Worldmaking
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105. See Hull, Memoirs, 1:544–45; and Beale, Charles A. Beard, 176.
106. Burns, The Lion and the Fox, 318.
107. Ibid.
108. Hull, Memoirs, 1:545.
109. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 65.
110. Quoted in Beard, A Foreign Policy for America, 113.
111. Brands, What America Owes the World, 124–25.
112. Charles A. Beard, “National Politics and the War,” Scribner’s Magazine, February 1935, 65–70.
113. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 82.
114. Ibid., 84.
115. Charles A. Beard, “War—If, How, and When?” Events 2, August 1937, 81–86.
116. Brands, What America Owes the World, 126.
117. Charles A. Beard, “A Reply to Mr. Browder,” The New Republic, February 2, 1938, 357–59.
118. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 88–89.
119. Howe, England Expects Every American to Do His Duty, 86.
120. Charles A. Beard, “We’re Blundering into War,” The American Mercury, April 1939, quoted in Brands, What America Owes the World, 127.
121. Beard, “Education Under the Nazis,” 437–52.
122. H. L. Mencken to Charles A. Beard, May 20, 1939; Charles A. Beard to H. L. Mencken (May 1939?); Charles A. Beard to H. L. Mencken, August 14, 1940; H. L. Mencken to Charles A. Beard, August 15, 1940, Papers of Charles and Mary Beard, folder 27.
123. Brick, “Talcott Parsons’s ‘Shift Away from Economics,’” 502.
124. Josephson, Infidel in the Temple, 413–14.
125. Beard, A Foreign Policy for America, 39–47.
126. Ibid., 68.
127. Ibid., 101–103.
128. Ibid., 104.
129. Ibid., 149.
130. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 98.
131. See Reinhold Niebuhr, “Review of A Foreign Policy for America,” The Nation, May 25, 1940, 656–58.
132. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 182.
133. Mumford, “The Corruption of Liberalism,” 618–23. Also see Nore, Charles A. Beard, 183.
134. Brands, What America Owes the World, 129.
135. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 185.
136. http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odllpc2.html.
137. Brands, What America Owes the World, 137.
138. Kennedy, Charles A. Beard, 102. For a full transcript, see “Statement of Charles A. Beard,” To Promote the Defense of the U.S.: Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, on Senate [Bill] 275, 77th Cong., 1st sess., February 4, 1941, 307–12.
139. Brands, What America Owes the World, 138.
140. Haufler, Codebreaker’s Victory, 127.
4. The Syndicated Oracle: Walter Lippmann
1. Judt, Thinking the Twentieth Century, 275.
2. Dildy, Dunkirk 1940, 89.
3. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 281.
4. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “Walter Lippmann: The Intellectual v. Politics,” in Childs and Reston, Walter Lippmann and His Times, 189.
5. Interview with Professor Allan Nevins, WLR, 175.
6. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 384.
7. Lippmann, “T&T,” June 18, 1940.
8. WLR, 196.
9. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 385.
10. WLR, 178.
11. Charles Beard to James T. Farrell, February 1 (year illegible due to fire damage, likely 1948), Papers of James T. Farrell, “Charles Beard.”
12. Logevall, “First Among Critics,” 351.
13. Adam, Walter Lippmann, 17.
14. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 6–8.
15. Wright, Five Public Philosophies of Walter Lippmann, 12.
16. WLR, 27.
17. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 18.
18. WLR, 31.
19. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 28.
20. Fink, Progressive Intellectuals and the Dilemmas of Democratic Commitment, 11.
21. Walter Lippmann to Lincoln Steffens, May 18, 1910, WLP, box 31.
22. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 39.
23. Lippmann, A Preface to Politics, 33, 49, 17, 60.
24. Steel, Walter Lippmann, xiii.
25. WLR, 53.
26. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 64–65.
27. Croly, The Promise of American Life, 303.
28. Ibid., 28.
29. WLR, 7.
30. Walter Lippmann to Van Wyck Brooks, February 5, 1914, Papers of Van Wyck Brooks, folder 1662.
31. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 62.
32. Ibid., 52.
33. Ibid., 72.
34. Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, August 2, 1914, WLP, box 10, folder 418.
35. Walter Lippmann, “Force and Ideas,” The New Republic, November 7, 1914.
36. Walter Lippmann to Graham Wallas, August 5, 1915, PP, xxiv.
37. Lippmann, The Stakes of Diplomacy, 67, 224.
38. WLR, 89.
39. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 102–103.
40. WLR, 89.
41. Walter Lippmann, “The Case for Wilson,” The New Republic, October 14, 1916.
42. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 100.
43. WLR, 90.
44. Walter Lippmann, “The Defense of the Atlantic World,” The New Republic, February 17, 1917. Mary Beard recorded her appreciation of the article in a warm letter to Lippmann. She wrote that it “is superb. Better than ever before you have proved your leadership. I have been liking the New Republic immensely recently.” Mary Beard to Walter Lippmann, February 19, 1917, WLR, box 3, folder 125.
45. WLR, 17.
46. Ikenberry et al., The Crisis of American Foreign Policy, 41.
47. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 158, 161.
48. Walter Lippmann to Bernard Berenson, September 15, 1919, WLP, box 3, folder 128.
49. Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism, 213.
50. Walter Lippmann to Graham Wallas, November 4, 1920, WLP, box 33, folder 1246.
51. WLR, 19–20.
52. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 237–38. Also see Walter Lippmann, “The Kellogg Doctrine: Vested Rights and Nationalism in Latin America,” Foreign Affairs 4 (1927).
53. Lippmann, Public Opinion, xiv.
54. Fink, Progressive Intellectuals, 31.
55. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 183.
56. Lippmann, The Phantom Public, 20.
57. Walter Lippmann, “Insiders and Outsiders,” The New Republic, November 13, 1915.
58. Lippmann, The Phantom Public, 155.
59. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 212.
60. Dewey, The Public and Its Problems, 365. Dewey, Beard, and Lippmann are expertly discussed in Bender, New York Intellect.
61. Walter Lippmann to Charles Beard, September 8, 1925; Charles Beard to Walter Lippmann, September 12, 1925; Walter Lippmann to Charles Beard, September 14, 1925; Charles Beard to Walter Lippmann, September 30, 1925; Charles Beard to Walter Lippmann, October 3, 1925, WLP, box 3, folder 125.
62. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 253–54.
63. Ibid., 255–56.
64. Ibid., 271, 280.
65. Mark Carnes, ed., Invisible Giants: Fifty Americans Who Shaped the Nation but Missed the History Books (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 181.
66. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 295–96.
67. Ibid., 300.
68. Lippmann, “T&T,” April 6, 1933.
69. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 555.
70. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 305–306.
71. Syed, Walter Lippmann’s Philosophy of International Politics, 9.
72. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 325.
73. On the intellectual origins of the New Deal f
rom an insider’s perspective, see Tugwell, The Brains Trust.
74. Lim, The Anti-Intellectual Presidency, 29.
75. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 320–21.
76. Lippmann, “T&T,” May 17, 1934.
77. Ibid., May 12, 1933.
78. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 330.
79. WLR, 172.
80. A powerful recently published account of the conflict is Paul Preston, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth Century Spain (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012).
81. Lippmann, “T&T,” December 24, 1936.
82. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 339.
83. Charles Beard to Walter Lippmann, June 17, 1937, Papers of Hamilton Fish Armstrong, box 41.
84. Lippmann, “T&T,” December 2, 1937.
85. Ibid., October 16, 1937.
86. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 370.
87. Walter Lippmann to Harold G. Nicolson, December 6, 1938, PP, 374.
88. Louis Johnson to Walter Lippmann, December 22, 1938, WLP, box 80, folder 1160.
89. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 376.
90. Ibid.
91. Walter Lippmann to Philip Kerr, September 9, 1939, PP, 379.
92. David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century (New York: Longman, 1991), 142.
93. Walter Lippmann to Ronald C. Hood, November 20, 1939, PP, 384.
94. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 381.
95. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 45.
96. Lippmann, “T&T,” June 15, 1940.
97. Walter Lippmann to Edmund E. Lincoln, August 6, 1940, PP, 384.
98. Lippmann, “T&T,” December 19, 1940.
99. WLR, 195.
100. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 10.
101. Lippmann, “T&T,” February 12, 1942. Also see Steel, Walter Lippmann, 394–95.
102. Walter Lippmann to John M. Vorys, February 17, 1941, PP, 404.
103. Walter Lippmann to Wendell Willkie, July 30, 1940, ibid., 395.
104. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 19.
105. WLR, 204.
106. Walter Lippmann to Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., July 1, 1943, PP, 442.
107. WLR, 204.
108. Lippmann, U.S. Foreign Policy, 9–10.
109. Ibid., 37.
110. Ibid., 39.
111. Ibid., 48.
112. Ibid., 93.
113. Ibid., 109.
114. Ibid., 131.
115. Ibid., 149.
116. WLR, 215.
117. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 406.
118. Cary, The Influence of War on Walter Lippmann, 161.
119. Nore, Charles Beard, 199.
120. WLR, 215.
121. Lippmann, “T&T,” December 14, 1943.
122. Lippmann, U.S. War Aims, 175.
123. Ibid., 182.
124. Ibid., 191, 195.
125. Ibid., 5–6.
126. Ibid., 65.
127. Ibid., 121–22.
128. Ibid., 105.
129. Ibid., 132.
130. Stalin, Speeches Delivered at Meetings of Voters, pamphlet collection, 23.
131. Lippmann, U.S. War Aims, 142.
132. Harold L. Ickes to Walter Lippmann, July 14, 1944, WLP, box 79, folder 1116.
133. John Foster Dulles to Walter Lippmann, July 5, 1944, ibid., box 68, folder 667.
134. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 410.
135. Walter Lippmann to John L. Balderston, July 27, 1944, PP, 452.
136. WLR, 216.
137. Ibid., 217.
138. Walter Lippmann to Ross J. S. Hoffman, March 15, 1945, PP, 463.
139. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 411.
140. Walter Lippmann to Grenville Clark, September 19, 1944, PP, 455–56.
141. Editor’s note, ibid., 452.
142. Editor’s note and Walter Lippmann to John Foster Dulles, October 25, 1944, ibid., 457.
143. Lippmann, “T&T,” October 21, 1944.
144. Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman, 17.
145. Lippmann, “T&T,” December 21, 1944.
146. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 585–86.
147. Lippmann, “T&T,” February 15, 1945.
148. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 416.
149. Lippmann, “T&T,” April 7, 1945.
150. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 538–39.
151. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy, 58.
152. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 419.
153. Ambrosius, Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition, 292.
154. Nore, Charles A. Beard, 202.
155. Walter Lippmann to James F. Byrnes, May 10, 1945, PP, 465–66.
156. WLR, 263.
157. Walter Lippmann to John Maynard Keynes, March 23, 1945, PP, 463.
158. Quoted in Kissinger, Diplomacy, 97.
159. Walter Lippmann to George Fielding Eliot, June 14, 1945, PP, 468.
160. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 420.
161. Walter Lippmann to James F. Byrnes, August 23, 1945, PP, 474.
162. George F. Kennan, diary entry, August 28, 1995, KD, 646.
5. The Artist: George Kennan
1. Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 83.
2. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 276–77.
3. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 52.
4. D’Este, Patton, 736.
5. George F. Kennan to Charles E. Bohlen, January 26, 1945, GFKP, box 28.
6. Ibid.
7. Mayers, George Kennan, 96.
8. Kennan to Bohlen, January 26, 1945.
9. Congdon, George Kennan, 1.
10. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 24.
11. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 38.
12. Hixson, George F. Kennan, 2.
13. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 16, 9–10.
14. Ibid., 18.
15. George F. Kennan, May 26, 1929, KD, 59.
16. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 69.
17. Mayers, George Kennan, 338.
18. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 130.
19. Stephanson, Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy, 225; Kennan, Democracy and the Student Left, 206.
20. Kennan, diary entry, September 3, 1934, GFKP, box 230.
21. Ibid., May 10, 1935, box 230.
22. See Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 134.
23. Kennan quoted in Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 122–23.
24. Kennan, diary entry, March 21, 1940, GFKP, box 231.
25. “Comments,” February 1945, GFKP, box 23.
26. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 129. Mark Mazower’s fascinating and convincing Hitler’s Empire explains why Nazism failed as an imperial ideology.
27. Kennan, diary entry, March 13, 1940, GFKP, box 230.
28. Ibid., July 3, 1940.
29. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 133–34.
30. Quoted in Lukacs, George Kennan, 50.
31. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 139.
32. See Taylor, Stalin’s Apologist, and Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore.
33. Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 45.
34. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 178.
35. On the Enlightenment and “inner life,” see Rothschild, The Inner Life of Empire.
36. George Kennan to James E. Russell (Teachers College, Columbia University), October 11, 1950, GFKP, box 29.
37. Urban, “From Containment to … Self-Containment.”
38. Ibid.
39. Tilman, Thorstein Veblen and His Critics.
40. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 41.
41. Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 69.
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�42. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 218.
43. Ibid., 211.
44. Kennan, diary entry, August 1, 1944, GFKP, box 231.
45. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 211–12.
46. George Kennan to W. Averell Harriman, September 18, 1944, GFKP, box 28.
47. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 232–33.
48. Ibid., 241–43.
49. Ibid., 243–45.
50. Beisner, Dean Acheson, 105.
51. Hamilton, American Caesars, 57.
52. Sowell, Intellectuals and Society, 134.
53. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 47.
54. On Potsdam and the presidential transition, see Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman.
55. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 259, 256.
56. Maier, The Cold War in Europe, 22.
57. Truman, Year of Decisions, 416.
58. Zhukov, The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov, 674–75.
59. Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 593.
60. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 454.
61. Kuklick, Blind Oracles, 42.
62. Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 112.
63. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 267.
64. Kennan, diary entry, December 19 and 23, 1945, GFKP, box 231.
65. Ibid.
66. Truman, Year of Decisions, 551–52.
67. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950, 292–94. The Long Telegram is reprinted in 1946, 6:696–709, and can be accessed at www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/documents/episode-1/kennan.htm.
68. Lukacs, George Kennan, 74.
69. See, for example, Hixson, George F. Kennan.
70. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 60.
71. Henry Norweb to George Kennan, March 25, 1946, GFKP, box 28.
72. Walter Lippmann to Dwight D. Eisenhower, June 4, 1946, PP, 480.
73. Steel, Walter Lippmann, 433.
74. Lukacs, George Kennan, 78.
75. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 63–64.
76. Speech at Naval War College, “Measures Short of War (Diplomatic),” September 16, 1946, GFKP, box 16. See also Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 124–25.
77. See Pedaliu, Britain, Italy and the Origins of the Cold War, 60–69.
78. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove, 63.
79. Harry S. Truman, Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, January 6, 1947. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1947, p. 12.
80. Hofstadter, Anti-intellectualism, 415.