by Mark Cousins
use of symbolism 242–243
EI sol del membrillo/The Quince Tree Sun (Spain, 1992) 436, 468
The Elephant Man (USA, 1980) 390, 394, 394
Elton, Arthur (British director) 158
The Emperor’s Naked Army Marches On (Japan, 1987) 83, 404, 405
The Empire Strikes Back (USA, 1980) 198, 390, 391
The Enemy (Turkey, 1979) 375
Les Enfants du paradis/The Children of Paradise (France, 1945) 162–163
Enthusiasm (Russia, 1994) 466–467
Entr’acte/Interval (France, 1927) 109, 109, 110, 148
Epstein, Jean (French director) 90
Eraserhead (USA, 1977) 394, 455
Erice, Victor (Spanish director) 138, 468, 484
Erin Brockovich (USA, 2000) 454
Et Dieu crée la femme/And God Created Woman (France, 1956) 263, 263
E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial (US, 1982) 108, 390
Eternity and a Day (Greece, 1998) 376
Ethiopian cinema 372–373
Europa (Poland, 1932) 152
European cinema 12, 57–58, 438 1970s New Wave films 282–295 1980s New Style 407–414 1990s to present 461–468
Eustache, Jean (French director) 329–330
The Evil Plant (Italy, 1912) 242
The Exorcist (USA, 1973) 138, 169, 378–380, 379, 385, 395, 475
The Eye (Hong Kong, 2002) 473, 475
Eyes Without a Face (France, 1959) 138
F
The Falls (UK, 1980) 413
Far From Heaven (USA, 2003) 231, 232
Farrokhzad, Farough (Iranian director) 83, 314–315, 373–374, 430, 438
Fassbinder, Rainer Werner (German director) 232, 353, 354, 355, 358, 470, 471, 489
Fat City (USA, 1972) 345, 346, 351
Fatal Attraction (USA, 1987) 63
Faye, Safi (Senegalese director) 371
Fearless (USA, 1993) 364
The Fearless Vampire Killers (USA, 1967) 301–302
La Fée aux choux/The Cabbage Fairy (France, 1896) 26
Fellini, Federico (Italian director) 9, 73, 248–250, 251, 254, 263, 264, 289, 326, 327
Une Femme mariée/A Married Woman (France, 1959) 392
Fernandez, Emilio (Mexican director) 204
Ferreri, Marco (Spanish director) 291–292
Festen/The Celebration (Denmark, 1998) 461, 466
The Fifth Element (France/USA, 1997) 408
Figgis, Mike (British director) 467–468
film formats:
CinemaScope 13, 222, 223, 229, 463
Cinématographe 23
Cinéorama 32
Cinérama 94
stereoscopic/“3-D” 223–224, 231 Techniscope 288
widescreen 28, 220–224, 227, 257, 263, 265, 283, 287–288
film genres:
animation/Anime/cartoon 108–110, 137, 165–167, 244–246, 303, 405–406, 477–478
biker 319, 321–323
boxing 343, 345, 391;
comedy 32, 50, 51, 62, 69–82, 80, 102–103, 109, 137, 142, 143, 146, 159, 213–215, 240, 250, 255, 261, 263, 291
documentaries/semi-documentaries 83, 101, 106, 155, 158–159, 173, 199, 227, 258, 277–278, 297, 299, 304, 305, 370, 468
fantasy/reality 85, 110–111, 168, 199–200, 214, 290, 390
gangster films 137, 140–141, 269, 288, 350, 448–454
historical drama 39, 46, 52, 86, 123, 250
horror films 137–138, 141, 169, 473–477, 484
martial arts 210, 236–237, 406, 468–469
melodrama 137, 146, 181, 236, 255–256, 258, 265
musicals 89, 121–122, 141, 143, 146, 148–149, 159, 181, 183, 194, 213–215, 225, 250, 265, 299, 343, 345–346
mythologicals 46, 123, 150, 477–478 romantic 15, 67, 90, 122, 161, 168, 171, 355
samurai 366, 385
science fiction 101, 227, 258, 319, 323–325, 343, 378, 415, 416;
serial films 45, 142
social films 39, 46, 65, 67, 86, 89, 123, 207, 210, 236, 292
space/supernatural themes 379–380, 382–385, 405–406
spiritual/religous themes 12, 46, 219, 246–250, 307, 391–392, 429, 468
suspense/thrillers/spy dramas 38, 96, 156, 196, 199, 263, 323–324, 366–367
war films 137, 173, 181, 334, 336, 343
Westerns 69, 137, 141–142, 143, 212, 221, 229–230, 259–260
spaghetti Westerns 287
film language 51, 269, 271, 316, 326, 428
film (photographic):
colour 31, 223
invention/development of 22–23
patents issues 41–42, 45
film studios 15, 20, 22, 26, 42, 45, 51, 63, 64, 71, 127, 142, 222
filmmaking styles 224–232
abstraction 108–109, 131, 148–150, 263, 288, 325–326, 360, 394, 491
anti-expressiveness 251–253
avant-garde 150–164, 264, 321 blockbusters 169, 378, 406, 432, 480
British “Free Cinema” 298–300, 304 classicism 15, 67, 112, 161, 219 closed romantic realism 67–69, 76, 79, 87, 89, 96, 102, 141, 146, 183, 206, 246, 252, 261–262, 285, 325
collage 152, 276, 314
Dadaist 109
Direct Cinema/Cinema Verité 278 dissident 89, 192, 264, 272, 335–341, 365–366
Dogme manifesto 461–462
“film noir” (“dark film”) 195–197, 213, 215, 350, 481
French impressionism 62, 79, 90–92, 94–95, 214, 264, 321
German expressionism 62, 79, 94–96, 101, 137, 155, 176, 188, 197, 256, 264
Japanese horror 473–477, 484 “kitchen sink” 299–300 madness theme 96–99
male themes 389–390
naturalism 62, 79, 83–84, 86–87, 90, 95, 97, 161, 240
neo-realism 188–193, 206, 209–210, 213, 215, 234, 237, 271, 279, 283, 284, 288, 289, 305
New Cinema 330–333
New Queer Cinema 282
New Wave 264, 268–327, 329, 335, 337, 352, 389, 461, 482
realism 16, 67–68, 95, 159–160 Soviet montage 264, 270
surrealism 110–111, 167, 210, 243, 260, 396
symbolism and metaphors 47, 242–250, 252, 254, 260, 294, 373, 443, 475, 482
Third Cinema 239–240, 368–377, 431, 481, 484;
Third World cinema 239–240, 311, 313, 368–377, 431, 480–481, 484
filmmaking techniques:
agitprop trains (Russian) 103–104 “bullet time” 460
“Cabiria movements” 30, 48 cameras 28, 39–40, 68
CGI (computer generated imagery)
456–458, 484
chase sequences 36–37, 109
close-ups 27, 30–32, 30, 32, 33,
36, 44, 56, 65, 106 cutting/intercutting 27, 29, 32, 37–38,
55–56, 56, 269–270, 277
“dead time” approach 470–471, 472, 484
deep staging 193–195, 199, 210, 223, 241
dolly shots 29–30, 32, 36, 54, 105–106
DykstraFlex cameras 383
editing techniques 36, 38, 55, 95, 105–106, 110, 175, 180, 194, 275
eye-line matching 56, 57, 57 “focus pull” 30
hypnotic repetition 281–282
lighting 36, 39, 45, 51–52, 56, 83, 96–98
“pan-cinor” lens 264 Panaglide/Steadicams 352
“phantom ride” 25–26, 32, 36
reverse angle shooting 39–40, 51, 56, 274
Russian editing 102–106, 175 shot style/length 68, 277
sound recording 118–122, 123, 277 spatial effects 128–129, 130 tableau shots 47–48
Le Fils/The Son (Belgium, 2002) 464
Fincher, David (American director) 101
II Fiore delle Mille e Una Notta/The Arabian Nights (Italy, 1974) 331, 331
Fist of Fury (Hong Kong, 1973) 364–365, 365
Fitzcarraldo (Germany, 1982) 357–358
Flaherty, Robert (American director) 82–83, 89, 101, 158, 159, 278
Flashdance (USA, 1983) 398
Flesh and the Devil (USA, 1926) 64, 67, 68, 68, 175
Flirtation of the Girls (Egypt, 1949) 240
The Fly (USA, 1986) 416–417, 416, 474
Foolish Wives (USA, 1921) 65
Forbidden Paradise (USA, 1924) 80–81
Force of Evil (USA, 1948) 140, 141
Ford, John (American director) 53, 67, 69, 102, 112, 142, 172–175, 180, 195, 200–201, 210, 212, 221, 227, 243, 246, 257–258, 259
Forman, Milos (Czech/UK director) 304, 305, 411–412
Forsyth, Bill (Scottish director) 411–412
42nd Street (USA, 1942) 50, 148
Fosse, Bob (American director) 345, 348
Foster, Bill (American director) 50
The 400 Blows (France, 1959) 359
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (USA, 1921) 67
Four Weddings and a Funeral (UK, 1994) 467
Foursome (USA, 1928) 102
Franju, Georges (French director) 138
Frankenstein (USA, 1931) 136, 137–138, 141
Frantic (USA, 1988) 301
Frears, Stephen (UK director) 412
Fred Ott’s First Sneeze (UK, 1894) 20, 30
French cinema 12, 39–40, 45, 69, 89,
111, 122, 140, 171–172, 206, 329–330
1930s 150–151, 161–163, 199
1980s New Style 407–408
1990s to present 463–465
Impressionism 62, 79, 90–92, 94–95, 264, 321
Nouvelle Vague (New Wave) 269–277
post-war/1950s 193, 201, 250–254, 262–264
The French Connection (USA, 1971) 379
Freund, Karl (Austrian director) 94–95, 100, 109–110, 138, 153
Friedkin, William (American director) 138, 379–381, 475
Frogland (France, 1922) 109
Frost (Germany, 1998) 466
Fuller, Sam (American director) 62
G
Gance, Abel (French director) 90, 91–94, 95, 101, 109, 148, 152, 154, 210, 220, 280, 449, 475
Gangavataran (India, 1937) 46
Gate of Hell (Japan, 1953) 220
Gates of Hell (Japan 1954) 263
II Gattopardo/The Leopard (Italy, 1963) 289
Gaumont, Léon (French director) 26
The General Line (Soviet Union, 1929) 175
The General (USA, 1926) 77–78, 77, 156, 261
A Generation (Poland, 1954) 242
Gentleman’s Agreement (USA, 1947) 227
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (USA, 1953) 143
Gerima, Haile (Ethiopian director) 15, 372–373
German cinema 24, 29, 89 1920s 62, 79, 90, 95–101 Expressionism 137, 155, 188, 197 New German Cinema 352–358 post-war 188
Romanticism 466
under Nazis 153–155, 188
Germania anno zero/Germany Year Zero (Italy, France, Germany, 1947) 186, 191–192, 193
Gertie the Dinosaur (USA, 1909) 165
Gertrud (France, 1964) 275, 275, 294, 428
Ghatak, Ritwik (Indian director) 181–182, 208, 234, 237, 271, 316, 368, 488
Ghengis Khan (Philippines, 1950) 203
Ghostbusters ll (USA, 1989) 432
Ghostbusters (US, 1984) 390
The Girl with the Hat Box (USSR, 1927) 81, 103, 168
Gladiator (USA, 2000) 456–457, 457
Godard, Jean Luc (French director) 10–11, 108, 269–271, 273–274, 275, 276, 283, 291, 314, 326, 340, 462, 488
The Godfather films (USA, 1970, 1972) 63, 139, 141, 337, 348–350, 377–378
Gods and Monsters (USA, 1998) 138
Gojira/Godzilla (Japan, 1954) 221
Gold Diggers of 1933 (USA, 1933) 89, 117, 146, 148, 183
The Gold Rush (USA, 1925) 72
The Golem (Germany, 1920) 137
Gombrich’s schema plus correction/ variation 12, 13, 27, 488
Gone with the Wind (USA, 1939) 50, 64, 106, 168, 168, 169–170, 171, 171, 182, 193, 201, 204, 252, 325, 341, 378
González Iñárritu, Alejandro (Mexican director) 481–482, 484
Good Men, Good Women (Taiwan, 1995) 422
The Good Soldier of Schwiek (Czechoslovakia, 1954) 245, 245
Good Will Hunting (USA, 1997) 455
GoodFellas (USA, 1990) 148, 448–450, 448, 481
Goren, Serif (Turkish director) 375
Götterdämmerung/The Damned (Italy/Germany, 1969) 332, 332
The Graduate (USA, 1967) 322
La Grande bleu/The Big Blue (France, 1988) 408
La Grande illusion/Grand Illusion (France, 1937) 161–162, 171
Grandma’s Reading Glasses (UK, 1900) 30–31, 30, 44
The Grandmother (Burkina Faso, 1989) 432
The Grapes of Wrath (USA, 1940) 173, 176
Grease (USA, 1978) 63
The Great Dictator (USA, 1940) 72
Great Expectations (USA, 1997) 482–483
The Great McGinty (USA, 1940) 65
The Great Train Robbery (USA, 1903) 37, 148, 449, 449
Greed (USA, 1924) 64, 86–87, 87, 243, 258
Greek cinema 291, 376
The Green Berets (USA, 1968) 409
Greenaway, Peter (British director) 412, 413
Gregory’s Girl (UK, 1981) 411, 411
Gremlins (USA, 1984) 398, 398
Grierson, John (British director) 106, 155, 158, 299
Griffith, D.W. (American director) 32, 38, 51, 52, 54–56, 57, 67, 71, 81, 92, 104–105, 127, 144, 154, 165, 178, 201, 211, 246, 275, 280
Guazzoni, Enrico (Italian director) 47
Guerra, Ruy (Brazilian director) 313
Güney, Yilmaz (Turkish director) 374–376, 375
Guy-Blaché, Alice (French director) 26, 26, 822
Guzmán, Patricio (Chilean director) 377
Gycklarnas Afton/Sawdust and Tinsel (Sweden, 1953) 247
H
Hachigatsu No Rapusodi/Rhapsody in August (Japan, 1991) 212
La Haine/Hate (France, 1995) 463
Hall, Howard (American director) 224
Hamlet (UK, 1948) 300, 302
The Hand (Czechoslovakia, 1965) 245–246, 245
Hand, David (American director) 164
Haneke, Michael (Austrian director) 180, 464–465, 468, 477, 484
Happiness (Soviet Union, 1935) 160
Happy Together (Hong Kong, 1997) 470
Hara, Kazuo (director) 83
Harburg, Yip (lyricist) 49–50
A Hard Day’s Night (UK, 1964) 299
Hark, Tsui (Hong Kong director) 406, 419, 421, 446
Harlan, Veit (German director) 155, 188
Hartley, Hal (American director) 454
Harvest: 3,000 Years (Ethiopia, 1975) 372–373, 373
Haunted Spooks (USA, 1920) 74
Hawks, Howard (American director) 139, 143–145, 197, 210, 257, 258, 261–262, 380
Haynes, Todd (American director) 232
Heat (USA, 1995) 447–448
Heaven’s Gate (USA, 1980) 71, 386, 386, 390
Hecht, Ben (American director) 143
Help! (UK, 1965) 300
Hepworth, Cecil (British director) 26, 46
The Herd (Turkey, 1978) 375
Here’s Your Life (Sweden, 1968) 294
Herz Aus Glas/Heart of Glass (West Germany, 1976) 357
Herzog, Werner (German director) 353, 357–358
Hibiscus Town (China, 1986) 310
The Hidden Fortress (Japan, 1958) 212, 384, 385, 401
His Last Fight (USA, 1967) 50–51, 274
His Love’s Crucible aka Mortal Clay (Sweden, 1922) 84
The Hitch-Hiker (USA, 1953) 198–199
Hitchcock, Alfred (American director) 30, 38, 98, 106, 138, 154, 155–157, 181, 191–192, 224, 228–229, 243, 246, 247, 257, 258, 260, 279, 302, 318, 326, 338, 421
Hollywood 16, 36, 42, 43 1920s golden era 62–69
blockbusters 169, 378, 406, 432, 480
comedies/musicals 69–79, 213–215 studios/studio sys
tem 62–64, 70, 135, 201
Home Alone (USA, 1990) 390
Un Homme et une femme/A Man and a Woman (France, 1966) 275–276
Hondo, Mohamed Abid (“Med”) 431
Hong Kong cinema 69, 134, 140, 203, 210, 215, 310, 419, 421–422
modernism 364–365, 406 New Asian style 469–470
Shaw brothers 235–237, 310, 364, 469
Hong Sen (Vietnamese director) 472
Hopper, Dennis (American director) 272, 281, 319, 335–336
Horí, má Panenko/The Fireman’s Ball (Czechoslovakia, 1967) 304
The Horse that Bolted (USA, 1907) 38, 55
Hou Hsiao-Hsien (Taiwanese director) 180, 421–422, 471
The House on 92nd Street (USA, 1945) 199, 199
House of Wax (USA, 1953) 224
Housing Problems (UK, 1935) 158–159, 278
How to Marry a Millionaire (USA, 1953) 223, 224
How the West was Won (USA, 1962) 94
Howard’s End (UK, 1992) 409
Hu, King (Hong Kong director) 69, 406
The Hudsucker Proxy (USA, 1994) 453
Huillet, Daniel (German director) 353
L’ Humanité/Humanity (France, 1999) 463–464, 463
Humberto Hermosillo, Jaime (Mexican director) 481
Humherstone, Bruce (American director) 214
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (USA, 1906) 165
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (USA, 1923) 67
Hungarian cinema 180, 302–303, 306, 424, 466
Las Hurdes/Land Without Bread (Spain, 1932) 150
The Hustler (USA, 1961) 100
Huston, John (American director) 83, 159, 179, 193, 278, 345
Hyènes/Hyenas (Switzerland/France/ Senegal, 1993) 371
Hypocrites (USA, 1914) 82
I
l am Cuba (USSR/Cuba, 1963) 309
I am Curious, Yellow (Sweden, 1967) 293
I Was Born, But … (Japan, 1932) 126–128, 128, 219, 252
Ichikawa, Kon (Japanese director) 221
Idioterne/The Idiots (Denmark, 1998) 462
If … (UK, 1968) 151, 258
Im Kwon-taek (South Korean director) 469
Imamura, Shohei (Japanese director) 10, 131, 271, 296–297, 326, 327, 404, 442, 477
Impotence (Senegal, 1974) 371–372
In a Lonely Place (USA, 1950) 229
In the Mood for Love (Hong Kong/France, 2000) 470, 470
In the Realm of the Senses (Japan, 1976) 296
In Which We Serve (UK, 1942) 256
Ince, Ralph (American director) 50–51, 274
Indian cinema 14, 29, 46, 69, 123–124,
140, 189, 206–209, 210, 215, 368
1920s 85–86
Calcutta Film Society 237
genres/styles 46, 79, 86, 123;