by David Milne
Secondary Sources: Articles
Anderson, Perry. “American Foreign Policy and Its Thinkers,” New Left Review 83 (September/October 2013).
Bacevich, Andrew. “Charles Beard, Properly Understood.” The National Interest, March 22, 1994.
______. “Trigger Man.” The American Conservative, June 6, 2005.
Beard, Charles A. “The Future of Democracy in the United States.” The Political Quarterly 8, no. 4 (1937).
______. “Education Under the Nazis.” Foreign Affairs 14, no. 3 (1936).
______. “The Noble Dream.” American Historical Review 41, no. 1 (1935).
Bell, Duncan. “Writing the World: Disciplinary History and Beyond.” International Affairs 85, no. 1 (January 2009).
Blower, Brooke L. “From Isolationism to Neutrality: A New Framework for Understanding American Political Culture, 1919–1941.” Diplomatic History 38, no. 2 (Spring 2014).
Botts, Joshua. “‘Nothing to Seek and … Nothing to Defend’: George F. Kennan’s Core Values and American Foreign Policy, 1938–1993.” Diplomatic History 30, no. 5 (November 2006).
Bowden, Mark. “Wolfowitz: The Exit Interviews,” The Atlantic, July–August 2004.
Brick, Howard. “Talcott Parsons’s ‘Shift Away from Economics,’ 1937–1946.” The Journal of American History 87, no. 2 (September 2000).
Campbell, John P. “Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911.” The Journal of American History 53, no. 2 (September 1966).
Craig, Campbell. “The Not-So-Strange Career of Charles Beard.” Diplomatic History 25, no. 2 (Spring 2001).
Crockatt, Richard. “American Liberalism and the Atlantic World, 1916–1917.” Journal of American Studies 11, no. 1 (April 1977).
Ekbladh, David. “Mr. TVA: Grass Roots Development, David Lilienthal, and the Rise of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Symbol for U.S. Overseas Development, 1933–1973.” Diplomatic History 26, no. 3 (Summer 2002).
Gaddis, John Lewis. “Containment: A Reassessment.” Foreign Affairs 55, no. 4 (July 1977).
Galison, Peter, and Barton Bernstein. “In Any Light: Scientists and the Decision to Build the Superbomb.” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 19, no. 2 (1989).
Gelb, Leslie H. “Necessity, Choice, and Common Sense.” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 3 (May/June 2009).
Herken, Gregg. “The Great Foreign Policy Fight.” American Heritage, April–May 1986.
Immerman, Richard. “Confessions of an Eisenhower Revisionist.” Diplomatic History 14, no. 3 (Summer 1990).
Isaac, Joel. “The Human Sciences in Cold War America.” The Historical Journal 20, no. 3 (September 2007).
______. “Tangled Loops: Theory, History, and the Human Sciences in Modern America.” Modern Intellectual History 6, no. 2 (September 2009).
Kagan, Frederick W. “Back to the Future: NSC 68 and the Right Course for America Today.” SAIS Review 19 (1999).
Kaplan, Robert D. “Center Stage for the Twenty-First Century: Power Plays in the Indian Ocean.” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2009.
Karsten, Peter. “The Nature of ‘Influence’: Roosevelt, Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power.” American Quarterly 23, no. 4 (October 1971).
Katz, Friedrich. “Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico.” The American Historical Review 83, no. 1 (February 1978).
Keys, Barbara. “Henry Kissinger: The Emotional Statesman.” Diplomatic History 35, no. 4 (September 2011).
Kirkpatrick, Jeane. “Dictatorships & Double Standards.” Commentary 68, no. 5 (November 1979).
Kissinger, Henry A. “Military Policy and Defense of the ‘Gray Areas.’” Foreign Affairs 3, no. 3 (April 1955).
______. “The Viet Nam Negotiations.” Foreign Affairs 47, no. 2 (January 1969).
Krepon, Michael. “The Mushroom Cloud That Wasn’t: Why Inflating Threats Won’t Reduce Them.” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 3 (May/June 2009).
LaFeber, Walter. “A Note on the ‘Mercantillistic Imperialism’ of Alfred Thayer Mahan.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 48 (March 1962).
Lane, Melissa. “Plato, Popper, Strauss and Utopianism: Open Secrets?” History of Philosophy Quarterly 16, no. 2 (April 1999).
Lawson, George. “The Eternal Divide: History and International Relations.” European Journal of International Relations 18 (2012).
Lindsay, James M. “George W. Bush, Barack Obama and the Future of U.S. Global Leadership.” International Affairs 87, no. 4 (July 2011).
Lippmann, Walter. “The Kellogg Doctrine: Vested Rights and Nationalism in Latin-America.” Foreign Affairs 4 (1927).
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Richard B. Dobson. “The Intellectual as Critic and Rebel: With Special Reference to the United States and the Soviet Union.” Daedalus 1, no. 3 (Summer 1972).
Logevall, Fredrik. “First Among Critics: Walter Lippmann and the Vietnam War.” The Journal of American–East Asian Relations 4, no. 4 (Winter 1995).
Lucas, W. S., and Kaeten Mistry. “Illusions of Coherence: George F. Kennan, U.S. Strategy and Political Warfare in the Early Cold War.” Diplomatic History 33, no. 1 (January 2009).
Mahan, Alfred Thayer. “The Peace Conference and the Moral Aspects of War.” North American Review, October 1899.
Manela, Erez. “Imagining Woodrow Wilson in Asia: Dreams of East-West Harmony and the Revolt Against Empire in 1919.” The American Historical Review 111, no. 5 (December 2006).
Milne, David. “The 1968 Paris Peace Negotiations: A Two Level Game?” Review of International Studies 37, no. 2 (April 2011).
______. “Pragmatism or What? The Future of U.S. Foreign Policy.” International Affairs 88, no. 5 (September 2012).
Mueller, Tim B. “The Rockefeller Foundation, the Social Sciences, and the Humanities in the Cold War.” Journal of Cold War Studies 15, no. 3 (Summer 2013).
Mumford, Lewis. “The Corruption of Liberalism.” The New Republic, May 18, 1940.
Ninkovitch, Frank. “Beyond Containment.” Reviews in American History 18, no. 2 (1990).
Nitze, Paul H. “Atoms, Strategy and Policy.” Foreign Affairs 34, no. 2 (January 1956).
______. “The Role of the Learned Man in Government.” Review of Politics, 20, no. 3 (July 1958).
Nixon, Richard M. “Asia After Viet Nam.” Foreign Affairs 46, no. 3 (October 1967).
Preston, Andrew. “Bridging the Gap Between the Sacred and the Secular in the History of American Foreign Relations.” Diplomatic History 30, no. 5 (November 2006).
Rice, Condoleezza. “Promoting the National Interest.” Foreign Affairs 79, no. 1 (January–February 2000).
Rofe, J. Simon. “‘Under the Influence of Mahan’: Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and Their Understanding of American National Interest.” Diplomacy and Statecraft 19 (2008).
Rostow, Eugene. “Searching for Kennan’s Grand Design.” The Yale Law Journal 87, no. 7 (June 1978).
Russell, Greg. “Alfred Thayer Mahan and American Geopolitics: The Conservatism and Realism of an Imperialist.” Geopolitics 11, no. 1 (2006).
Sumida, Jon. “Alfred Thayer Mahan, Geopolitician.” The Journal of Strategic Studies 22, nos. 2 and 3 (June 1999).
Tarlton, Charles D. “The Styles of American International Thought: Mahan, Bryan and Lippmann.” World Politics 17, no. 4 (July 1965).
Thompson, John A. “The Overestimation of American Power: Sobering Lessons from the Past.” World Policy Journal 23, no.2 (Summer 2006).
Urban, George. “From Containment to … Self-Containment: A Conversation with George Kennan.” Encounter, September 1976.
VanDeMark, Brian. “Beard on Lippmann: The Scholar vs. the Critic.” The New England Quarterly 59, no. 3 (September 1986).
Wilkins, Burleigh Taylor. “Frederick York Powell and Charles A. Beard: A Study in Anglo-American Historiography.” American Quarterly 11, no. 1 (1959).
Williams, Andrew. “Why Don’t the French Do Think Tanks? France Faces Up to the Anglo-Saxon Superpowers, 1918–1921.” Review of Inter
national Studies 34, no. 1, (January 2008).
Wilson, Woodrow. “The Law and the Facts.” American Political Science Review 9 (1911).
Wolfowitz, Paul D. “Remembering the Future.” The National Interest 59 (Spring 2000).
Woodward, C. Vann. “The Age of Reinterpretation.” The American Historical Review 66, no. 1 (October 1960).
X. “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.” Foreign Affairs, July 1947.
Zelizer, Julian E. “History and Political Science: Together Again?” The Journal of Policy History 16, no. 2 (2004).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In British academia, where research “outputs” are counted, weighed, and graded over five-year cycles, spending a decade writing a single book is not a wise course. That I’ve been able to pursue this project in continuous paid employment owes much to the forbearance of academic colleagues at the University of Nottingham and the University of East Anglia.
At Nottingham, I would like to thank Richard Aldrich and Simon Tormey for their support. In the School of American Studies, I was fortunate to discuss the ideas animating the book with Richard King, a superb intellectual historian. I also benefited from Fredrik Logevall’s year at Nottingham as a Visiting Leverhulme Professor, during which we cotaught a seminar on George Kennan and had many fine conversations about writing. (Fred’s Embers of War is my favorite history book of the past decade.) My friend and colleague Matthew Jones was a superb mentor to me, and I continue to benefit from his deep historical knowledge. I also thank Nottingham for supporting my research with an “early career researcher” award.
At the University of East Anglia, I owe a special debt of gratitude to John Street, not least for hiring me. Like Richard Aldrich at Nottingham, John is as thoughtful and attentive a head of department as one could hope to have. Hussein Kassim has supported my research unfailingly and, with Sara Connolly, hosted some memorable evenings. My sincere thanks also go to Simon Curtis, Heather Savigny, Valentino Cardo, Chris Hanretty, Alex Brown, Adriana Sinclair, Nick Selby, John Turnpenny, John Greenaway, Alan Finlayson, and Lee Marsden. Kaeten Mistry, Richard Crockatt, and David Gill all read multiple chapters, and I’m particularly grateful to all three for their smart and incisive comments.
The book began life at the University of Cambridge, and I would like to express gratitude to colleagues there. I am fortunate to have two good friends—Joel Isaac and Andrew Preston—who also happen to be outstanding scholars of American history. My conversations with both, in Cambridge and elsewhere, greatly enriched the book. John Thompson and I discussed the book on numerous occasions, and his comments on various draft chapters were typically insightful. My thanks also go to Tony Badger, both for agreeing to supervise my Ph.D. in John’s absence and for assisting my career in many ways since.
I was fortunate to receive substantial financial support in completing this book. My thanks go to the British Academy, the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, the Fox International Fellowship program at Yale University, and the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. The University of Nottingham and UEA each granted me a semester’s sabbatical leave to research the book, for which I am very grateful.
This funding allowed me to conduct research at various archives, where I received first-rate assistance. At Princeton’s Seeley Mudd Library, I’d like to thank Dan Linke, Jennifer Cole, and John DeLooper. At the Library of Congress, my thanks go to Jennifer Brathovde. At the American Philosophical Society, I’d like to extend my appreciation to Marty Levitt and Roy Goodman. At the University of Pennsylvania, Nancy Shawcross pointed me in the direction of some archival gems. At Columbia University Archives, Sady Sullivan provided vital assistance.
Other friends and colleagues read draft chapters and offered helpful feedback. With all the usual disclaimers, my sincere thanks go to Richard Immerman, whose comments on the early chapters were immensely helpful. I am also very grateful to Bevan Sewell, John Griffin, and Nick Hermann for reading and commenting. During a stint in Philadelphia in 2009, Bruce Kuklick was generous in offering his perspective on the project. My sister, Eve Hepburn, read the entire manuscript and offered a thoughtful commentary throughout. I’m also grateful to other family and friends including Margo Milne, John Griffin, Nathaniel Millett, Robert Reed, Austin Fido, Dan Crowe, Andrew and Christine Rudalevige, Christopher McKnight Nichols, Samuel Windham, Deirdre Williams, John Kimbell, Hannah Hunter and Jason Chilvers, Martin and Verity Conway, Simon Gerrard, Giles Foden, Tom and Caroline Ablewhite, Sarah Pearsall, Andrew Trask, Christine Carroll, Tim Lynch, and Steve and Debbie Scalet for their companionship and good cheer.
I have taught a module based on this book since 2005, and I’d like to extend my thanks to all my students for the stimulating conversations we’ve had. In particular, I’d like to record my appreciation for Thomas Tunstall Allcock and Charlie Laderman, now embarking on what I’m sure will be distinguished academic careers. This book would have been very difficult to research and write without having the opportunity to teach it. So I thank Nottingham and UEA for putting the course on their books, and the students who chose it as a final-year option.
I am very grateful to Andrew Wylie for his encouragement, patience, and fine eye for author-editor matchmaking. At the Wylie Agency, my thanks also go to James Pullen and Nina Ellis. Just as he was with America’s Rasputin, my editor at Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Eric Chinski, has been an outstanding reader and critic. His very smart comments on the manuscript at multiple stages improved the book immensely. I’m very fortunate to be one of his authors. At FSG, I’m also very grateful to Peng Shepherd, Gabriella Doob, Eugenie Cha, Gena Hamshaw, Cynthia Merman, Jim Guida, Noreen McAuliffe, Lyn Rosen, and Scott Auerbach for their assistance on multiple levels.
I owe the greatest debt to my wife, Emma, who offered her love and support, commented insightfully on draft chapters, and shared equally in the running of the home. These past eight years have been particularly special. Our son, Benedict, was born in 2007, and our daughter, Anna, was born in 2009. They have enriched my life in ways I couldn’t have imagined. This book is dedicated with much love to Emma, Ben, and Anna.
INDEX
The index that appears in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abbas, Mahmoud
Abraham Lincoln, USS
Abrams, Elliot
Acheson, Dean
Adams, Henry
Adams, John
Adams, John Quincy
Addams, Jane
Afghanistan
Afghanistan War
African Americans
Agnew, Spiro
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud
Air Force, U.S.
Albright, Madeleine
Allende, Salvador
al-Qaeda
Alsop, Stewart
America First Committee
American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)
Andropov, Yuri
Angola
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty
Anti-intellectualism in American Life (Hofstadter)
anti-Semitism
Arab nationalism
Arab Spring
Arafat, Yasser
Arbenz, Jacobo
Argentina
Armies of the Night (Mailer)
Armitage, Richard
Armstrong, Hamilton Fish
Army, U.S.
Army of the Republic of South Vietnam (ARVN)
Aron, Raymond
Arthur, Chester A.
Ashe, Samuel
Asia
“Asia After Viet Nam” (Nixon)
Assad, Bashar al-
Atlantic Ocean
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Austria
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Awlaki, Anwar al-
&n
bsp; Axis Powers
Baathism
Bacevich, Andrew
Baghdad
Baker, James A., III
Baker, Newton D.
Balkan states
Ball, George
Bangladesh
Bao Dai
Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)
Beard, Charles; academic career of; British Empire as viewed by; colonialism as viewed by; Columbia University resignation of; as constitutional scholar; “continental Americanism” of; economic views of; FDR as viewed by; federal government as viewed by; foreign policy as viewed by; Germanic scholarship as viewed by; influence of; Kennan compared with; Lippmann compared with; Mahan compared with; military policy as viewed by; as political scientist; press coverage of; Prussian militarism as viewed by; Spanish-American War as viewed by; states’ rights as viewed by; T. Roosevelt as viewed by; warfare as viewed by; Wilson criticized by; World War I as viewed by; writings of
Beard, Clarence
Beard, Mary Ritter
Begin, Menachem
Belgium
Bellow, Saul
Berger, Sandy
Berle, Adolf
Berlin, East
Berlin, West
Berlin Airlift
Berlin Wall
Beveridge, Albert J.
Bible
Biden, Joe
Big Three
bin Laden, Osama
Bismarck, Otto von
Blair, Tony
Blix, Hans
blockades, naval
Bloom, Allan
Boerner, Phil
Bohlen, Charles “Chip”
Boot, Max
Borah, William
Bosnia
Brazil
Bremer, L. Paul
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918)
Brezhnev, Leonid
Brooks, David
Brown, Harold
Bruce, David K.
Bryan, William Jennings
Brzezinski, Zbigniew
Buchanan, James
Buckley, William F., Jr.
Bullitt, William C.
Bundy, McGeorge
Bundy, William
Bunker, Ellsworth
Burke, Edmund
Bush, George H. W.
Bush, George W.
Byrnes, James F.
Callahan, David
Cambodia