Stalin, Volume 1
Page 173
Alliluyeva, Olga, 193, 594
Alliluyeva, Svetlana, 10, 595, 633, 719
Alliluyev family, 155, 193, 466
All-Russia Congress of Muslims, 183
All-Russia Congress of Peasants’ Deputies, First, 187
All-Russia Cooperative Society, 631–32
Alma-Ata, 676–79, 719
American Relief Administration (ARA), 448–49
anarchism, anarchists, 39, 334
“Anarchism or Socialism?” (Stalin), 107–8, 544
Andreyev, Andrei, 457, 607, 666, 720
Andreyev, Nikolai, 275
Anglo-Russian Entente (1907), 109, 110, 135, 136, 140
Anna, tsarina, 88
anti-Semitism, 19, 99, 100, 326
Protocols of the Elders of Zion and, 100, 129
of Stalin, 112
in White armies, 325–26
Antonov, Alexander, 346, 381, 394
Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 346, 381, 394
apparatchiks, 426, 430, 431–32
“April Theses” (Lenin), 191
Arkhangelsk, 269
British landing at, 282, 283
Armand, Inessa, 151, 188, 285, 413, 531
Armenia, 238, 343, 365, 395, 397, 400, 475, 480
Armenians, 115, 479
in Georgia, 15, 496
in Tiflis, 29, 49, 479
Turkish genocide against, 150
Armenian Soviet Republic, 395
Article 107, 666, 669, 670, 681, 682, 700, 701, 705, 707, 713
Artuzov, Artur, 461, 635, 657
Asia:
Japanese imperialism in, 111
nationalist liberation movements in, 554
Russian expansion in, 68, 111, 554
Stalin’s views on revolution in, 625
Austria, 316, 347–48
Austria-Hungary, 2, 5, 6, 34–35, 109, 343
Balkans and, 141
Bosnia annexed by, 110, 142, 144
Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 258
in Great War, 140, 162, 185, 197, 200, 248–249, 269; see also Central Powers
in onset of Great War, 143–44, 148–49
wartime food shortages in, 251–52
autocratic system, Russian, 3, 10, 57–60, 88, 125
agriculture in, 65
bureaucracy of, 57–59, 69, 70–71, 83, 120
chancellery of, 430
constitutionalism and, 56, 60, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93–94, 98, 99, 100, 103, 109, 122, 127, 128, 132, 137, 157, 171, 173, 223
Council of Ministers in, 60, 86
Duma in, see Duma
Great War and collapse of, 173
industrialization in, 65
intransigence of, 54, 66–67, 74, 137, 157–58
mass politics as distasteful to, 130
modernity and, 62–63, 65–67
Peter the Great and, 56–57
political parties disdained by, 137, 157
political terrorism and, 101, 102, 103–4
prime ministership in, 83–85
uprisings of 1905–6 and, 81
automobiles, 612
as special interest of Stalin, 540–41
Avilov, Boris, 221, 258
Axelrod, Pavel, 45, 135, 188
Azerbaijan, 343, 365–66, 368, 395, 397, 400, 475, 480
Babel, Isaac, 359
Baku, 12, 50, 55, 266, 301
Congress of the Peoples of the East in, 367
oil industry in, 115, 283
proletariat in, 366
Red Army capture of, 366
Stalin in, 112, 114–16, 117, 121, 123
strikes in, 144
Baku-Batum pipelines, 51
Bakunin, Mikhail, 41–42, 191
Baku Proletarian, 106, 112
Balabanoff, Angelica, 531–32
Balashov, Alexei, 429, 431, 456–57
on Stalin, 468–69
Baldwin, Stanley, 559
Balk, Alexander, 167, 168, 169
Balkans, 141, 143
Balkan wars (1912–13), 142, 143
Balkaro-Kabarda, 688
Baltic fleet, as Bolshevik stronghold, 187
Baltic littoral, German occupation of, 243, 283
Balytsky, Vsevolod, 665, 688, 699
Balzac, Honore de, 36
banks, Bolshevik seizure of holdings of, 238–39
Barabashev, Oleg, 685
Baramyants, Iosif, 15–16
Barbusse, Henri, 1
Barmine, Alexander, on Stalin’s appearance, 427
Barnaul, 661–62, 668, 679, 681, 682
Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Bashkiria), 370–72, 447
Bashkir First Cavalry, 370
Bashkir Revolutionary Committee, 370
Bashkirs, 368, 369, 479
“Basmachi,” 371–72
Batum, 77, 301
massacre of workers in, 52, 53
Stalin in, 51–52
Bauer, Otto, 133, 347–48
Baumanis, Karlis (Bauman, Karl), 673
Bavarian Soviet Republic, 323–24
Bazhanov, Boris, 454, 455, 456, 458, 463, 523, 666–67
Beck, Józef, 562
Bedny, Demyan (Pridvorov, Yefim), 260, 602, 604
Belenky, Abram, 593–94
Belenky, Grigory, 603
Belgium:
in Great War, 145–46, 147, 152
in Locarno Pact, 561
Beloborodov, Alexander, 676
Belorussia, Belorussians, 98, 119, 125, 157, 353, 354, 388, 475, 546
as independent republic, 343, 368
Poland and, 352, 616–17
Soviet Union plan and, 475
Belorussian Soviet Republic, 406
Belostotsky, Ivan “Vladimir,” 124
Benes, Edvard, 316
Beria, Lavrenti, 8, 395, 542
Berlin, Treaty of (1926), 587, 588
Bernstein, Eduard, 78–79
Berzin, Jan (KUZIS, Peteris), 554, 618
Besser, Lidiya, 154
Bezobrazov, Alexander, 72
Bismarck, Otto von, 4, 70, 72, 83, 94, 95, 109, 113, 119, 139, 140, 141
on art of politics, 5–6
Russia and, 5, 7
unification of Germany by, 4, 5, 6–7, 18, 732
Bjorko, Treaty of, 110, 139
Black Hundreds (Holy Brigades), 77, 86, 99, 182
Black Repartition, 189
Black Sea, 12, 14
Blackshirts (squadristi), 549
Blacksmith Bridge, 15 (Kuznetskii most), 441
Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 79
Blanquism, 79, 80
Blok, Alexander, 130
Blok, Ivan, 74
Bloody Sunday, 73–74, 126, 164
Blyukher, Vasily, 629, 631, 644
Blyumkin, Yakov, 274–75
Bodoo, 402
Bogrov, Mordekhai “Dmitry,” 122
Boki, Gleb, 375, 433
Bolshevik (publication), 545 Bolshevik regime (1918–22):
armed insurrections against, 231
Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 257–58, 264–65, 269, 272–73, 283, 312, 315, 642
chaotic nature of, 230–33
civil war and, see civil war, Russian
and collapse of financial system, 238–39, 242
counterrevolution as obsession of, 233–34, 241, 244, 287–88, 290–91, 392–93
Dadaism compared with, 230, 232
decline of labor force under, 385
as dictatorship, 231
excluded from Versailles peace talks, 317
federalism and, 343
food shortages in, 290, 299–302, 307, 321–22
fuel shortages in, 321
grain monopoly of, 299
grain seizures by, 380, 389, 447
grassroots organizations targeted by, 336–37
Great War and, 231, 247
ideological zealotry of, 292–93, 597
Jews in, 340–41
Kamenev’s attempts to include other socialists in, 233–36
Mirbach on likely collapse of, 271, 272
national authority lacked by, 254–55
as party-state, 339, 345, 469
in peace talks with Central Powers, 249–50
Petrograd evacuated by, 259–61
police force lacked by, 240
propaganda machine of, 289–90
property seized by, 241–42
Red Terror of 1918 in, 287–88
Romanov property nationalized by, 281
siege mentality in, 338
Stalin as dominant force in, 295
Stalinist faction in, 390
state building by, see state building, Soviet
territory ceded by, 258
Trotskyist faction in, 390
tsarist debt repudiated by, 239
universal suffrage under, 243
see also Communist Party; Council of People’s Commissars; Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
Bolshevik regime (1918–22), bureaucracy of, 289–90, 427
corruption in, 292, 322, 337, 338, 527
elite perquisites in, 338
expansion of, 385, 578, 601
financial burden of, 337–38
hierarchical nature of, 337
incompetence in, 292, 424
internecine competition in, 420
redundancy in, 428–29
Bolshevik Revolution, 137, 233
as bourgeois democratic revolution, 407
Stalin in, 138, 177
Stalin’s view on, 555–56
see also February Revolution; October Revolution
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism, 3, 79, 103, 106, 108, 114, 118, 124, 137, 176
as alternative world order, 343
bourgeois historical phase expected by, 190
in Constituent Assembly election, 244–45
as enemies of colonialism, 368–69
excluded from Moscow State Conference, 206
at First Congress of Soviets, 196
given new life by Kornilov’s coup attempt, 212–13, 225
Kerensky’s treason charges against, 202–3
Lenin’s zealotry criticized by, 191–92
loss of confidence of, 213
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism (cont.)
Menshevik split with, 78, 79–81, 103, 108, 114, 122–23, 124, 137
October coup of, see October Revolution
peasants ignored by, 237, 426
Petrograd headquarters of, 186–87, 190, 191, 203, 215
Petrograd Soviet controlled by, 212–13, 218–19
political polarization welcomed by, 208
Prague conference of, 122–23
Provisional Government and, 177–78, 208
Russia Bureau of, 190, 222
Russian army agitation by, 198
Russification of, 348
7th (Extraordinary) Party Congress of, 259
6th Party Congress of, 204–5, 212
Stalin as, 112, 176–77
Tiflis bank robbery of, 113–14
Trotsky’s joining of, 200, 202
Bonch-Bruevich, Mikhail, 250, 328
Bonch-Bruevich, Vera, 285
Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, 240, 250, 260, 275, 276, 285, 287
Borisov, Sergei, 401–2
Borman, Arkady, 341
Borodin, Mikhail (Grusenberg), 628, 629, 631
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 110, 142, 144
bourgeoisie, 40
Marxist view of, 190, 292, 293
in Russia, 66
serf owners replaced by, 42
bourgeois revolution, 42, 78, 175, 195, 199, 407
Boxer rebellion, 64
Brandler, Heinrich, 509–10, 514–15, 525
Brdzola (Struggle), 50, 55, 348
Brest-Litovsk, 249, 354, 361
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 257–58, 264–65, 269, 272–73, 315, 389, 451, 459, 642
addenda to, 283
Left SR denunciation of, 273, 274
Russia’s repudiation of, 312
Briand, Aristide, 562
British empire, 4, 141, 151, 316
British intelligence, Russian codes cracked by, 391–92
Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich, Count von, 553, 559, 638, 691, 693, 704, 709
Chicherin and, 559–60
Broido, Gersh, 373
Bronstein, Aneta, 200
Bronstein, David, 200
Brusilov, Alexei, 162, 163, 164, 166, 185, 196, 197, 199, 248
Brutzkus, Boris, 239
Bryant, Louise, 440
Budyonny, Semyon, 345, 355–56, 357, 358, 359, 362, 363, 365, 456, 464
Bug River, 358
Bukhara, 90, 255, 342
Red Army sack of, 373–75
Bukharan People’s Soviet Republic, 375
Bukharin, Nikolai, 133, 246, 250, 256, 257, 259, 262, 276, 314, 322, 331, 334, 351, 354, 385, 389, 392, 414, 464, 469, 493, 497, 512, 535, 596, 608, 613, 619, 631, 632, 640, 656, 676, 686, 695, 708, 739
as alternative Soviet leader, 728–29
in “cave meeting,” 505, 506, 658
as Comintern head, 719
on “extraordinary measures” policy, 711–12
and German Communist coup attempt, 509–10
and “Ilich’s letter about the secretary,” 504–9, 512
on industrialization, 722
Kamenev and, 727
and Lenin’s death, 534
as Lenin’s possible successor, 492
Lenin’s Testament and, 499
NEP and, 569–71, 727
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 713–17, 720
in politburo, 596
Stalin and, 615–16, 707–8, 714–15, 718–19, 723
on Stalin’s dictatorship, 472, 474, 507–9, 513, 731
and succession power struggle, 563, 564, 578, 580, 584, 641–42, 644
Bulgakov, Mikhail, 620
Bulgaria, 316
failed Communist coup in, 514–15
Burckhardt, Jacob, 144
Campbell, Thomas, 700
capitalism, 39, 190, 482, 733
colonialism and, 625
Lenin on, 151, 291, 403, 444, 446, 625
Marxist view of, 39–40, 78–79, 151, 190, 288, 292, 347
nationalism and, 347
in Russia, 42, 195
Sokolnikov on, 565–66
Stalin on, 107, 444, 561, 562–63, 583, 653, 698–99
Carr, E. H., 739
Catherine I, tsarina, 88
Catherine II, “the Great,” tsarina, 89, 90, 263
Caucasus, 16, 43, 365, 439, 700
Bolsheviks in, 108, 266
British army in, 270, 397–98
Mensheviks in, 112, 124
political terrorism in, 115
Russian conquest of, 3, 12–13
Stalin’s 1926 trip through, 598, 600, 601
Central Asia, 372–76
Muslims in, 373–74
Russian expansion into, 67–68, 111
Central Committee, 123, 154, 191, 214, 233, 234, 235, 255, 271, 321, 322, 328, 329, 350, 385, 390, 426, 430, 434, 476, 488, 502, 577, 637, 730
Bolshevik takeover of, 122–23, 124, 133
&nb
sp; Bukharin’s triumvirate plan for, 512
dictatorial powers given to Lenin’s inner circle by, 243
economic naïvete of, 569
elections for, 193, 322, 497, 547, 584
and German peace talks, 250, 251, 256–57
grain shortages and, 665–66, 669, 673, 684
joint plenums of Central Control Commission and, 522–25, 608–9, 614, 640, 646–49, 651, 698–700, 709–10, 711
Kamenev’s resignation from, 235–36
Lenin’s criticisms of, 192
Lenin’s proposed expansion of, 485
October Revolution and, 214, 216
plenums of, 123, 328, 362, 411, 430, 477, 484, 485, 515–16, 522, 533, 546, 557, 586, 604, 605, 614, 622, 630–31, 639
as policy-making body, 428–29
and Polish-Soviet War, 359, 362
secretariat of, see secretariat
secret departments of, 434–35
Soviet Union plan approved by, 477, 484
Stalin in, 123–24, 132–33, 193
Stalin loyalists in, 454, 455
Stalin’s expansion of, 497
Stalin’s resignation offers to, 224, 508, 607, 614, 619, 648, 657–59, 660
trade monopoly upheld by, 484
Trotsky as chairman of, 214–15
Trotskyites excluded from, 390, 411–12, 423, 584, 651
Trotsky’s economic plan rejected by, 484
Trotsky’s expulsion from, 648
Zinoviev’s expulsion from, 648
Central Committee apparatus, 428–29, 433, 438
corruption and excess in, 518–19
Council of People’s Commissars functions duplicated by, 428–29
endless reports demanded by, 435
leaks and security violations in, 434
Molotov’s criticism of, 518–19
mystique of, 435
Old Square offices of, 429, 430–31
Stalin loyalists in, 453–57, 469–70
Stalin’s control of, 478, 486–87
Stalin’s expansion of, 425–26
Stalin’s obsession with fulfilling directives of, 433
Trotsky’s denunciation of, 518–19, 522
see also orgburo; politburo; secretariat
Central Control Commission, 375, 430, 451, 454, 502–3, 522, 577, 583, 594, 607–8, 614, 636, 640
circulation of Lenin’s Testament banned by, 540
joint plenums of Central Committee and, 522–25, 608–9, 614, 640, 646–49, 651, 698–700, 709–10, 711
Trotsky investigated by, 520
Central Powers, 140, 157, 196, 197
Lenin’s cease-fire offer to, 247–49
in peace talks with Bolsheviks, 249–50
Chagin, Pyotr (Boldovkin), 586
Chamberlain, Austen, 559, 561, 562
Charkviani, Kristopore, 16, 20, 21
chauvinism, Great Russian, 348, 407, 487, 496, 497