief prosecutor in the trial of the Lin Biao group
Wang Fan-xi
in Shanghai with Chou En-lai, 1920s
Wang Li
Cultural Revolution Small Group member
Wang Shu
senior diplomat
Wang Zun-ji
Yenan Terro
r victim
Wen Ji-ze
Yenan Terror witness
Wu Zu-guang
leading playwright
Xia Yan
leading cultural figure
Xie He-geng
intelligence operative in the USA; husband of Wang Ying
Yang Chao
Yenan Terror witness; one-time secretary to Chou En-lai
Yang Fan
intelligence chief
Yang Yi
senior Xinhua News Agency official
Yu Zhan-bang
secretary to Zhang Zhi-zhong
Yuan Jing-shen
Party supervisor for architecture
Zhao Di-sheng
senior Xinhua News Agency official
Zheng Xing-he
air force officer involved in Tiger’s plot to assassinate Mao
Zhu Tie-zheng
air force officer, deputy head of the Ho Lung Case Team
VII WITNESSES TO MAJOR EVENTS
Chen Kai-ge
Red Guard; later leading film director
Li Hsiao-li
Yenan witness
Li Xiu-zhen
93-year-old living by the Dadu Bridge
Li Da-zhong
son of Mao’s doctor, Li Zhi-sui
Liu Dong-lin
son of Jiangxi province chief Liu Jun-xiu
Lu Hong
friend and victim of Li Na
Liu Xiao-ang
son of Li Shu-yi
Qiu Lu-guang
son of Qiu Hui-zuo
Qu Lei-lei
son of author of one of Mme Mao’s model operas; working in
television studio when special videos were made for Mao
Shi Da-zheng
(T)
son of film director who was the first famous cultural figure to commit suicide after Communist takeover
Sima Lu
Yenan witness
Song Yong-yi
(T)
Shanghai Cultural Revolution violence eyewitness; later scholar on Cultural Revolution
Wang Da-zhang
son of Wang Wei-guo; involved in the Tiger plot to assassinate Mao
Wei Jing-sheng
Red Guard; later leading democracy campaigner
Weiss, Ruth
long-time foreign resident in China
Wu Hong-da (Harry)
labor camp survivor and campaigner
Wu Peng-qing
Long Marcher
Wu Yi-man
daughter of Wu Xiu-quan
Zhang Xiao-ji
daughter of Zhang Ming-yuan (involved with Gao Gang)
Zhang Yan-sheng
daughter of Zhang Xiu-shan (involved with Gao Gang)
Zhang Yi-jiu
sorted out Mao’s books after Mao died
Zhou Chun
German-language interpreter
Zhu Luo-jun
sister-in-law of the Young Marshal
VIII HISTORIANS AND WRITERS WITH SPECIAL ACCESS
Cao Chun-rong, Cao Zhong-bin (T), Chen Dong-lin, Chen Jian, Cheng Zhong-yuan, Dai Qing, Ding Shu (T), Dong Bao-cun, Dong Sheng, Gao Wenqian, Gong Yu-zhi, Gu Bao-zi, He Di, He Ding, Huang Zheng, Jin Chong-ji, Jin Zhen-lin, Li Dan-hui, Li Hai-wen, Li Chun-lin, Liao Xin-wen, Lin Ying, Liu Bin-zhen, Liu Jia-ju, Liu Xiao-nong, Ma Zhen-du, Mao Bing-hua, Niu Jun, Quan Yan-chi, Shen Zhi-hua, Shi Dong-bing, Song Ke, Wang Nian-yi, Wang Xing-juan, Wang You-qin (T), Wang Yu-xiang, Wen Rui, Wu Qi-quan, Xu Chun-hua, Yan Jia-qi, Yang Kui-song, Yang Bu-sheng (T), Ye Yong-lie, Yin Qi, Yu Guo-lu, Zhang De-xiang, Zhang Guo-qi, Zhang Xi, Zhang Xue-xin, Zhang Zheng-long, Zheng Yi (T), Zhu Bing-feng, Zhu Yu, Zhu Zheng
TAIWAN
HISTORICAL FIGURES AND KEY WITNESSES
Chang Hsueh-liang
warlord of Manchuria; kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek, 1936
Chen Li-fu
close associate of Chiang Kai-shek; founded Nationalists’ FBI
Chiang Weigo
Chiang Kai-shek’s adopted son
Chien Fu
English-language secretary to Chiang; Foreign Minister
Chin Hsiao-i
secretary to Chiang
Hau Po-tsun
chief of Chiang’s Guard; Prime Minister
Hu Chiu-yuan
leading political and cultural figure
I Fu-en
Chiang’s pilot, close to Chiang and sons
Kao Kui-yuan
at Whampoa with Lin Biao; later military assistant to Chiang (interviewed via Kuo Tian-you)
Li Huan
Chiang Ching-kuo’s confidant
Lu Keng
(T)
leading investigative journalist
Mao Chia-hua
Nationalist member of parliament
Tsai Meng-chien
(T)
Nationalist intelligence man who caught Gu Shun-zhang
Wang Sheng
Chiang Ching-kuo’s confidant
Yang Hsi-kun
leading diplomat
Yu Ta-wei
Defense Minister
REST OF THE WORLD
(Italic: met Mao in a substantial way)
ALBANIA
Alia, Ramiz
Hoxha’s heir; later President
Belishova, Liri
Politburo member; key witness in Sino-Soviet split, 1960
Çomo, Maqo
Minister of Agriculture; at Khrushchev — Peng De-huai dinner, Tirana, May 1959
Fagu, Agim
basketball star; extensive trips to China
Hoxha, Nexhmije
wife of Party chief Enver Hoxha
Paçrami, Adil
Minister of Culture; editor, Party daily
Pllumi, Zef
Catholic priest imprisoned 22 years over China issue
Shehu, Bashkim
son of Premier Mehmet Shehu
Shyti, Pupo
Vice-Chairman, Planning Commission; chief trade negotiator with China
AUSTRALIA
Aarons, Eric
(T)
head of Australian Communist Party study group, in China early 1950s
FitzGerald, Stephen
ambassador to China
BELGIUM
Grippa, Madeleine
Maoist leader, 1960s
Pairoux, Serge
Maoist activist
Tindemans, Léo
Prime Minister
BRAZIL
Amazonas, Joao
Maoist leader
Prestes, Fernanda
(T)
schoolmate of Mao’s sons in Russia
Prestes, Yuri
schoolmate of Mao’s sons in Russia
CAMBODIA
Hor Namhong
Foreign Minister; with Sihanouk in Peking 1970–75
DENMARK
Hartling, Poul
Prime Minister (and Mrs.)
EGYPT
Farid, Col. Abdul Magid
Secretary-General of the presidency under Nasser; later adviser to the Algerian presidency
Heikal, Mohammed Hasanein
senior adviser and confidant to
Nasser; Minister of Foreign Affairs; editor,
Al Ahram
FRANCE
Behr, Edward
journalist; in China, 1964
Bettencourt, André
Secretary of State for Foreign-Affairs; Minister
Bloch, Adm. René
head of De Gaulle’s force de frappe (nuclear program)
Figuères, Léo
Communist Party envoy to Ho Chi Minh, 1950
Meadmore, Jean
embassy, Nanjing, 1940s
Pasqualini, Jean
prisoner in Chinese labor camps, 1950s–1960s
Vergès, Jacques
Maoist, lawyer
G
ERMANY
Brie, Horst
East German embassy, Peking
Felber, Prof. Roland
East German student, China, 1950s; China scholar
Siao, Eva
wife of old friend of Mao; Yenan resident
Werner, Ruth
GRU officer in Sorge group, China, 1930s
Wolf, Markus
at Mao’s banquet for Stalin (East German-chargé d’affaires), Moscow, 1950; later East German Foreign Intelligence chief
HONG KONG
Grove, Dan
head, FBI office, Hong Kong
HUNGARY
Hegedüs, András
Prime Minister
Szall, Jozsef
embassy, Peking
Tálas, Barna
embassy, Peking
INDIA
Dalai Lama
exiled Tibetan leader
Kaul, T. K.
embassy, Peking, 1950s; foreign policy adviser to Nehru
Mahta, Peter
(T)
head of Air India office, Hong Kong, 1955
Mehta, Jagad Singh
chief negotiator, border talks with China, 1960
Palden Gyatso
Tibetan lama; long-term labor camp prisoner
Paranjpe, Vasant V.
interpreter for Nehru — Mao talks
Ranganathan, C. V.
ambassador to China
Tyabji, Nasir
Nehru expert, Nehru Memorial, Delhi
I
NDONESIA
Adjitorop, Jusuf
sole survivor of Communist Party Politburo, 1965; exile in China
IRAN
Alikhani, Alinaghi
(T)
emissary to China, 1960
IRAQ
Abdulrazak, Nouri
Secretary-General, Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization
I
RELAND
O’Reilly, Fr. Luke
Catholic priest in Jiangxi during Communist takeover
ITALY
Barca, Luciano
Communist Party leader
Foa, Vittorio
Socialist trade union leader; present at milestone meeting in Peking, 1960, at start of Sino-Soviet split
Graziosi, Prof. Franco
microbiologist; germ warfare investigation team, 1952
Ingrao, Pietro
Communist Party leader; at Moscow summit, 1957
Jotti, Nilde
companion of Party chief Togliatti; at Moscow summit, 1957
Longo, Luigi Libero
interpreter at Moscow summit, 1957; son of Party No. 2
Pesce, Osvaldo
Maoist activist
JAPAN
Arisue, Lt. Gen. Seizo
head of wartime military intelligence and atomic bomb program