Coming of Age in the Milky Way
Page 57
Astrophysics, 144, 165, 168, 367
Asymmetries, 313
Atomism, 99n, 106
Atoms
Bohr model of, 258
cosmic element abundance curve and, 277
early-universe theory and, 343
principal constituents of, 256
quantum mechanics and, 257
stellar energy and, 256
Avoidance effect in nebulae, 166
Azurara, Gomez Eannes de, 55
Baade, Walter, 171, 173–174
Banks, Walter, 134, 135
Beagle (Darwin’s ship), 229, 232, 233, 235, 239
Becquerel, Henri, 249, 255
Bellarmine, Cardinal Robert, 97, 98, 100
Bernstein, Jeremy, 264
Beryllium, 276, 278–279
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, 139, 140
Besso, Michele Angelo, 190, 191, 203
Beta decay, 264, 312
Bethe, Hans, 252, 263–264, 278,327
Big bang, 211, 212, 213, 214, 277, 279
fusion of elements in, 272–275, 281
as giant accelerator, 347
inflationary universe hypothesis and, 359
particle physics-cosmology link and, 336–337
Big Dipper, 21, 48
Big galaxy hypothesis, 171, 172
Binary star systems, 81
Black-body curve, 286
Black holes, 204, 348, 361–362, 390
Blue giant stars, 70
Boethius, Ancius, 33, 43–44
Bohr, Niels, 285, 288, 290, 313, 356, 364, 381, 384n, 386
electrons and, 257–258
Born, Max, 285, 290
Bose, Satyendra Nath, 292
Bosons (integer spin particles), 292–293, 352–353
fermions and, 328
Bradley, James, 137–139, 154, 155, 178n
Brahe, Tycho, see Tycho
Bright nebulae, 143–144
Brown dwarf stars, 348
Bruno, Giordano, 86, 369–370
Buffon, Georges, 225, 246, 247
Bunsen, Robert, 164, 165
Burbidge, Geoffrey and Margaret, 276, 277, 278
Caccini, Thommaso, 96–97
Calculus, the, 106, 108–110
Californium-254, 276
Cannon, Annie Jump, 258–259
Carbon cycle for stellar nuclear fusion, 263, 264, 265, 272, 276, 278, 279
Carbon-14, 251
Cartan, Elie-Joseph, 311–312
Cartography, 127, 130
Cassini, Giovanni, 130, 134, 153
Catastrophism, 224–225, 227, 228, 229
Causation doctrine (origin of the universe), 350–351
Celestial harmony, Pythagorean doctrine of, 75–77
Cepheid variable stars, 169, 170, 172, 173, 208, 274, 390
CERN accelerator, 319, 320–321, 322, 325–326, 336, 347, 352–353
Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder, 255, 256
Chemical elements, see Elements
China (ancient), 19, 52–54
Marco Polo’s travels to, 47, 49–50, 54
Christian cosmology, 220–229
Chronometry, 127, 129–130
Cicero, 40, 62
Clausius, Rudolf, 246
COBE satellite, 390–391
Cockroft, John, 319n
Cockroft-Walton generator, 319
Columbus, Christopher, 22, 47, 49, 54–59
Coma cluster, 174
Comets, 69–70
Tycho and, 70–73
Compound apochromatic lenses, 152
Constantine, Emperor, 65n, 220
Cook, Captain James, 134–135, 140, 280
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 20, 35, 59, 61–68, 98, 145
Galileo and, 88, 89, 90
mean distances of planets from the sun as measured by, 124
solar system and, 65–66, 123, 124
Copper, 279
Coral atolls, Darwin’s theory of origin of, 232–233, 234, 239, 253
Cosmic background radiation, 212n, 213–214, 390–391
Cosmic element abundance curve, 277, 278
Cosmic neutrinos, 344
Cosmogony, 211, 212, 349–366
inflationary universe hypothesis, 345, 356–360, 362
prescientific creation myths, 349–350
quantum genesis hypothesis, 351, 362–365
vacuum genesis hypothesis, 351–356, 361, 362
Cosmological constant, 205–206, 208
Coulomb barrier, 260, 262–263, 274, 352
penetration by protons of, 262, 264–265
quantum indeterminacy and, 288
Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325), 220
Creation estimated date of, 220–221
myths of, 349–350
Curie, Marie, 253n
Curie, Pierre, 252–253
Curtis, Heber, 167, 171–172
Cyclical time, 217–220
Da Gama, Vasco, 52, 54
Dark Ages, 44–45
Dark energy, 389–393
Dark matter, 347–348, 391–393
Dark nebulae, 144, 158
Darwin, Charles, 67, 68, 116, 225–226, 229, 231–253
Darwin, Erasmus, 235
Darwin, Robert, 233–234
Darwinism, 231–246, 254, 367, 368, 369
Darwinism (cont.)
nuclear fusion and, 248, 252–254
religious and scientific opposition to, 240–241, 244–245
Davy, Sir Humphry, 185, 186
Delusion of apartness, 289
Descartes, Rene, 106, 113, 370
De Sitter, Willem, 209n, 210, 211
Deuterium, 343
Dialogue … Concerning the Two Chief
World Systems, Ptolemaic and
Copernican (Galileo), 98–99
Dialogues Concerning Two New
Sciences (Galileo), 91, 100–101
Dicke, Robert, 213, 356, 357
Dirac, Paul, 182, 302, 308
Dixon, Jeremiah, 132–133
DNA macromolecules, 339
Doppler, Christian Johann, 207
Doppler shifts, astronomical use of, 207
Double stars, 168
“Down” quarks, 296, 312
Dwarf stars, 175, 259, 260, 348
lifetime of, 266–271
Dynamo, principle of, 188–189
Early-universe theories, 341–348
Earth age of catastrophism vs.
uniformitarianism, 225–229
nuclear fusion and, 248, 252–254
scientific age-dating, 221–229
thermodynamics and, 246–248, 254
ancient Greeks’ conception of, 26n
conditions necessary for intelligent life on, 372–374 death of the sun and, 270
four elements as composition of, 69
mean distance from the sun (est.), 123–124
measuring velocity of, 179–180
orbit of (est.), 136–137, 138
Renaissance exploration of, 47–59
retrograde motion of, 23
stellar fusion of elements and, 279–280
triangulation of the stars and, 136–137
Eccentrics of Ptolemy, 29–30
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 38n, 170, 203, 210, 211, 253, 272
Eddington’s number, 38n
Egypt (ancient), 20
Eightfold way (hadron arrangement), 311
Einstein, Albert, 10, 11, 15, 177–178, 182–204, 211, 212, 283, 302, 364
four-dimensional space-time continuum and, 197, 198, 199–202
on Galileo, 83, 94–95
general theory of relativity of, 178, 185, 191, 196–197, 200–204
gravitation and, 120
inertial and gravitational mass and, 34, 193–196
Lemaître’s origin of the universe and, 212
on mystery of science, 385
on Newton, 103, 121
nuclear weapons and, 252, 254
quantum indeterminacy and, 290–291
; quantum physics and, 178, 200
special theory of relativity of, 178, 183, 185, 191–194, 197, 200
symmetry and, 307
thought experiments of, 91, 184–185, 196–197
unified field theory and, 186, 332–333
Electromagnetic field theory, 185–188
Electromagnetism, 187, 293, 294, 295, 297
weak nuclear force and, 315, 316–318, 326, 337, 345
Electrons, 256, 257–258
early-universe theory and, 343
as fermions, 292
inflationary universe hypothesis and, 360
symmetry and, 307
Electroweak theory, see Unified electroweak theory
Elements atomic nuclei of, 257
big bang as source of, 272–273, 281
cosmic element abundance curve, 277, 278
stellar nuclear fusion as source of, 271–272, 275–280
in the sun, 164–165
terrestrial, 69
Elliptical nebulae, 144, 146, 148, 152, 161–162, 165
beyond the Milky Way, 175
island universe theory of, 161, 171, 172, 173
Emission lines, 164
Emission nebula, 143
Enceladus (satellite of Saturn), 156
Epicycles of Ptolemy, 29
Equinoxes, precession of, 23n
Erikson, Leif, 56n
Essay on the Principle of Population, The (Malthus), 237
Euclid, 40, 41, 62, 116
Euclidean geometry, 26, 198–199
Eudoxus, 25–27, 33, 65
Evolution, theory of, see Darwinism
Expansion of the universe, 205–215, 354–356, 392–393
general theory of relativity and, 205, 208–209, 210–214
Exploding stars, 167
Extraterrestrial life, 368–380
conditions necessary for, 372–374
networking of interstellar communications to determine, 375–380
SETI projects and, 371–372, 374
Falling bodies, law of, 84, 90–94
Faraday, Michael, 185–186, 188, 190
Fermi, Enrico, 212, 273, 292, 374
Fermilab accelerator, 319–320, 322, 324–325, 326, 336
Fermilab Tevatron, 340
Fermions, 292, 294
bosons and, 328
Feynman, Richard, 311n, 352, 363
Fibonacci series, 305, 306
Ficino, Marsilio, 65, 77
Field theory, 186–187
See also Quantum field theory; Unified field theory; Yang-Mills gauge field theory
Finite universe, infinite universe and, 200–204
First law of thermodynamics, 247
Fission bomb (atomic bomb), 252
Fitz-Roy, Robert, 233, 245
Flamsteedjohn, 115, 153, 156
Flatness problem, inflationary universe hypothesis and, 359
Fossils, scientific age-dating of, 222–229
Four-dimensional geometry, 199, 202
Four-dimensional space-time continuum, 197, 198, 199–202
Fowler, Willy, 276, 277, 278
Fraunhofer, Joseph, 10, 139, 163–164
Fraunhofer lines, 164
Free quarks, 344
Fusion bomb (hydrogen bomb), 252, 253
Galactic plane, 159
Galaxies, 167–175
quasars and, 174
redshift-distance relation of, 207–208, 209–211, 214
stars in, 144
superclusters of, 175, 214
See also Milky Way galaxy
Galilei, Galileo, 11, 69, 71, 83–101, 107, 130, 167
Einstein and, 185
inertia experiments of, 34, 91–94
law of falling bodies and, 84, 90–94
observations of planets by, 88–90, 101
Roman Catholic Church persecution of, 11, 84, 96–100
solar system and, 88–90, 123, 132
telescope and, 84, 86–88, 95–96
thought experiments of, 90–91, 92, 93–94
velocity of light determined by, 179–180
Galilei, Vincenzo, 84
Gamma Draconis, 137, 139
Gamma rays, 293, 297
Gamow, George, 212–214, 262, 263, 264
big bang and, 273–274, 277, 279
Gauge field theory, see Yang-Mills gauge field theory
Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 199, 308
Gell-Mann, Murray, 294n, 310–311, 317, 330, 332, 336, 337, 340
General theory of relativity, 120, 178, 185, 191, 196–197, 200–204
expansion of the universe and, 205, 208–209, 210–214
quantum genesis hypothesis and, 362–363
scientific testing of, 203–204
space-time continuum of, 31, 32
string theory and, 330, 331
symmetry and, 307
Genes, natural selection and, 241–242
Geology radiometric age-dating and, 251–252
scientific age-dating and, 221–229
Geometry, 25–26, 40, 110
euclidean, 26, 198–199
four-dimensional, 199, 202
space-time, 364–365
symmetry in, 303–304
Giant stars, 70
lifetime of, 266–271
Glashow, Sheldon, 313, 314–317, 321, 326, 333
Global symmetry, 309–310
Globular star clusters, 170–171
Glossary of terms, 391–411
Gluons, 293–294, 312
Gödel, Kurt, 384, 385
Gold, 279
Gold, Thomas, 275, 338
Grand unified theories (GUTs), 327–328, 332–334
early-universe theory and, 345, 348
Gravitation, 293–298
contraction of the sun and, 247–248
Einstein’s conception of, 120
general theory of relativity and, 196–197
Kepler’s theories of, 94
Newton and, 103, 107–109, 113–118, 120–121, 177
stellar energy and, 280
string theory and, 330, 331
unified field theory and, 346
Gravitational mass, 194–195
equality of inertial mass and, 195–196
Graviton, 330
Graviton decoupling, 346n
Great Chain of Being, 223
Greece (ancient), 20
conception of inertia in, 34–35
conception of time in, 217–220
Earth as conceived by, 26n
Grossmann, Marcel, 190, 199–200
Guth, Alan, 356–357, 361–362
h (quantum of action), 286, 287
Hadrons, 311, 330
Hakluyt, Richard, 128
Hale, George Ellery, 168, 208
Half-life of radioactive materials, 250–252
Halley, Edmond, 103, 112–116, 127, 128, 131, 137, 201n
publication of the Principia and, 118
Halley’s comet, 70n, 112, 113, 117, 131
Harrison, John, 129–130
Hawking, Stephen, 356, 362–364
Heavy hydrogen, 264–265
Heisenberg, Werner, 286, 287, 288, 291, 302, 333, 351–352
Heisenberg indeterminacy principle, 351–352
Heliocentric universe Aristarchus and, 35–36, 38, 43
Copernicus and, 63–68
Kepler and, 77–82
Helium, 250, 343
big bang and, 273
composition of the sun and, 265–266
stellar fusion and, 272, 278–279
Helium-3, 264–265
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 246–247, 248
Henderson, Thomas, 139
Henry the Navigator, Prince, 50–52, 53, 54, 55
Heraclitus, 33, 367
Hereditary traits, transmission of, 242
Herman, Robert, 213, 214
Herodotus, 50–51
Herschel, John, 163, 241
Herschel, William, 143, 144, 150–159, 395
Her
tzsprung, Ejnar, 259, 260
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, 259–260, 261, 263, 266
tree of stars and, 267–270
Heyerdahl, Thor, 56n
Hipparchus, 29, 124
History of the universe, 415–429
stairway depiction of, 341–348
Hoffmann, Banesh, 179n
Hooft, Gerard’t, 318
Hooke, Robert, 112–113, 115, 118, 137
Hooker, Joseph, 240, 244
Hoskin, Michael, 201n
Hoyle, Fred, 211, 274–277, 278
Hubble, Edwin, 161, 172–174, 207–210, 211–212, 274
Hubble law, 208–210, 214
Hubble Space Telescope, 389–390
Huggins, William, 165, 167
Humason, Milton, 173, 274
Hume, David, 151
Hutton, James, 205, 225–226
Huxley, Aldous, 119
Huxley, Thomas, 243, 244–245, 247
Huygens, Christian, 118, 120, 125, 130, 136
Hyades (star cluster), 203, 259
Hydrogen atoms of, 256, 260
big bang and, 273
composition of the stars and, 260
composition of the sun and, 265–266
stellar fusion and, 272, 278–279
Hypatia, 42
Hyperdimensionality, 332–334
Imaginary numbers, 363
Imaginary time, 363, 364
Incompleteness theorem, Gödel’s, 384–385
Inertia ancient Greeks’ conception of, 34–35
Aristotle and, 92–94
Descartes on, 106
Einstein and, 193–195, 196
Galileo’s experiments on, 34, 91–94
Newton and, 34, 94, 116–117, 177
Inertial mass, 193–195
equality of gravitational mass and, 195–196
Infinite universe, finite universe and, 200–204
Inflationary universe hypothesis, 345, 356–360, 361, 362
model of, 275n
Initial conditions, problem of, 122
Integer spin particles, 292
Interferometry, 180, 181
Interstellar communications network, 375–380
Interstellar space flights, 374–376
Invariance theory, 193
symmetry and, 307
Inverse-square law, 108n
gravitation and, 117
Kepler’s third law and, 112–113, 114, 115, 117
Iron, 165, 279
stellar evolution and, 140–141
stellar fusion and, 275, 276–280
Irrational numbers, 305n
Islamic astronomical scholarship, 43
Island universe theory of elliptical nebulae, 161, 171, 172, 173
Isospin, 31, 309
Jeans, James, 166, 167n
John Paul II, Pope, 100n
Jupiter, 25, 72, 112, 117
Galileo’s observation of, 88, 90
mean distance from the sun (est.), 124
satellites of, 88, 90, 158, 179
Kaluza, Theodor, 332
Kaluza-Klein theory, 332
Kant, Immanuel, 75, 143, 144–148, 150, 161, 246