Sin in the Second City: Madams, Ministers, Playboys, and the Battle for America's Soul
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“Vic Shaw”: Harrison, 308.
“notorious brothel keeper”: Ibid.
“serve merely to gratify”: Connelly, 107.
“sex must be confined”: Ibid., 110.
Dean Sumner was at it again: Chicago Record Herald, October 15, 1911.
“far from my ideas”: Harrison, 308.
Move all disreputable women: Lindberg, Chicago by Gaslight, 140.
Death of Herbert Swift: Chicago Tribune, October 20, 1911.
“Women have no minds”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 151.
“Did one of your girls”: Ibid., 194.
The Hawkeye State had passed: Roe, The Great War, 358.
“an unpleasant happening”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 194.
“Mind your own business”: Ibid.
“I’m afraid”: Ibid.
“Pretty snappy town”: Ibid., 193.
“terrible pair of sisters”: Harrison, 309.
“painted, peroxided, bedizened”: Ibid., 307.
“truly historic”: Ibid., 309.
“Close the Everleigh Club”: Wendt and Kogan, 297.
YOU GET EVERYTHING IN A LIFETIME
“How dear to my heart”: Edgar Lee Masters to Carter Harrison, April 14, 1939, Carter Harrison IV Papers, Newberry Library.
“On the square”: Wendt and Kogan, 297.
“rather sharp language”: Harrison, 310.
“The most persistent gossip”: Ibid., 311.
“infamy, the audacious advertising”: Asbury, 259.
“well known as Chicago itself”: Chicago American, October 25, 1911.
“cool and comical”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 151.
“You mustn’t believe”: Ibid., 195.
“Is the report”: Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1911.
Dearborn Street was alive: Chicago American, October 25, 1911.
“Gibraltar”: Bell Daniels, 85.
at the Hotel Vendome in Columbus: Bell to Mary, October 24, 1911, Ernest Bell Papers, box 2, folder 1909–1928 (correspondence with wife).
“speaking partner”: Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1911.
“I know the mayor’s order”: Ibid.
“I don’t worry”: Ibid.
“If they don’t want me”: Chicago American, October 25, 1911.
“Well, boys”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 202.
“It may be”: Ibid.
“It’s only 10”: Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1911.
“Sorry, girls”: Wendt and Kogan, 297.
“We’ve been expecting”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 203.
“Clear out”: Ibid.
“You’ll be going strong”: Ibid.
“Go away for a few”: Ibid., 204.
“What do you think”: Ibid.
“We’re going from bawd”: Hibbeler, 121.
“Let’s go to Europe”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 204.
“What about us”: Ibid.
“I’m afraid there never will”: Ibid., 204–205.
“And neither of you did”: Ibid.
“Poor kid”: Ibid., 206.
“We’re all nervous”: Ibid.
about $1 million: Ibid.
Chief McWeeny telephoned: Chicago American, October 25, 1911.
“Vice in Chicago”: Chicago Record Herald, October 25, 1911.
close “a score”: Chicago American, October 25, 1911.
“Two French blondes”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 207.
“Until I get”: Ibid.
Delft Candy Shop: Viskochil, 53. This book aided me in describing several Chicago street scenes.
“Don’t you recognize”: Harrison, 313–314.
visit from Taft: Chicago Inter Ocean, October 25, 1911.
“going strong”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 212.
“You ain’t got a thing”: Wendt and Kogan, 298.
“Do the best you can”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 212.
DANGEROUS ELEMENTS
“It is the code of honor”: Lindberg, Quotable Chicago, 30.
“known to reside”: Langum, 50.
Congress…played stingy: Ibid., 52.
Bell in Europe: “Some Observations in Europe,” Ernest Bell Papers, box 4, folder 4-8.
“I note that special action”: Ibid., box 4, folder 4-8.
the Office of the Special Commissioner: Langum, 52.
“Mayor Harrison deserves”: Chicago Tribune, October 31, 1911.
“My dear Mr. Mayor”: Boynton to Harrison, March 1912, Ernest Bell Papers, box 4, folder 4-8.
“even Salt Lake City”: Boynton to Mann and Taft, March 23, 1912, ibid.
In March 1912, he ordered: Duis, The Saloon, 269–270.
“I am instructed to advise you”: Starr Murphy to Roe, January 5, 1912, folder 42, box 7, series 3, Bureau of Social Hygiene Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
a “pretended” disorderly house: Chicago Tribune, August 8, 1912.
DANGER!: Hepburn, 4–5.
Cincinnati Vigilance Society: Vigilance, May 1911.
“cordial congratulations”: Rockefeller to Roe, April 26, 1912, reel 3, series 3, Bureau of Social Hygiene Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
“wealthiest men in this country”: Chicago Tribune, March 3, 1912.
“Until the public conscience”: Roe to Rockefeller, January 5, 1912, box 7, folder 42, series 3, Bureau of Social Hygiene Records, Rockefeller Archive Center.
“The Greeks construed Apollo’s loss”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 150.
5536 W. Washington Boulevard: Chicago Tribune, December 16, 1973.
“final stab”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 213.
Freiberg’s Dance Hall was bombed: Chicago Tribune, November 17, 1911.
“This home of vice”: Dillion and Lytle, 9.
“In the days”: Wendt and Kogan, 320–322.
“acting on orders”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 213.
“What’s up”: Ibid., 137–138.
“Take it or leave it”: Ibid., 138.
“all under the age of eighteen”: Annual Report of the Committee of Fifteen, 1912, page 2, Graham Taylor papers, Newberry Library.
“I beg to acknowledge the receipt”: Ibid.
Within the week, Dago Frank: Chicago Tribune, August 31, 1912.
“If there had been no Everleigh Club”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 213.
Two of them were rampaging: Ibid.
JUST HOW WICKED
“You can get much farther”: Lindberg, Quotable Chicago, 115.
“We’re getting nowhere”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 214.
blackened both her eyes: Ibid., 213.
shutting down the madam’s brothel: Chicago Record Herald, September 5, 1912.
“Pikers”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 214.
“The Levee has it”: Ibid.
“going to rip off”: Chicago Tribune, September 27, 1912.
“The man who takes”: Chicago Tribune, October 31, 1908.
“handsomest man in Chicago”: Lindberg, Chicago by Gaslight, 141.
“This grand jury”: Chicago Tribune, September 27, 1912.
“most pretentious street parade”: Chicago Record Herald, September 27, 1912.
stated purpose: Chicago American, September 27, 1912.
“the aim of the crusaders”: Quoted in Asbury, 298.
“subject of ridicule”: Chicago Daily Socialist, September 28, 1912.
float signs and banners: Chicago Record Herald, September 27, 1912.
Chief Justice Harry Olson: Wendt and Kogan, 320.
she and that sister of hers: Ibid.
“they aren’t worth the paper”: Chicago Record Herald, September 29, 1912.
“half-naked sirens”: Duis, The Saloon, 270.
“One might expect”: Chicago American, September 28, 1912.
“The South Side Levee is rejoicing”: Chicago Daily News, September 30, 1912.
“it was not generally k
nown”: Chicago Tribune, October 1, 1912.
“Minnie and Ada Everleigh were called”: Chicago American, October 1, 1912.
The order left prominent Atlanta madam: Chicago Evening World, October 1, 1912.
“Gentlemen, I am through”: Chicago American, October 1, 1912.
“furious passion”: Asbury, 299.
“There is an apparent effort”: Wendt and Kogan, 300.
“Wayman’s out to pinch”: Chicago American, October 5, 1912.
“Looks like we saved”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 216.
FALLEN IS BABYLON
“Have patience, my friend”: Ibid., 213.
“Another Johnstown flood”: Chicago American, October 5, 1912; Chicago Record Herald, October 6, 1912.
valerianate of ammonia, etc.: Bell to Carter Harrison, November 29, 1912, Ernest Bell Papers, box 4, folder 4-8.
“Brother Bell, your prayers”: Bell Daniels, 84.
Officers found twenty harlots: Chicago Tribune, October 5, 1912.
“It is rather extraordinary”: Longstreet, 471–472.
the men issued the following: Asbury, 301.
The invasion of the harlots: Ibid.
“I’ll take care of any of them”: Chicago Daily News, October 7, 1912.
But not one harlot applied: Chicago Evening Post, October 8, 1912.
waving handkerchiefs: Chicago Record Herald, October 7, 1912.
“Fallen is Babylon!”: Bell to Midnight Mission board, October 8, 1912, Ernest Bell Papers, box 4, folder 4-8.
LITTLE LOST SISTER
“I suppose we all”: Wallace, 55.
“fight to the death”: Asbury, 302.
“We’ll make everything clean”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 225.
“scattering of evil”: Chicago Record Herald, October 28, 1912.
“Who is that guy”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 225.
“It can’t be done”: Ibid., 226.
“Five minutes of real”: Chicago Record Herald, November 21, 1912.
“former queen of Chicago’s underworld”: Quoted in Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 244.
Freiberg’s Dance Hall celebrated: Asbury, 275.
“It surely wasn’t a disappointed”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 142.
“death bed confession”: Chicago Record Herald, October 6, 1912.
“I am sorry”: Chicago Tribune, April 18, 1913.
“He was an outcast”: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 239.
letter from Chauncey to Bell, January 8, 1916, Ernest Bell Papers, box 2, folder 2-7.
“Our Father Who Art in Heaven”: November 16, 1919, Ernest Bell Papers, box 2, folder 2-2.
“The song you sung at me”: Taylor to Bell, February 27, 1927, Ernest Bell Papers, box 1, folder 11.
genre of films: Lagler, 135.
Little Lost Sister: Washburn, Come into My Parlor, 242.
“A wave of sex hysteria”: Current Opinion, August 1913.
In the spring of 1913: Lagler, 231–240.
boxer Jack Johnson: Ward, 314–315.
arrested in the fall of 1912: Langum, 181.
“We now went”: Ibid., 95.
J. Edgar Hoover: Ibid., 190–194.
“It owed its passage”: New York Times, June 25, 1916.
“there never was a joke”: Langum, 35.
“a sort of pornography”: Ibid., 34.
Sociologist Walter Reckless: Reckless, Vice in Chicago, 43–46.
another young Chicago girl: Chicago Tribune, December 25, 1913.
“There has been too much hysteria”: Intermountain Herald-Republican, January 30,1914.
Roe died of heart disease: New York Times, June 29, 1934.
Only one major newspaper: Langum, 248.
“street of the stately few”: Madsen, 223.
“bad heart”: Chicago Tribune, December 2, 1943.
“I can’t stand to see”: Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1949.
“My God! A man!”: Ibid.
When Vic Shaw died: Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1951.
20 W. 71st Street: Wallace, 48.
“former plantation home in the South”: Chicago Tribune, November 1, 1953.
“If you’re all decked out”: Ibid.
“How come your poetry”: Ibid.
in 1933, the Everleigh Club: Chicago Tribune, July 25, 1933. The Hilliard Homes, a public housing project, now stands on the former site of the Everleigh Club.
In the early 1940s, Theodore Dreiser: E-mail from Hilary Masters, son of Edgar Lee Masters, December 2005.
“Someday if I no longer”: Wallace, 59.
“She seemed like my own grandmother”: Chicago Tribune, November 1, 1953.
“We never hurt anybody”: Ibid.
Minna died: Death certificate #20750 for Minna Lester Simms, issued by the Department of Health, Borough of Manhattan. Her nephew, William Simms, filled out the death certificate and listed “Lester” as Minna’s middle name. He also indicated that she had never been married or divorced, and listed her former occupation as “housework.”
Ada was stuck home: Elyria (Ohio) Chronicle Telegram, September 17, 1948.
Ada followed Minna: Charlottesville (Virginia) Daily Progress, January 4, 1960.
“Best Wishes for a Happy”: Wallace, 65–66.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS
Chicago History Museum, Chicago, Illinois:
Clifford Barnes Papers
Ernest Bell Papers
Church Federation of Greater Chicago Papers
University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Chicago, Illinois:
Chicago Committee of Fifteen Papers
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois:
Lawrence J. Gutter Collection of Chicagoana, Department of Special Collections
Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois:
Carter H. Harrison IV Papers, Roger and Julie Baskes Department of Special Collections Graham Taylor Papers, Roger and Julie Baskes Department of Special Collections
The Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, New York:
Bureau of Social Hygiene Records
GOVERNMENT ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS AND REPORTS
Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Series A: Subject Correspondence Files, Part 5: Prostitution and “White Slavery,” 1902–1933.
U.S. v. Johnson, General Records of the Department of Justice, File Number 16421, Record Group 60.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Immigration. White-Slave Traffic Report to Accompany H.R. 12315.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. A Partial Report from the Immigration Commission on the Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes. S. Doc. 196, 61st Cong., 2d sess., 1909.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. A Partial Report from the Immigration Commission on Changes in Bodily Form of the Descendants of Immigrants. S. Doc. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess., 1909.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Reports of the Immigration Commission. 61st Cong., 3d sess., 1910. Vol .19. Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. Changes in Bodily Form of the Descendants of Immigrants. 61st Cong., 2d sess., 1911. Vol. 38.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested in the Subject of Immigration. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1911.
———. Reports of the Immigration Commission. (final). Washington, D.C.: Governement Printing Office, 1911.
BOOKS, ARTICLES, DISSERTATIONS
Addams, Jane. A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil. New York: Macmillan Co., 1913.
———. The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets. New York: Macmillan Co., 1909.
Algren, Nelson. Chicago: City on the Make. Garden City, NY: Doubleday: 1951.
Anderson, Eric. “Prostitution and Social Justice: Chicago, 1910–1915.” Social Servic
e Review (June 1974).
Anonymous. Twenty Tales by Twenty Women: From Real Life in Chicago. Chicago: Novelty Publishing Co., 1903.
Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of Chicago. New York: Knopf, 1940.
Bailey, Beth L. From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth Century America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
Barnes, Clifford. “The Story of the Committee of Fifteen of Chicago.” Social Hygiene (April 1918).
Barry, Kathleen. Female Sexual Slavery. New York: Avon Books, 1979.
Beaton, Ralph. The Anti-Vice Crusader and the Social Reformer. Dallas: Southwestern Printing Co., 1918.
Bell, Ernest. “New and Pending Laws.” Light (May 1910).
———, ed. War on the White Slave Trade: Fighting the Traffic in Young Girls. Chicago: G. S. Ball, 1910.
Bell Daniels, Olive. From the Epic of Chicago: A Biography, Ernest A. Bell, 1865–1928. Menasha: George Banta Publishing Co., 1932.
Bingham, Theodore. The Girl That Disappears: The Real Facts About the White Slave Traffic. Boston: Gorham Press, 1911.
Bird, Caroline. Enterprising Women. New York: W. W. Norton, 1976.
Blair, Cynthia Maria. “Vicious Commerce: African-American Women’s Sex Work and the Transformation of Urban Space in Chicago, 1850–1915.” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1999.
Blesh, Rudi. “Maple Leaf Rag.” American Heritage (June 1975).
Blum, Marjorie Christine. “Prostitution and the Progressive Vice Crusade.” Master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1967.
Boehm, Lisa Beth Krissoff. Popular Culture and the Enduring Myth of Chicago: 1871–1968. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Bowen, Louise de Koven. “Dance Halls.” The Survey, June 3, 1911.
———. The Department Store Girl. Chicago: Juvenile Protective Association, 1911.
———. Five and Ten Cent Theaters: Two Investigations. Chicago: Juvenile Protective Association, 1911.
Boyer, Paul. Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Brandt, Allan. No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Bristow, Edward J. Prostitution and Prejudice: The Jewish Fight Against White Slavery, 1870–1939. New York: Schocken Books, 1983.