by Mark Cousins
Television Photo Archive/photo by MacJulian/MPTV.net; 145T Joel Finler Collection; 145B Ronald Grant Archive /RKO; 146 Ronald Grant Archive/Saticoy Productions; 147 Ronald Grant Archive/ Hal Roach Studios; 148 BFI/MGM; 149 Ronald Grant Archive/Orion Pictures; 150 Ronald Grant Archive/Paramount Pictures; 151 Joel Finler Collection; 152T BFI /Cinedia; 152B BFI/Themerson; 153 BFI 154 BFI; 156 BFI/Gaumont British Picture Corporation Ltd.; 157 Chrysalis Image Library/London Film Productions; 158 Ronald Grant Archive/GPO Film Unit; 160 Ronald Grant Archive/Mosfilm; 161 Joel Finler Collection; 163 Ronald Grant Archive/Cine-Alliance; 164 BFI/Paris Film; 165 © Disney Enterprises, Inc.; 166 Photofest/© Disney Enterprises, Inc.; 167 © Disney Enterprises, Inc.; 168T Moviestore Collection/MGM; 168C Kobal Collection/MGM; 168B Moviestore Collection/MGM; 169 The Wizard of Oz, Victor Fleming et al, USA, 1939; 171
Gone with the Wind, Victor Fleming et AI, USA, 1939; 172 Joel Finler Collection; 173 Joel Finler Collection; 174BFI /Copacabana Filmes; 175T Naniwa Elegy, Kenji Mizoguchi, Japan, 1936; 175B Le Crime de Monsieur Lange, Jean Renoir, France, 1935; 176 BFI/Alpine Films; 178 Citizen Kane, Orson Welles, USA, 1941; 179T The Maltese Falcon, John Huston, USA, 1941; 179B Joel Finler Collection; 180T Ronald Grant Archive/Mafilm; 180B Ronald Grant Archive, The/Warner Bros.; 182 Ronald Grant Archive/Rank/Carlton International; 186 Ronald Grant Archive/DEFA; 189 BFI/Shochiku Films Ltd.; 190 Joel Finler Collection; 192 Joel Finler Collection; 195 Joel Finler Collection; 196 BFI/20th Century-Fox; 197 Kobal Collection/Warner Bros.; 198T Kobal Collection/RKO; 198B
Ronald Grant Archive/RKO; 199T Citizen Kane, Orson Welles, USA, 1941; 199B Ronald Grant Archive/20th Century-Fox; 200 It’s a Wonderful Life, Frank Capra, USA, 1946; 201 Ronald Grant Archive /20th Century Fox; 202 BFI/lnternational Film Circuit; 204 Joel Finler Collection; 205 Joel Finler Collection; 206 BFI /Equipe Moacyr Fenelon; 207 BFI/IPTA Pictures; 208 Photofest; 209T BFI /Ritwick; 209B BFI/Atenea Films S.L; 211 Kobal Collection/Ultramar Films; 212 BFI/Daiei Motion Picture Co. Ltd.; 213 BFI/Daiei Motion Picture Co. Ltd.; 214 Ronald Grant Archive /Paramount Pictures; 216 Photofest; 218 Moviestore Collection/Daiei; 219 Ronald Grant Archive/Shochiku Films; 220 Gate of Hell, Teinosuke Kinugasa, Japan, 1953; 222 Ronald Grant Archive/Toho Co.; 223 BFI/20th Century Fox; 224 Ronald Grant Archive/20th Century Fox; 226 Kobal Collection/Warner Bros.; 228 Chrysalis Image Library/Columbia Pictures
Corporation/Horizon Pictures; 229 Kobal Collection/Republic Pictures Corporation; 230 BFI/Universal International Pictures; 231 BFI/Clear Blue Sky Productions/John Wells Productions; 232 Moviestore Collection/Mehboob/Eros; 233 Mother India, Mehboob, India, 1957; 235 Paper Flowers, Guru Dutt, India, 1959; 236 Ronald Grant Archive/Run Run Shaw; 238 Joel Finler Collection/The Satyajit Ray Society/The Ray Family; 239T The Satyajit Ray Society/The Ray Family; 239B The Satyajit Ray Society/The Ray Family; 239C BFI/The Satyajit Ray Society/The Ray Family; 241 BFI/Studios AI Ahram; 243 BFI; 244 Joel Finler Collection; 245T BFI; 245B BFI; 246 BFI/Palladium Film; 248 Kobal Collection/Svensk Filmindustri; 249 Joel Finler Collection; 253 Lebrecht Collection/Rue des Archives/Lebrecht Music & Arts; 254T Ronald Grant Archive /Les Films du Carrosse; 254B BFI /Documento; 255 BFI; 256 Moviestore Collection/Columbia; 259 Moviestore Collection/Warner Bros.; 260 Ronald Grant Archive/Universal International; 261 Moviestore Collection /Hitchcock/ Paramount; 262 BFI/Florida Films/Oska-Film GmbH; 263 Ronald Grant Archive/Cocinor; 264 BFI/Cini-Tamaris; 266 BFI/Paramount Pictures; 270
Ronald Grant Archive/Imperia; 273 Image France/Raymond Cauchetier; 275 Ronald Grant Archive/Palladium Film; 276 Photofest; 278 Ronald Grant Archive/Lion International; 279 Kobal Collection /Paramount; 280 Ronald Grant Archive /Universal Pictures; 281 Andy Warhol Foundation/© The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, A museum of Carnegie
Institute. All rights reserved; 282 BFI /Arco Film S.r.L.; 283 Art Archive /Dagli Orti; 285 Ronald Grant Archive /Arco Film; 286 Ronald Grant Archive /Cineriz; 287 Photofest; 288 Ronald Grant Archive/Warner Bros.; 289 Ronald Grant Archive/Titanus; 290T Ronald Grant Archive/Cineriz; 290B La Notte, Michelangelo Antonioni, Italy, 1961; 291 Kobal Collection/Film 59; 292 Ronald Grant Archive/Film 59; 293 Ronald Grant Archive/Elias Querejeta Producciones; 294 Persona, Ingmar Bergman, Sweden, 1966; 296 Photofest; 297 Photofest; 298 Kobal Collection/Woodfall /Associated British; 299 Ronald Grant Archive/Rank/Carlton International; 301 Kobal Collection/Film Polski; 302 Ronald Grant Archive/Paramount Pictures; 303T Photofest; 303B Kobal Collection/Mafilm /Mosfilm; 304 Kobal Collection /Ceskoslovensky Film; 305 Kobal Collection/Filmove Studio Barrandov; 306 Ronald Grant Archive/Mosfilm; 308 Kobal Collection/Dovzhenko Films; 309 Ronald Grant Archive/Armenfilm; 310 Ronald Grant Archive/Tianma Film; 311Photofest; 312 BFI; 313 Kobal Collection/Cuban
State Film; 314 BFI/Studio Golestan; 315 BFI; 317 Kobal Collection/lnfrakino Film; 319 Kobal Collection; 320 Ronald Grant Archive/Saticoy Productions; 322 Ronald Grant Archive/Warner Bros.; 323 Ronald Grant Archive/Warner Bros.; 324-5 Photofest; 328 Ronald Grant Archive /Columbia Pictures; 331 Kobal Collection /PEA/Artistes Associes; 332 Kobal Collection/Pegaso/ltalnoleggio /Praesidens/Eichberg; 333T Kobal Collection/Mars/Marianne/Maran; 333B Kobal Collection/Paramount; 334 Kobal Collection/Prod Europee Asso/Prods Artistes Association; 335 Kobal Collection /Universal; 336 Ronald Grant Archive /20th Century Fox; 338 Ronald Grant Archive/Paramount Pictures; 339 Ronald Grant Archive/Warner Bros.; 340 Kobal Collection/United Artists; 342 Ronald Grant Archive/Winger; 343 Kobal Collection/YEAH; 344 Kobal Collection /United Artists; 345 Photofest; 346-7 Kobal Collection/United Artists; 348
Kobal Collection/Columbia; 349 Kobal Collection/ABC/Allied Artists; 350 Photofest; 351Ronald Grant Archive /Paramount Pictures; 354 Ronald Grant Archive/Tango Film; 355T Kobal Collection /Universal; 355B Kobal Collection /Filmverlag der Autoren; 356 Ronald
Grant Archive/Helma Sanders-Brahms Filmproduktion; 357 Ronald Grant Archive /Werner Herzog Filmproduktion; 358 Ronald Grant Archive/Kestrel Films; 359 Women in Love, Ken Russell, UK, 1969; 360 Ronald Grant Archive/Cinegate; 361 Ronald Grant Archive/Warner Bros.; 362 Ronald Grant Archive/20th Century Fox; 363 Ronald Grant Archive, The/Picnic Productions Pty.; 365 Ronald Grant Archive/Golden Harvest Company; 366 BFI/lnternational Film Company; 367 Ronald Grant Archive/G P Sippy; 370 BFI/Cinegrit; 371 BFI; 372 Ronald Grant Archive/Films Domireew; 373 BFI/Halle Gerima; 374 Photofest; 375 Ronald Grant Archive; 379 Ronald Grant Archive/Warner Bros.; 380 Ronald Grant Archive/Universal Pictures; 383 Kobal Collection/Lucas Film/20th Century Fox; 384 Ronald Grant Archive/Toho; 386 Kobal Collection/United Artists; 388 BFI/Anglo International Films; 390 Kobal Collection/United Artists; 391 Moviestore Collection/Chartoff-Winkler/UA; 392 Photofest; 393 Kobal Collection /Universal; 394 Kobal Collection /Paramount; 395T Kobal Collection/De Laurentiis; 395B Ronald Grant Archive/De Laurentiis; 396 BFI/CIBY 2000/New Line Cinema; 398 Kobal Collection /Warner Bros.; 399 Ronald Grant Archive /Paramount Pictures; 400 BFI/Anabasis N.V/Carolco Entertainment; 401 BFI; 402-3 Ronald Grant Archive/Toho; 403 HoriPro Inc./© Kurosawa Production Inc. Licensed exclusively by HoriPro Inc.; 404
BFI/Higashi Productions; 405 Ronald Grant Archive/Imamura Productions; 406 BFI; 407 Ronald Grant Archive/Les Films Galaxie/Studio Canal +; 408 Corbis /Camboulive Patrick; 409 Photofest; 410 Ronald Grant Archive/EI Deseo S.A.; 411T Ronald Grant Archive/STV/NFFC; 411B Ronald Grant Archive/Goldcrest Films; 412 Kobal Collection/Working Title/ Channel 4; 413 Ronald Grant Archive/BFI /C4; 414 Young at Heart, Gordon
Douglas, USA, 1954; 415 Ronald Grant Archive/Kennedy Miller Productions; 416 Ronald Grant Archive/Brooksfilms; 417 Photofest; 420 Ronald Grant Archive /Guangxi Film Studio; 421 Ronald Grant Archive/Artificial Eye; 422 Ronald Grant Archive/Mosfilm; 423 Ronald Grant Archive/Mosfilm; 424 Kobal Collection /Film Polski; 426-7 Ronald Grant Archive /MK2; 429 BFI/Baobab Films; 430 BFI/ California Newsreel; 432 Ronald Grant Archive/Les Films Soleil; 435 Kobal Collection/Globo Films; 436 Ronald Grant Archive/Maria Moreno P.C.; 438 BFI/The Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults; 439 Ronald Grant Archive/IIDCYA; 440 Kobal Collection/Farabi Cinema/Kiarostami; 441Kobal Collect
ion/MK2/ Abbas Kiarostami Prod; 443 Moviestore Collection/Bac/Wildbunch/Makhmalbaf; 444 Photofest; 445 Photofest; 446 Photofest; 448 Goodfellas, Martin Scorsese, USA, 1990; 449 Ronald Grant Archive; 450 Moviestore Collection/A Band Apart/Jersey /Miramax; 452T
Ronald Grant Archive/Warner Bros.; 452B Ronald Grant Archive/Warner Bros.; 455 Ronald Grant Archive/New Line Cinema; 456T Moviestore Collection/Carolco; 456B Kobal Collection/MGM; 457 Kobal Collection/Dreamworks/Universal; 459 The Matrix, Andy Wachowski Larry Wachowski, USA, 1999; 460 Moviestore Collection/Groucho/Silver Pictures/Village /Warner Bros.; 462 Kobal Collection /Zentropa Ents.463 Ronald Grant Archive /Le Studio Canal +; 464 Funny Games, Michael Haneke, Austria/Switzerland, 1997; 465 Photofest; 467 Ronald Grant Archive/C4; 469 Ronald Grant Archive/ln-Gear Film/Golden Network; 470
Photofest; 471 BFI/Central Motions Picture Corporation; 472 BFI; 474 Ronald Grant Archive/Kaijyu Theatre/Toshiba-EMI K.K.; 475 Moviestore Collection /Kadokawa Shoten/Omega; 476 Kobal Collection/Kadokawa Shoten; 477 Photofest; 478 Photofest; 479 Moviestore Collection/Cinetelefilms/Mat Films/Capitol Films; 480 Photofest; 482 Photofest; 483 Photofest; 486 Moviestore Collection/Egoli Tossell Film /Fora Film/Hermitage Films/Artificial Eye; 490 Ronald Grant Archive, The/Hal
Roach; 491T Photofest; 491B Kobal Collection/Satyajit Ray Films.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Story of Film has its origins in an article about my TV series Scene by Scene, commissioned by Ruth Metzstein for London’s Independent on Sunday. In it, I wrote that there is no accessible, single-volume history of world cinema for intelligent general readers. Vivien James at Pavilion asked me twice to write such a book, so what you have before you was as much her idea as mine.
Thereafter, many people were involved. My peerless agent Caroline Chignell at PBJ management taught me so much about the world of books. Lizzy Gray, my editor, was central to the project, her dedication driving it throughout. Picture researcher Zoë Holtermann presented us with a treasure trove of images and found her way through the labyrinth of their permissions. She was adeptly helped by Jamie Dikomite and Tim Wright. When the exact picture was not available, Andrew Borthwick expertly sourced and burnt screen grabs. Tony Rayns generously provided tapes for the latter. Alexander Ballinger helped standardize the film titles and iron out inconsistencies.
After I delivered the manuscript, Pavilion’s Kate Oldfield imaginatively squired it to its present state. Her overview was invaluable and I benefited from it. Designer Jason Godfrey presented the material with clarity and grace. Roger Hudson was a lucid, talented and tough editorial eye. David Parkinson was tougher still and his detailed comments improved this book. I appreciate, too, the wise responses of Kevin Macdonald, Walter Donohoe and Professor Grahame Smith. I would also like to thank the publishing team behind the scenes: Richard Quinn and Marcus Leaver. Thank you, also, Stuart Cooper. Phil at The Kobal Collection and Martin at The Ronald Grant Archive provided many of the wonderful images in the book.
GLM was with me throughout this project. Her vitality fuels mine.
Mark Cousins, Edinburgh, 2004
First published in Great Britain in 2004 by PAVILION BOOKS
Paperback edition published in 2006
Revised hardback edition published in 2011
This edition published 2012
Pavilion Books is an imprint of Anova Books Company Ltd
10 Southcombe Street
London W14 ORA
© Pavilion Books, 2004, 2011
Design © Pavilion Books, 2004
Text © Mark Cousins, 2004, 2011
The moral right of the author has been asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Assistant Publisher: Kate Oldfield
Editor: Lizzy Gray
Picture researcher: Zoë Holterman
Picture research assistants: Jamie Dikomite, Miguel Lamas and Tim Wright
Editorial assistant: Carly Madden
Designer: Jason Godfrey at Godfrey Design
Production manager: Oliver Jeffreys
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A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Ebook ISBN: 9781909108141
Hardback ISBN: 9781862059429
www.anovabooks.com