Lenin’s reliance on Stalin in, 229, 465, 608
and Lenin’s request for cyanide, 414, 493
Lenin’s stroke and, 412–15
Lenin’s Testament and, see Lenin’s Testament
mutual loyalty in, 192–93, 226, 234, 250, 255, 257, 341, 390, 735
and plan for Soviet Union, 476–77
Stalin’s 1921 illness and, 398–99
Stalin’s Central Committee appointment and, 123–24
and Stalin’s expanded role, 411–12, 417
and Stalin’s willingness to criticize Lenin’s ideas, 192–93
and Stalin’s willingness to take up any assignment, 232
succession issue and, 418
Tammerfors congress and, 80–81
Ulyanova on, 527–28, 608–9
Lenin’s Testament, 418–19, 472–73, 498–501, 527–29, 530–31, 581, 582, 608
Central Committee plenum report on, 546–47
Eastman’s publication of, 614
Kamenev and, 499, 606–7, 648
Krupskaya and, 473, 498, 500–501, 527, 528, 609
Stalin and, 547, 552–53, 592, 605–7, 614, 643, 647–48, 657, 735–36
Stalin’s depiction in, 499–500
Stalin’s restricted publication of, 654
13th Party Congress reading of, 548
Trotsky and, 500, 572–73, 605–7, 643, 646, 647–48
Trotskyites’ circulation of, 540, 573, 605
uncertain authorship of, 473, 489
Zinoviev and, 498, 499, 606–7, 648
Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 249
“Lessons of October” (Trotsky), 563–64
“Letter to the Congress,” see Lenin’s Testament
“Lev Trotsky—Organizer of Victory” (Radek), 492
liberals, liberalism, 132, 223
Liberman, Simon, 728
liberty, 131–32
Liebknecht, Karl, 323
Life for the Tsar, A (Glinka), 127
Life of Jesus (Renan), 37
limitrophe, 556, 604, 616, 623, 723, 732
Lincoln, Abraham, 410
Lithuania, 91, 249, 283, 353, 354, 509, 589, 604, 623
as independent nation, 232–33, 238
military coup in, 618
nationalists in, 359
Polish invasion of, 352
Soviet nonaggression treaty with, 617–18
Lithuanian National Union, 618
Little Newspaper, 210–11
Litvinov, Maxim (Finkelstein, Meir; Wallach, Max), 108, 114, 458, 583, 621, 622–23, 651, 692
Lloyd George, David, 315–16, 317, 392, 444–45
Locarno Peace Pact (1925), 561–62
Lominadze, Besarion “Beso,” 640
Louis XIV, king of France, 18
Lublin, 362
Lublin-Warsaw salient, 360
Lubyanka, 2, 426, 437–41
Ludendorff, Erich, 172, 248, 272–73, 282, 311, 313, 352
Ludwig, Emil, 11
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 225, 227, 300
Lurye, Alexander “Sasha,” 462
Luxemburg, Rosa, 80, 223, 318, 578
assassination of, 323
Lenin and Bolshevism attacked by, 323
on nationalism, 347–48
Luxemburgism, 347, 349, 351, 369
Lvov, Prince Georgy, 166, 203, 207
Lwów (Lviv, Lvov), 249, 353, 360, 362, 365
Red Army’s failure to capture, 362–63
Lyttelton, Adrian, 223–24
Lytton, Lord, 64
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 53
Maier, Max, 702–3, 709
Makharadze, Pilipe, 346, 397, 399, 489, 490, 491
Makhrovsky, K. E., 304–5
Maklakov, Vasily, 224, 718
Malenkov, Georgy, 457
Malinowski, Roman, 133, 154
Malkov, Pavel, 227, 263, 285, 286
Mamontov, Savva, 262
Manchester Guardian, 617, 621
Manchuria, 71, 72, 73, 111, 400–401, 590, 628–29
Mandate, The (Erdman), 620
Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, 256, 330
Mantashov, Alexander, 51
Manuilsky, Dmitry, 526, 573
Mao Zedong, 626, 640, 655
Markus, Maria, 586
Martov, “Yuly” (Tsederbaum, Julius), 45, 78, 80, 108, 113, 135, 164, 188, 198, 218, 228, 265, 267, 273, 279, 378, 385, 393, 463–64, 527
Marx, Karl, 5, 7, 8, 18, 39, 57, 65–66, 88, 99, 107, 151, 232
on class war, 291–92, 737
on nationalism, 346–47
Marx, Wilhelm, 618
Marxism, Marxists, 30, 38, 39–40, 44, 78–79, 151, 544
Austrian, 347–48
bourgeoisie as viewed by, 292, 293
capitalism as viewed by, 78–79, 292
history as viewed by, 39, 42, 78, 190
in Russia, 42–45, 54, 74, 78, 79, 93, 137
self-determination as viewed by, 347
Stalin’s dedication to, 10, 88, 93, 107, 137, 307, 676
theory of state in, 232
see also Communism; Leninism
“Marxism and the National Question” (Stalin), 133, 153
Masaryk, Tomáš, 316
Mass Exile, 1906–1916 (Sverdlov), 154
Matteotti, Giacomo, 551, 552
May Day marches, 49–50, 79, 106, 126
Mdivani, Polikarp “Budu,” 346, 399, 477–78, 479–80, 487, 490, 491, 493, 497, 606
Mehklis, Lev, 456–57
Meiji restoration, 4, 18, 732
Mendeleev, Dimitri, 37, 91
Mensheviks, 103, 104, 106, 108, 114, 123, 124, 133, 137, 188, 195, 196, 198, 201, 212, 221, 226, 234, 242–43, 244, 257, 265, 273, 279, 297, 312, 351, 382, 385, 393, 439, 735
Bolshevik split with, 78, 79–81, 103, 108, 114, 122–23, 124, 137
in Caucasus, 112, 124
in Europe, 393, 489, 553, 555
in Georgia, 103, 106, 108, 123, 133, 244, 395–97, 399–400
Jews in, 112
October Revolution and, 218
Provisional Government supported by, 195
in show trials, 464
Merkulov, Sergei, 535
Metekhi Prison, 48, 55
Mexican Revolution, 131–32
Meyerhold, Vesvolod, 620
Mezynski, Wiaczesław, 238–39, 250, 329, 504, 617, 635, 647, 656, 665, 691, 712
background of, 459–60
as GPU deputy head, 459, 461
as OGPU chairman, 608
Mif, Pavel, 655
Mikhaiklovskaya, Praskovya Georgievna “Pasha,” 46
Mikhail Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 126, 160, 161, 166, 170, 171
assassination of, 280, 403
named as successor by Nicholas II, 178
Mikhailov, Vasily, 424
Mikhelson Machine Factory, 284, 285, 307, 418
Mikoyan, Anastasy “Anastas,” 387, 415–16, 455, 684, 687, 701, 709, 720
as Stalin loyalist, 455, 465–66, 584, 608, 731
and Stalin’s Caucasus trip and, 598, 600, 601
Stalin’s correspondence with, 684, 721, 722
as trade commissar, 607–8
Milchakov, Alexander, 548
Military Commissariat of the North Caucasus, 301, 303
military controversy, 319–21
Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), 215–16, 217, 219, 233, 511
Miliukov, Paul, 90, 132, 139, 157, 163, 178–80, 181, 188, 194–95, 196, 201, 207, 227, 228
Minin, Sergei, 303, 308, 309, 313, 314
Minsk, 354, 358, 360
RSDRP founded in, 44–45
Mirbach, Count Wilhelm, 270–71, 273, 274
anti-Bolsheviks courted by, 271
assassination of, 274–75, 442
on Bolsheviks’ likely collapse, 271, 272
modernity, 92, 119, 132, 134
as geopolitical process, 4–5, 62–65
in Russia, 65–67, 94, 97, 119, 129
“Modern Nationality” (Kautsky), 347
Mogilyov, 158, 167, 354
Molotov, Vyacheslav (Skryabin), 121, 190, 193, 339, 375, 390, 413, 420, 423–24, 425, 428, 429, 488, 499, 513, 527, 564, 666, 673, 692, 698, 708, 719, 723
background of, 453–54
Molotov, Vyacheslav (Skryabin) (cont.)
Central Committee apparatus criticized by, 518–19
on Lenin’s cruelty, 544
Lenin’s death and, 534
on Lenin’s Testament, 528
in politburo, 585, 596
retaliatory executions ordered by, 634–35
as Stalin loyalist, 454, 456, 528, 639, 672, 686, 694, 701, 715, 717, 720, 731
Stalin’s correspondence with, 578, 596, 599, 604, 613, 619, 622, 634–35, 636, 637
and succession power struggle, 644, 649
Trotsky and, 545, 598, 639
Moltke, Helmuth von (the Elder), 4
Moltke, Helmuth von (the Younger), 141, 145, 147, 148
Mongolia, Mongols, 145, 344, 401, 402, 553–54, 617
Chinese troops driven out of, 403–4
Mongolian People’s Party, 402, 405, 554
Mongolian People’s Republic, 553–54
Monoselidze, Mikheil, 105
Moscow, 235, 238
Bolshevik evacuation to, 259–61
February Revolution in, 172
food shortages in, 270, 321
fuel scarcity in, 304
Kitaigorod neighborhood of, 450–51
1905 uprising in, 86
renaming of streets in, 286
strikes in, 206
Moscow Center, 560
Moscow Council of People’s Commissars, 238, 261
Moscow Soviet, 261–62, 310, 482
Moscow State Conference, 205–7, 218, 320
Mtkvari River, 14, 22
Mukden, Battle of, 73, 75
Munich Beer Hall Putsch, 2, 527
Muralov, Nikolai, 576, 641, 653, 654, 656
Muravyov, Mikhail, 277
Murmansk, British landing at, 265–66, 282
Murmansk Railway, 265
Muslims:
in Central Asia, 373–74
in Communist Party, 502–3, 527, 716
in Eurasia, 349, 366, 367–72
in Georgia, 13, 24
OGPU surveillance of, 502
Qoqand massacre of, 255
in Russia, 12–13, 183–84, 368–69
Stalin’s cultivation of, 368
Sunni-Shiite split of, 503
in Turkestan, 253–54, 502–3
Mussolini, Benito, 123–24, 552, 610, 725
assassination attempts on, 738–39
Matteotti’s murder and, 551, 552
as prime minister, 549, 551
Mussorgsky, Modest, 134
Muszkat, Zofia, 447
Nani, Agosto, 1
Napoleon I, emperor of France, 2, 4, 185, 186
Napoleon III, emperor of France, 7
Napravnik, Eduard, 127
National Center, 333–34
National Democrats, Polish, 600
nationalism, 119, 342, 345–49, 359, 370, 475, 502
in Eurasia, 406
in Georgia, 400, 601
in Germany, 34–35
indigenization policy and, 496, 504
Lenin on, 347–48, 351
Lenin’s alleged article on, 493–94, 501
in Russia, 118–19, 125, 202
Stalin on, 153–54, 347–48, 406, 477, 478, 496, 503
Nationalists, Chinese, see Guomindang
nationalities commissariat, 228, 238, 251, 254, 264, 266, 349, 368, 429, 456
“National Question and Social Democracy, The” (Stalin), 347
Naville, Pierre, 646
Navy, U.S., 140
Nazaretyan, Amayak, 425, 427, 456, 464–65, 468, 519
Nazis, 704
Nechayev, Sergei, 53
NEPmen, see private traders
Neuilly, Treaty of (1919), 316
New Economic Policy (NEP), 344, 376, 388–89, 405–6, 408, 416, 420, 446, 447, 449, 457, 470, 473–74, 481–82, 495, 497, 517, 524, 527, 578, 580, 616, 656, 662, 663, 670, 674, 681, 695, 727
as concession to capitalism, 571, 672, 711
industrialization and, 571, 672
kulaks and, 727–28
Rykov and, 685, 728–29
Sokolnikov and, 565, 577, 579
Stalin and, 419, 487, 497, 527, 568–69, 571, 592, 671, 672, 682, 683, 706, 711, 737
Zinoviev’s criticisms of, 570–71
New Times, 73
New York American, 610
New York Times, 538, 543, 614
New York Tribune, 18
Nicholas, Grand Duke “Nikolasha,” 82, 158, 159, 166
Nicholas I, tsar, 59, 89
Nicholas II, tsar, 60, 62, 65, 70, 71, 72, 75, 82, 85, 89–90, 91–92, 101, 122, 127, 131, 157, 160, 161, 163, 186, 197, 209, 223, 441
abdication of, 3, 171–72, 178, 230, 258
in aborted return to Petrograd, 170–71
aristocratic plots against, 166
constitution promised by, 84, 85
crackdown on 1917 protests ordered by, 167–68
Duma and, 74, 82–83, 90–91, 93–94, 101, 127, 128, 158, 163, 166, 169, 171
Durnovó and, 134
Far East policy of, 72–73
as frontline commander, 158–59, 167
Fundamental Laws issued by, 85
growing disillusion with, 126, 127–28
house arrest of, 280
murder of, 281
October Manifesto issued by, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92
and onset of Great War, 144–45
political intrigues of, 120, 127
in secret pact with Germany, 109–10, 139
Stolypin’s relationship with, 92, 119–20
Witte’s relationship with, 70, 72, 84, 91
workers’ petition to, 73–74
Nicolaevsky, Boris, 218, 267
Niedermeyer, Oskar von, 560
Nina (underground printing press), 50
Nobel brothers, 51, 115
Nogin, Viktor, 322
“nomenklatura,” 432–33, 436
North Caucasus, 447, 666, 688–89, 700
Nosovich, Anatoly, 305, 306–7
“Notes of an Economist” (Bukharin), 722
“Notes on the Question of Nationalities” (Lenin), 493–94, 497, 501, 606
Stalin’s refutation of, 496–97
Novgorod, Nizhny, 59
Novogorodtseva, Klavdiya, 154
Novonikolaevsk, 403–4
Novosibirsk, 661, 669–70, 673, 713
October (film), 651
Octobrists, 98
October Manifesto, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92
October Revolution, 215–23, 354, 418
absence of political authority after, 230–31
Central Committee and, 214, 216
as coup against Petrograd Soviet, 223
Kamenev and, 214, 224, 499, 563–64, 606, 641, 648
Lenin in, 220–21, 222, 278
MRC in, 215–16, 217
predicted failure of, 227–28
Red Guards in, 216, 219<
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Stalin in, 224–25
tenth anniversary of, 650–52, 664–65
Trotsky in, 215, 219, 220, 221–22
Zinoviev and, 214, 224, 499, 515, 563–64, 606, 641, 648
Odessa, 15, 74, 264
OGPU, 504, 577, 616, 688–89
Dzierzynski as head of, 577–78
Eastern Department of, 502
extrajudicial powers of, 635, 650
food and goods shortages reports of, 655
and German Communist coup attempt, 525
GPU replaced by, 485
grain requisitions and, 665, 666, 669
Lenin’s death and, 492–93, 536
Mezynski as chairman of, 608
NEPmen and, 572
Red Army and, 574–75
Stalin’s control of, 687
strikers arrested by, 517
tenth anniversary celebration of, 656–57
terrorism and, 634
and Trotsky’s exile, 677–78
Western attack feared by, 616
okhranka (Okhrannoe otdelenie; political police), 61–62, 67, 69, 71, 75–76, 79, 93, 104, 114, 115, 126, 130, 160, 439, 441
February Revolution and, 168–69
Provisional Government’s abolition of, 180
revolutionary groups infiltrated by, 117, 118, 133, 164
right wing and, 100
Stalin arrested by, 133
Stalin surveilled by, 117, 121
Stolypin’s assassination and, 122
see also police, tsarist
Okulov, Alexei, 304
“Old Ninika” (Soselo), 34
Old Square, 4, 426, 429, 430
On Lenin (Trotsky), 545
On Lenin and Leninism (Stalin), 555, 557
“On the Grain Front” (Stalin), 706
On the Leninist Path, 682
On the Path to October (Stalin), 555
On the Tax in Kind (Lenin), 393
Onufrieva, Pelageya, 121
Orakhelashvili, Mamiya, 399
Order No. 1, 181–82, 200, 297
Orenburg, 238
Orenburg Soviet, 266
Organization and Instruction Department, 455
orgburo (organization bureau), 322, 423, 424, 425, 430, 432, 435, 438, 512, 522, 548
Orjonikidze, Grigol “Sergo,” 116, 124, 366, 367, 395, 399, 425, 464–65, 477, 493, 503, 507, 513, 541, 576, 577, 585, 598, 600, 601, 654, 656, 666, 694, 700, 721, 723
background of, 28, 479
and Bolshevik takeover of Georgia, 396–97, 401
as Central Control Commission head, 607–8, 636, 640
Kabakhidze struck by, 481, 487, 489
Mdivani and, 479–80
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 713, 715, 717
South Caucasus Federation and, 479, 493
as Stalin loyalist, 390, 455, 456, 467, 506, 731
Stalin’s correspondence with, 415, 493, 596
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