Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare From Ancient Times to the Present
Page 91
wars of national liberation supported by, 323
in World War II, 290, 308–9, 312
Spain, 46, 51, 157, 343, 527
in Africa, 182
anarchism in, 203, 229, 230, 233–34
barbarians in, 29
in imperial wars, 136
Latin American independence and, 102
Peninsular War in, 57, 81–91, 99, 102, 107, 120, 123, 130, 205, 290, 561, 566
Roman, xxxii, 20, 22, 54, 215, 507, 565
in Santo Domingo, 95
Spanish-American War, 108, 198, 415, 426, 428, 469, 560
Spanish Civil War (1936–39), 90, 123, 234, 273, 431
Spanish irregulars, xxii, xxv
Sparta, 4–5
Spartacus, 20, 52
Special Air Service (Borneo), 382–83
Special Air Service (SAS), 289, 291, 453
Special Branch, 229, 381, 385–86
Special forces, South Vietnamese, 419
Special Group, Counterinsurgency, 414
specialization, 9
Special Night Squads, 294–95
special operations:
use of term, 290
in war on terror, 176
in World War II, 288–91
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 289, 296–97, 306, 307, 309, 311, 379, 409
force 136 of, 379
special operations forces, xxii, 273
Special Operations Forces, U.S., xxix, 64–65, 418, 413, 521, 526, 547
Speke, John, 443
Spetznas commandos, 290
spies, 60, 251
Spitamenes, 54
“spot of oil,” use of phrase, 127, 179
Squad, the, 251, 252, 264
squatters, Chinese, 381–82, 385
Sri Lanka, see Ceylon
Stalag 12A, 348
Stalin, Josef, xxiv, 109, 242–45, 263, 343, 346, 430, 434, 476, 562
Mao compared with, 333, 340
Tito’s break with, 363
World War II and, 308, 310
Stalinism, 350
State Department, U.S., 497–98
steamships, 129, 229, 242
steel, 136
Stepniak, 261–62
Stern Gang, see Lehi
Stilwell, Joseph, 304
Stinger antiaircraft missiles, 497–98
Stolypin, Pyotr, 241–42
“Stolypin’s necklace,” 241
Stormberg, 184, 191
Strategic Hamlets program, 416–17
Strategikon (Maurice), 54
Street without Joy (Fall), 354–55
strikes, 324, 370, 468
Stuart, J. E. B., 216
Stuarts, 50
Students for a Democratic Society, 457
Suchet, Louis-Gabriel, 88, 89
Sudan, 12, 124, 130, 182, 191, 266, 296–97, 318, 395, 478, 514, 524
bin Laden in, 521, 522
independence of, 324
Sudan Defense Force, 293
Suez Canal, 280, 370
Sufis, 155, 488
sugar, sugarcane, 93, 428, 442
suicide, 154, 298, 467, 505
suicide bombers, xix, 241, 261, 531
in Afghanistan, 500
in Iraq, 529, 530, 531
in Israel, 470–73
in Lebanon, 500, 504
suicide knifers, 206–8
Sukarno, 307
Sumerians, Sumeria, 14–15, 201
Summary of the Art of War (Jomini), 90
Summers, Harry, 425
Sumner, Charles, 214
Sumter, Thomas, 72, 73, 188
Sunni:
Hamas and, 512
in Iraq, xviii, xix, xxix, 505, 530–33, 544, 545
Sunni Awakening, 544
Sun Tzu, 31–33, 333, 342, 524, 558
Sun Yat-sen, 331
Sûreté, 364
Suri, Abu Musab al-, 524, 527
Suru, 19–20
Swat Valley, 174, 175
Sweden, 157
Switzerland, 113, 451
anarchists in, 231
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 281
Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), 456, 457
Syria, 13, 318, 395, 513, 523, 531, 539, 545
ancient, 1, 14
Assassins in, 203, 207, 208
Fatah and, 461, 462
French in, 282, 326
Hezbollah and, 503, 507–10, 512
Lawrence in, 276, 280, 281–82
Syria Palaestina, 7
Taber, Robert, 398, 437, 524
Tacfarinus, 20
Tacitus, 21, 22
Taft, William Howard, 199, 384
Taiping Rebellion (1850–64), 329
Taipings, 39
Taiwan, 319, 345, 346
Tajbeg Palace, 486
Tajiks, 487, 499
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, 479
Takuma, Baron Dan, 272
Tal, Wasfi, 464, 466
Tal Afar, 478, 542
Taliban, 340, 479, 493, 499–500, 516, 521, 526, 552, 555
Pakistani, 479, 546, 547–48
Tamil Tigers, 472, 514
Tandy, Napper, 101
Tanganyika, Lake, 395, 443
Tanjong Malim, 319, 385
tanks, 224, 344, 418, 468, 486, 510, 512, 522
Tanzania, 318, 325, 395, 443, 517
U.S. embassy bombed in, 516
Tanzim, 471
Tarleton, Banastre, 71–72, 73, 78, 142
Tartan Rebellions, 46–50
Taruc, Luis, 401, 404, 405
Tatars, 17
Tawil, Suha, 470
Taylor, A. J. P., 121
Taylor, Maxwell, 414
Technical Group, 242
technology, 129, 152, 163, 176, 559, 567
al Qaeda’s use of, 517, 523, 531
anarchism and, 233
Tecumseh, 139, 173
Tehran, 505
hostage crisis in (1970–81), 169, 478, 481–82, 485
Tehrik-i-Taliban, see Taliban, Pakistani
Tel Aviv, 450, 453
telegraph, 152, 209, 229, 335, 404
telephones, 335, 364, 517
television, 392, 451, 457, 486, 531
bin Laden and, 516
satellite, 229, 508, 512, 513, 517, 523
Templer, Gerald, 71, 378–81, 383–89, 399, 404, 449, 543, 545, 562, 565
Tenth Parachute Division, French, 366, 370
Ter-Petrossian, Simon (a.k.a. Kamo), 263
terror, war on, xxvii–xxviii, 22, 176, 332, 526–28, 549
terrorism, terrorists, xx–xxi
in Assyria and Rome, 19–25
causes of, 264
cost of, 522
definition problems with, xxi–xxiv, 205
failure vs. influence of, 210
first age of international, 202–3, 205–65
FLN start of, 365, 367–70
growth of, xxv
guerrilla warfare compared with, 209
international, second age of, 449–59
in Northwest Frontier, 176
in Palestine, 325
portraits of, 261–65
as “propaganda by the deed,” 229
as psychological weapon, xxii
purpose of, 451
World War I and, 269–71
World War II and, 271–73
Terrorist Faction of the People’s Will, 240
terrorist manuals, 232
Tet Offensive (1968), 253, 356, 422–23
Teutoburg forest, 21
Texas, 221, 520
Thailand, Thais, 319, 387, 395
in Vietnam, 347, 353, 360
Thatcher, Margaret, 258–59, 476
Third Armored Cavalry Regiment, 542
Third Colonial Parachute Regiment, French, 370, 371
Third World, 130, 324, 475
Thirteenth Amendment, 218–19, 224
Thirty Years’ War, 46, 51, 59
second, 273
Thomas, Lowell, 284
Thompson, Robert, 383, 385, 398–99, 403, 408, 422, 476, 538, 540, 565
Strategic Hamlets program and, 416–17
Thoreau, Henry David, 217
Thucydides, 4, 5
Thuggee cult, 209
Tiananmen Square, 468–69
Tibetans, 337
Tiflis, 242–43
Tilden, Samuel J., 225
Time, 464
Times History of the War in South Africa, The, 199
tin, 380, 388
Tirah Valley, 174
Tito, Josip Broz, xxiii, xxv, 115, 273, 310–12, 340, 352
Castro compared with, 429, 430, 431
Titus, 23
TNT, 201, 290, 502
Tokyo, 175
Tolstoy, Leo, 158, 159, 160, 163
Tomahawk cruise missiles, 516
Tone, Wolfe, 101, 475
Tonkin, Gulf of, 417
Tora Bora, 479, 526
Tornau, Fedor Fedorovich, 155–56
torture, 101, 105, 197, 263, 334, 364–66, 403, 505, 520
in Afghanistan, 488, 492
in Algeria, 364–66, 371–72, 375, 376, 386, 527
in Cuba, 432
in Indochina, 354, 355, 376, 386
in Malaya, 386
September 11 attacks and, 526, 527
water cure (waterboarding), 198, 365
totalitarianism, 259, 273
total war, 51, 174–75
Touré, Samory, 162
Toussaint Louverture, 94–98, 100, 159, 215, 343, 429, 475
Trail of Tears (1838–39), 124, 140
Transjordan, 282, 283
Transvaal, 124, 186, 187, 189, 195, 197
Treacy, Sean, 247–48
Treatise on Partisan Warfare (von Ewald), 63
Trenton, Washington’s attack on, 69
“tribal areas,” 172
tribal territories, 514
tribal wars, ancient, 8–12
Trinquier, Roger, xv, 353, 369, 371, 376
Tripolitza, 105
Trotsky, Leon, 242, 435
Trotskyites, 447
Troupes de la Marine, 61
truck bombings, 507, 516, 525
in Iraq, 529
in Lebanon, 502, 503, 504
trucks, 289, 418, 486, 496, 499
Truman administration, 323
Truong Chinh, 564
Tufeili, Subhi, 503
Tu-Lê, 319, 348
Tunis, 373
Tunisia, 266, 318, 372, 373, 467, 524
Tunku Abdul Rahman, 387
Tupamaros, 447, 476
Turgenev, Ivan, 235
Turkestan, 485
Turkey, 13, 157, 524, 539
navy of, 105, 107
Turkish Seljuks, 207
Turks, 30, 42, 53, 157
Tutsi, 509
tuyau, 368
TWA flight 847, 505
Twain, Mark, 198
“Twelve Apostles,” 251
Twenty-Fourth Marine Amphibious Unit, 501–3
26th of July Movement (M-26-7), 432, 433, 435–41, 443, 456
“Twenty-Seven Articles” (Lawrence), 286–87, 557
typhus, 300, 302, 337, 495
Tyre, 201, 207–8, 478, 504, 506
Tyrol, 81, 91
Uganda, 395, 476
Entebbe hijacking and, 451–56
Ugly American, The (Lederer and Burdick), 400–401, 413
Ukraine, xxxii, 17, 308
anarchists in, 233
Ulyanov, Alexander, 240
Umayyad caliphate, 42
Umberto I, King of Italy, 230, 231
Underground Railroad, 214
Underground Russia (Kravchinski), 262
Union army, 119, 121, 142, 212, 217, 221
Union League, 218, 220
United, 452
United Fruit Company, 434
United Kingdom, 256, 257, 391, 557
see also Great Britain
United Nations, 325, 374, 410, 466, 471, 505, 529, 537
PLO and, 466
United States, xx–xxi, 12, 51, 123, 124, 264, 449, 525–28, 566, 567
in Afghanistan, see Afghanistan, U.S. war in
anarchism in, 230, 232
AQI and, 529–34
bin Laden and, 496, 515–17, 519, 524, 525–26
Black Panthers in, 397, 398
Cuban revolution and, 439, 441, 444
decolonization and, 323
French aid from, 354, 356, 361
Garibaldi and, 113, 118–19
Hezbollah and, 501–6
Ho Chi Minh and, 350
Indian policy in, see American Indian wars; reservations
in World War I, 527
Iran Hostage Crisis and, 169
Iranian hostage crisis and, 481–82
in Iraq, xvii–xx, xxvii–xxix, 84, 127, 161, 180, 194, 287, 345, 469, 472, 486, 507
Islamists and, 481–84
Japan’s relations with, 272
John Brown’s attacks in, xxv, 202, 211–17, 228, 261, 432, 447, 457
Ku Klux Klan in, see Ku Klux Klan
legitimacy established by, 563–64
“manifest destiny” of, 157
mujahideen and, 495–98
Nationalists aided by, 344
Nicaragua and, 448
Philippines Insurrection and, 198–99, 565
PLO and, 464, 466, 467
post–World War II world and, 321, 323
Saudi relations with, 520–21
in Shanghai, 328
in Spanish-American War, 108, 198, 426
Suez Canal and, 370
terrorism in, 202, 210–25, 456, 457
torture used by, 198
tsarist Russia compared with, 157, 158, 163
in Vietnam War, see Vietnam War
war on terror
in World War II, 290–91, 307, 312, 401, 418, 527
universities, 209–10, 559
in tsarist Russia, 235, 241
Untermenschen, 307
Ur, 15
Uribe, Alvaro, 449, 562
Uruguay, 110–11, 394, 447
Ustaša, 261
Uzbekistan, 479
Uzbeks, 499
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, 498
Vaillant, August, 230–31
Valens, Roman emperor, 27
van der Lubbe, Marinus, 271–72
Vann, John Paul, 422, 424, 476, 563, 565
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 230
Veliaminov, Alexander, 155
Vendée revolt, 57, 81, 91, 120, 180, 205, 257, 561
Venice, 112, 118
Vercingetorix, 52
Verdi, Giuseppe, 114
Verdier, Jean-Antoine, 83
Vespasianus, Titus Flavius, 4
Vetilius, Gaius, 22
Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy, 115, 118
Victoria, Queen of England, 185
Vieira de Mello, Sergio, 529
Vienna, 106, 394, 466
Viet Bac, 319, 351
Vietcong, xxiii, xxv, 355, 412, 417–20, 422, 423, 456, 463, 473, 495, 511, 531, 566
Vietminh, 347, 348–49, 351, 353–63, 392–93, 409, 412, 511
conspiracy claims about, 369
Vietnam, 346–63, 476–77, 524
division of, 363
independence of, 354
Vietnam, Democratic Republic of, 351
Vietnamese National Army, 356
Vietnamization, 423–24
Vietnam War, xviii, xxv, 31, 54, 395, 397, 412–26, 537, 561, 565
Afghanistan compared with, 487, 494, 495, 496, 499
bombing campaign in, 417, 418, 420, 423, 424
deaths in, xxiii
Ho Chi Minh Trail in, 419, 425, 496
Iraq War compared with, 533–34
limits of firepower in, 363, 413–26
public opinion and, 79, 393, 420, 425, 494
U.S. defeat in, 42, 326, 473, 474, 528
Vikings, 30, 40
Villa, Pancho, 51
Virginia, 74, 78, 212, 215, 447
Virginia Company, 133, 134
Viriathus, 22, 52, 54, 86, 507, 565
Vis, 312
Vlasov, Andrei, 308
Vo Nguyen Giap, 352–53, 355–59, 361, 373, 489, 524, 565
Castro compared with, 429, 430
Vietnam War and, 422–23, 424
Vorontsov, Mikhail, 161
Vuono, Carl, 538
Waffen SS units, 308
Wahhabi movement, 155, 481, 483
Wallace, William, 48
Wall Street, 230, 291
Wampanoag, 137–38, 139
Warburton, Robert, 173–74, 176
War Department, U.S., Freedmen’s Bureau in, 222
warlords, 329, 330, 332, 335, 336, 343
War of Austrian Succession, 57, 60–61
War of the Flea, The (Taber), 398
Warren, Joseph, 76
Warsaw, 266, 310, 465
Warsaw Ghetto uprising, 310
Washington, George, 216, 408, 475
American Revolution and, 67–69, 73, 74, 75, 79, 90, 189
Indian wars and, 132, 135
Washita, Battle of the (1868), 124, 142–45, 150, 151
water cure (waterboarding), 198, 365
Waugh, Evelyn, 276, 291
Wavell, Archibald, 298, 299
weapons, 9, 13, 39, 47, 522, 548, 567
in Afghanistan, 486, 489, 492, 496–98
in Algeria, 367, 368, 371, 372, 373
of Arabs, 278, 279
in Boer War, 186, 199
in Cuba, 430, 432
Hezbollah and, 510–11, 512
in imperial wars, 128, 134, 135, 136, 199
in Indochina, 351, 356, 358, 360
in Irish struggles, 247, 251, 252, 257
in Malaya, 379, 386, 388
OSS, 290
of Palestinians, 472
in siege of Constantinople, 43
terrorism and, 209, 270
Westerners’ spreading of, 201
in World War I, 197
see also guns; landmines; suicide bombers
Weathermen, 259, 456, 457, 564
Weems, Parson, 73
Wehrmacht, 308, 311
Wei Liao, 32–33
Wei Liao-tzu (Wei Liao), 32–33
Weimar Republic, 271
Weinberger, Caspar, 498
Weizmann, Chaim, 296
Wellington, Duke of, 87–89, 130, 566
West, Bing, 544
West Bank, 3, 64, 283, 395, 462, 463, 468–73, 478, 513
First Intifada in, 468–69
“Western Way of War,” 31, 33
Westmoreland, William Childs, 418–21, 423, 533–34
Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 51, 59, 80
West Point, 536, 537
We Were Soldiers Once . . . And Young (book and movie), 418
Weyler, Valeriano, 192
Whampoa Military Academy, 331, 345
Whigs, Whig Party, 70, 76, 77, 362–63
Whistler, James McNeill, 185
white supremacy, 375
see also Ku Klux Klan
“Wild Field,” 157
Wilhelm I, Kaiser of Germany, 120, 230
Williams, Jim, 221, 224
William Tell (Rossini), 230
Wilson, Charlie, 497