by Jung Chang
Eto, Prof. Shinkichi
China expert, historian
Fuwa, Tetsuzo
head, Communist Party
Fujita, Kimio
diplomat; at secret Chou-Sukarno meeting, 1965
Fujiwara, Prof. Akira
China expert, historian
Hata, Prof. Ikuhiko
China expert, historian
Kanazawa, Yukio
prominent Maoist journalist
Koizumi, Seiichi
intelligence officer, China, 1940s, dealing with CCP
Maeda, Mitsushige
POW, Yenan
Mikasa, Prince
brother of Emperor Hirohito; army officer, China, 1940s
Miyamoto, Kenji
head, Communist Party
Nakajima, Prof. Mineo
China expert, historian
Nikaido, Susumu
Chief Cabinet Secretary
Nosaka, Sanzo
head, Communist Party
Shimizu, Masao
director, Matsuzawa Ballet
Tachiki, Hiroshi
Communist Party official; long-term resident in China
Takeuchi, Prof. Minoru
leading Mao expert; editor, Mao’s works
KOREA (NORTH)
Kang Sang Ho
Deputy Minister of the Interior during Korean War
M
ALAYSIA
Chin Peng
Party chief; guerrilla leader, 1948–61; exile in China
MEXICO
Anguiano, Eugenio
ambassador, Peking
Cárdenas, Cuauhtémoc
Mayor of Mexico City; presidential candidate
Echeverría, Luis
President
NEW ZEALAND
Corner, Frank
Foreign Minister
NIGERIA
Gowon, Gen. Yakubu
President
NORWAY
Steigan, Pal
Maoist leader
P
HILIPPINES
Marcos, Imelda
First Lady
POLAND
Rowinski, Jan
(and Hala)
student, then diplomat, Peking, 1950s–60s
Walesa, Lech
President
Werblan, Andrzej
(T)
chief foreign policy adviser to Party chief Gomulka
RUSSIA
Arkhipov, Ivan V.
chief economic adviser to the Chinese government, 1950–51, 1953–58; later 1st Deputy Premier
Berezhkov, Valentin
interpreter for Stalin
Blake, George
British intelligence officer, Korea; spy for Russia
Brezhnev,
embassy, Peking
Aleksandr A.
(T)
Chervonenko, Stepan V.
ambassador to China, 1959–1965, during famine and Sino-Soviet split
Delyusin, Prof. Lev
Pravda
correspondent, China; China scholar
Galenovich, Yuri
embassy, Peking; interpreter at talks with Mao
Glunin, Prof. V. I.
historian; expert on CCP and the Comintern
Kapitsa, Mikhail S.
top China expert throughout Mao period; Deputy Foreign Minister
Karpov, Col. Vladimir
spokesman for Intelligence Service (FSB)
Kartunova, Anastasia
escort for Mme Mao in Russia, 1949, 1952–53
Kudashev, Rishat S
.
senior interpreter for Khrushchev, Mikoyan and Kosygin in talks with Mao
Kukushkin, K. V.
Expert in CCP — Moscow relations
Kulik, Boris T.
head, China Department, International Department, Soviet CP
Ledovsky, Andrei M
.
Consul General, Shenyang,1950–52; embassy, 1940s; China scholar with special archive access
Lobov, Lt. Gen. Georgi
Commander, Soviet Air Force in Korean War
Mirovitskaya, Dr. Raisa A.
China scholar with special access to Defense Ministry archives
Plotnikov, Col. Georgi
senior North Korea expert, Institute of Military History
Rogachev, Igor
ambassador to China
Selivanov, Gen. Igor V.
adviser to the head of the Medical Department of the North Korean army, 1950–52
Shevelyov, Konstantin
top expert on Comintern archives and CCP
Sidikhmenov, Vasili
interpreter on secret Russian mission to Yenan, 1945; head, interpreters’ bureau, Moscow summit, 1957
Sozinov, Gen. Valentin
Chief Soviet adviser to chief of staff, North Korean Army in Korean War, 1950–52
Tikhvinsky, Sergei L
.
intelligence officer; special access to archives
Troyanovsky, Oleg
senior foreign policy adviser to Khrushchev and Kosygin; ambassador to China
Zagvozdin, Gen. (KGB)
supervised exhumation of Lin
Aleksandr
Biao in Mongolia, 1971
S
INGAPORE
Lee Khoon Choy
senior China policy adviser to Lee Kuan Yew
Lee Kuan Yew
Prime Minister
Rajaratnam, S
.
Foreign Minister
SPAIN
Carrillo, Santiago
head, Communist Party; at Comintern, 1930s–1940s
T
ANZANIA
Babu, Abdul Rahman
Minister of Trade and Commerce, 1965 (negotiated Tan-Zam Railway); earlier, Foreign Minister, Zanzibar
T
HAILAND
Chatichai Choonhavan
Foreign Minister; later Premier
Mme Pridi
wife of former Thai Premier; long-term exile in China
UK
Bosshardt, Alfred
Swiss missionary kidnapped on Long March
Condron, Andrew
Korean War POW who went to China
Croft, John
code-breaker on intercepts of Russian broadcasts to foreign Communist Parties, 1940s
Gordievsky, Oleg
Former Soviet intelligence officer
Heath, Edward
Prime Minister
Morgan, Sir John
British diplomat, Peking, 1970
Needham, Joseph
British embryologist; on germ warfare investigation team, 1952
USA
Bush, George H. W.
head, US Liaison Office, Peking 1974–75; CIA Director; President
Colby, William
CIA Director under Nixon and Ford
Colling, John
US mission to Yenan (“Dixie” Mission)
Davies, John Paton
US State Department; to Yenan
Ford, Gerald
President
Haig, Gen. Alexander
head, advance party for Nixon visit, 1972
Helms, Richard
CIA Director
Hitch, Herbert
US mission to Yenan (“Dixie” Mission); on Marshall Mission
Kissinger, Henry
National Security Adviser, 1969–73; Secretary of State, 1973–77
Lilley, James
Top CIA China expert; CIA station chief, Peking
Lord, Winston
Assistant Secretary of State
Odeen, Philip
(T)
National Security Council staff
Polevoy, Leonid S.
(T)
son of man who tried to teach young Mao Russian
Roderick, John
AP correspondent, Yenan, 1945–47
Rusk, Dean
(T)
Secretary of State
Schlesinger, James
; Secretary of Defense; CIA Director
Scowcroft, Gen. Brent
National Security Adviser
Service, John
State Department; mission to Yenan (“Dixie” Mission)
Solomon, Richard
Assistant Secretary of State
Snow, Helen Foster
Yenan, 1937; first wife of Edgar
[Nym Wales]
Snow
Snow, Lois Wheeler
second wife of Edgar Snow; to China with Snow, 1970
Stokes, William
Vice-Consul, Shenyang (and Jadwiga)
Williams, Robert
(T)
black militant; resident in China, 1960s
Yang Chen Ning
(T)
Nobel Prize — winning physicist
VIETNAM
Bui Diem
South Vietnamese ambassador to USA
Bui Tin, Col.
North Vietnamese army, at Dien Bien Phu
Ngo Manh Lan
adviser to Gen. Giap
Nguyen Dinh Uoc,
North Vietnamese army, at Dien
Lt. Gen.
Bien Phu; director, Institute of Military History, Hanoi
Y
UGOSLAVIA (FORMER)
Jojic, Prof. Dimitri
former army officer (exile in Albania); worked in Radio Peking, 1960s and 1970s
ZAIRE (NOW CONGO)
Mobutu Sese Seko
President
INFORMAL CONVERSATIONS WITH:
Michelangelo Antonioni, Sir Leonard Appleyard, Algerian President Abdel Aziz Bouteflika (via intermediary), Herbert Brownell, William Buckley, Romanian ambassador to China Romulus Budura, Barbara Bush, Gen. Henry Byroade (T), Lord (James) Callaghan, Sir Michael Caine, Lord (Peter) Carrington, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Brian Crozier, Helen De Vries, Milovan Djilas, Everett Drumright (T), Nikolai T. Fedorenko (T), Russian ambassador Yuri Fokine, Betty Ford, J. K. Galbraith, Martha Gellhorn, Sergei Goncharov, Anthony Grey, Marshall Green, Prof. Aleksandr Grigoriev, Penny Gummer, Han Suyin, Hon. Alan Hare, Ed Hauck (T), Lord (Michael) Heseltine, John Holdridge, Lord (Douglas) Hurd, Giovanni Jervis, Ismail Kadare, R. N. Kao, Lady Clare Keswick, Henry Keswick, Nancy Kissinger, Ina Krymova, Owen Lattimore, Helmut & Marianne Liebermann (T), North Vietnamese ambassador to France Ho Nam, Mieczyslaw Maneli (T), Prof. Arlen Meliksetov, Sergo Mikoyan (T), Prof. Vladimir Myasnikov, Albanian Premier Fatos Nano, Gen. Paek Sun-yop, Prof. Moisei Persits, Phoumi Vongvichit (via Prof. Grant Evans), Chris Pocock, János Radványi (T), Krishna Rasgotra, Norman Reddaway, Claude Roy, Egyptian Premier Aziz Sidky (T), Prof. Nodari Simoniya, Boris Slavinsky, Sir Nicholas Stern, Viktor Suvorov (T), Viktor Usov, Arkady Vaksberg, Bianca Vidali (T), Lord (William) Waldegrave, George Walden, Sir John and Lady Weston.
ARCHIVES CONSULTED
We regret not being able to name archives consulted in Mainland China.
ALBANIA
Arkivi Qëndror i Shtetit i Republikës së Shqipërisë (Central State Archive of the Republic of Albania) BULGARIA
Tsentralen Durzhaven Arkhiv (Central State Archive) GERMANY
Stiftung Archiv der Parteien and Massenorganisationen der ehemaligen DDR im Bundesarchiv (Foundation for the Archives of the Parties and Mass Organizations of the Former GDR [East Germany] in the Federal Archives) ITALY
Franciscan Order, Curia Generale; Istituto Gramsci; Vincentian Order JAPAN
Japanese Communist Party, Central Committee; Japanese Foreign Ministry, Archives of the Gaiko Shiryokan RUSSIA
Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoy Federatsii (Archive of the President of the Russian Federation); Arkhiv Vneshney Politiki Rossiiskoy Federatsii (Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation); Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsialno-politicheskoi Istorii (Russian State Archive of Socio-political History) SWITZERLAND
League of Nations Archives, United Nations TAIWAN
Academia Historica; Archive of the Investigation Bureau; Nationalist Party History Archive UK
Archive of the Communist Party of Great Britain; National Archives; Oxford University, Bodleian Library USA
Columbia University, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New York; Cornell University, Carl A. Kroch Library, Ithaca, NY; Emory University, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta; Harvard-Yenching Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; Hoover Institution Library, Stanford, California; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C.; National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.; Schlesinger Library, Cambridge, Mass.; Syracuse University, George Arents Research Library, Syracuse, NY; University of Washington, Special Collections, Manuscripts and University Archives, Seattle; Lauchlin Currie Papers in the possession of Roger Sandilands.
NOTES
Asterisks indicate written Chinese-language sources, using the pinyin spelling system (with a few exceptions). References to English translations are given in brackets, denoted by “E:.” Abbreviations used in the Notes are given at the start of the Bibliographies.
CHAPTER 1 On the Cusp from Ancient to Modern
1 Found out emperor’s death: Snow 1973, p. 138.
2 –5 Parents: Snow 1973, pp. 130–4; Mao Clan Chronicle; Mao’s father-in-law Yang Chang-chi’s diary, 5 Apr. 1915, in Mao 1990, p. 636 (E: MRTP vol. 2, p. 60); Li Xiangwen, pp. 25–51; Zhao Zhichao, pp. 273–4; visit to Shaoshan and conversations with locals.
3 Name preordained in 18th century: Mao Clan Chronicle.
4 “Boy of Stone”: Li Xiangwen, p. 51. Mao about his mother: Snow 1973, p. 132; Shi Zhe 1992, p. 180; Yan Changlin, p. 321. Carefree childhood: Mao letter to a cousin, 27 Nov. 1937, in Mao 1984, pp. 114–15; Zhao Zhichao, pp. 271–81; Yan Changlin, pp. 320–1.
5 –6 Did well in Confucian classics: Li Rui 1992, pp. 1–3. Clashes with tutors: Snow 1973, pp. 131ff; Zhao Zhichao, pp. 103–12, 122–3.
6 “jet-plane” father: Mao to Red Guard leaders, 28 July 1968, in IIR, p. 546 (E: Mao Miscellany vol. 2, p. 496).
7 Rows with father: Snow 1973, pp. 132–3; Shi Zhe 1992, p. 182.
8 First marriage: Mao Clan Chronicle; Li Xiangwen, p. 66; Snow 1973, p. 147; Cheng 1973, p. 68. “In families in the West”: “The Question of Miss Zhao’s Personality,” 18 Nov. 1919, Mao 1990, pp. 416–17 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 423).
9 In modern school: Snow 1973, pp. 136–7; Zhao Zhichao, pp. 282–4. “exceedingly excited”: Snow 1973, p. 139.
1 °Claims early concern for peasants: ibid., pp. 135–6, 139.
11 –9 No trace of Millstone Maker: interview with local Party historians, 21 Oct. 1994. Yang Chang-chi, 5 Apr. 1915: Mao 1990, p. 636 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 60). “bowled over” by Tseng Kuo-fan: letter to Li Jinxi, 23 Aug. 1917, Mao 1990, p. 85 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 131). “sea of bitterness”: “The Great Union of the Popular Masses,” 21 July 1919, Mao 1990, pp. 373–5 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 382). 71 items: “Statutes of the Problem Study Society,” 1 Sept. 1919, Mao 1990, p. 397 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 409). “workers and peasants”: “Clearing up the Doubt,” 27 Sept. 1920, Mao 1990, p. 519 (E: MRTP vol. 1, pp. 558–9). “proletariat”: “Letter to Xiao Xudong [Siao-yu], Cai Linbin [Cai He-sen] and the Other Members in France,” 1 Dec. 1920, XXZ, pp. 149–50 (E: MRTP vol. 2, p. 10). Friend’s diary: Xie Juezai, pp. 49–50.
CHAPTER 2 Becoming a Communist
1 Russell: Russell to The Nation, 28 Oct. 1920, in id. 1968, p. 139; cf. ibid.: pp. 126–7; our visit to Changsha. Newspaper addiction: Snow 1973, p. 139. First political essay: ibid., p. 140. “be prepared for war”: Mao 1990, p. 647.
2 Dazzling range of choices: Snow 1973, p. 143. like a buffalo: Siao 1953, p. 36. Teacher-training college: visit to the college, Changsha, and conversations with locals, Oct. 1994. Real “Hundred Flowers”: INT.
3 Swimming poem: Mao 1920–27, p. 303 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 159). Summer 1917 round countryside: Siao 1953.
4 Mao extreme remarks: Zhang Kundi diary, 23 Sept. 1917, in Mao 1990, p. 639 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 139).
5 –14 Notes on Paulsen: “Marginal Notes to Friedrich Paulsen
, A System of Ethics,” 1917–18, Mao 1990, pp. 116–275 (E: MRTP vol. 1, pp. 175–313). “all there only for me”: ibid. pp. 147–8 (p. 205). “no duty to other people”: ibid.*p. 235 (p. 277). “responsible to no one”: ibid.*pp. 204–5 (pp. 252–3). “not my own reality”: ibid. p. 205 (p. 252). “not … for future generations”: ibid. p. 206 (p. 253). Conscience “for better completion of impulse”: ibid. pp. 210–11 (pp. 255–7). Don’t kill “out of self-interest”: ibid.p. 120 (p. 179). “purely calculation for oneself”: ibid. p. 219 (p. 263). “Great Heroes”: ibid. pp. 218–19 (pp. 263–4). “Long-lasting peace … unendurable”: ibid. pp. 184–6 (pp. 237–8). Death “fantastic”: ibid. pp. 197–8 (p. 247). “How do we change” China: ibid. pp. 201–2 (p. 250).
6 Yang Chang-chi wrote: “Journal,” 5 Apr. 1915, in Mao 1990, p. 636 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 60). Another teacher: Xu Teli, in Band & Band, p. 250. Not elected leader: New People’s Study Society Report, no. 1, winter 1920, in XXZ, p. 4.
7 –16 “my mind is filled”: Letter to Tao Yi [Tao Siyong], Mao 1990, p. 467 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 494). Cannot learn Russian: Leonid Polevoy (son of Sergei) telephone interview, 24 May 1998, and letter to authors; S. Polevoy role: VKP vol.1, pp. 28, 48, 744. Life in Peking: New People’s Study Society Report, no. 1, winter 1920, in XXZ, p. 6; Snow 1973, pp. 151ff; Luo Zhanglong, pp. 8–9. “did not treat me like a human”: Snow 1973, p. 151.
8 Unkempt: INT; Cadart & Cheng, p. 159.
9 “we must now doubt”: “Manifesto on the Founding of the Xiang River Review,” 14 July 1919, Mao 1990, p. 292 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 318). Mao and mother: “Letter to Seventh and Eighth Maternal Uncles,” Aug. 1918, Mao 1990, p. 288 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 174). “When my mother was dying”: Wu Xujun, in Remembering Mao Zedong vol. 2, p. 663.
10 Father longing to see Mao: visit to the Mao clan temple, Shaoshan. “On Women’s Independence”: 21 Nov. 1919, Mao 1990, pp. 422–3 (E: “Concerning the Incident of Miss Zhao’s Suicide,” MRTP vol. 1, pp. 432–3). “participate in production”: Kau & Leung, p. 175. Second trip to Peking: Snow 1973, pp. 153ff; relationship with Hu, Mao 1990, p. 494; with Li, ibid., p. 467; Zhou Zuoren, p. 115. Mao on Chen: “The Arrest and Rescue of Chen Duxiu [Chen Tu-hsiu],” 14 July 1919, Mao 1990, pp. 302–6 (E: MRTP vol. 1, p. 329).
11 –19 Idea of CCP from Moscow: Shevelyov 1981, p. 128; YD, pp. 22–3; Chen Duxiu, p. 119. Voitinsky in China: Shevelyov 1981, pp. 128, 130; Glunin in Astafiev et al. 1970, pp. 66–87; VKP vol. 1, pp. 28, 38, 48. Party founded Aug. 1920: Maring to Zinoviev et al., 20 June 1923, in Saich 1991, p. 611; Yu-Ang-Li, p. 422. New Youth subsidized by Comintern: Shevelyov 1981, p. 131.