Known and Unknown

by Donald Rumsfeld

  6. Rumsfeld to Powell et al., “Iraq Personnel,” September 16, 2003.

  7. Commander, U.S. Joint Forces Command, “Joint Lessons Learned: Operational Insights,” August 8, 2003; Commander, U.S. Joint Forces Command, “Joint Lessons Learned: Stability, Transition and Reconstruction Operations—Operational Insights,” May 25, 2004.

  8. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 12.

  9. Douglas Jehl and Jane Perlez, “Pentagon Sending a Team of Exiles to Help Run Iraq,” New York Times, April 26, 2003.

  10. Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, interview with Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III, March 18, 2008, as cited in Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction, Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience (U.S.Independent Agencies and Commissions, 2009), p. 69.

  11. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Meeting with Iraqi Political Leaders,” June 2, 2003.

  12. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Why We Need an IA Sooner Rather Than Later,” June 9, 2003; Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Forming the Interim Administration,” June 21, 2003.

  13. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 439.

  14. Patrick E. Tyler, “Overseer Adjusts Strategy as Turmoil Grows in Iraq,” New York Times, July 13, 2003.

  15. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 171.

  16. Rumsfeld to Bremer et al., “Recognition of Governing Council,” September 11, 2003.

  17. David Rohde, “Iraqis Were Set to Vote, but U.S. Wielded a Veto,” New York Times, June 19, 2003.

  18. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, “CERP Funds,” November 28, 2003.

  19. Coalition Provisional Authority, “Achieving the Vision to Restore Full Sovereignty to the Iraqi People (Strategic Plan),” working document as of October 1, 2003 (Baghdad, Iraq).

  20. Coalition Provisional Authority, “Achieving the Vision to Restore Full Sovereignty to the Iraqi People (Strategic Plan),” working document as of October 1, 2003 (Baghdad, Iraq).

  21. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 497–98.

  22. Coalition Provisional Authority, “Implementation of De-Ba’athification Order No. 1,” May 16, 2003.

  23. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Visit to the Persian Gulf, Iraq, Afghanistan & United Kingdom,” May 5, 2003.

  24. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), pp. xxvi–xxvii.

  25. Ali A. Allawi, The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 150.

  26. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, March 26, 2003.

  27. Department of Defense, “Rebuilding the Iraqi Military,” January 21, 2003.

  28. Department of Defense notes of principals meeting, February 26, 2003.

  29. Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Disbanding the Iraqi Army,” May 24, 2006.

  30. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 55.

  31. Michael R. Gordon, “Fateful Choice on Iraq Army Bypassed Debate,” New York Times, March 17, 2008.

  32. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 224.

  33. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Dissolution of the Ministry of Defense and Related Entities,” May 19, 2003.

  34. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 57.

  35. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Response to your ‘should we pay the ex-military’ proposal,” June 19, 2003.

  36. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 433–34; James Dobbins, Seth G.Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 60.

  37. Rumsfeld to Bremer et al., “Iraqi Army,” October 15, 2003.

  38. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Iraqi Security Elements,” November 10, 2003; Rumsfeld, letter to Carl Levin, December 29, 2003.

  39. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 236.

  40. Hannah Hickey, “Bremer Defends Disbanding Iraqi Army as the ‘Most Important Decision I Made,’” Stanford Report, April 27, 2005.

  41. L. Paul Bremer III, “How I Didn’t Dismantle Iraq’s Army,” New York Times, September 6, 2007.

  42. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Dissolution of the Ministry of Defense and Related Entities,” May 19, 2003.

  43. James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Benjamin Runkle, and Siddharth Mohandas, Occupying Iraq: A History of the Coalition Provisional Authority (RAND, 2009), p. 57.

  44. Christopher Hitchens, “It Was Right to Dissolve the Iraqi Army,” Slate, September 17, 2007.

  45. Myers to Rumsfeld, “Police,” July 22, 2003.

  46. Rumsfeld to Bremer et al., “Training Iraqi Police,” September 29, 2003.

  47. Bremer to Rumsfeld, “Security Assessment,” February 3, 2004.

  48. “Saddam’s Amnesty Blamed for Iraq’s Crime,” Associated Press, May 16, 2003.

  49. George Tenet with Bill Harlow, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), p. 318.

  50. Gary Anderson, “Saddam’s Greater Game,” Washington Post, April 2, 2003.

  51. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Post-Saddam,” May 22, 2003.

  52. Department of Defense news transcript, “DoD News briefing—Mr. Di Rita and Gen. Abizaid,” July 16, 2003.

  53. Rumsfeld to Steven Bucci, “DoD Dictionary,” July 23, 2003; Rumsfeld to Abizaid, cc: Myers, “definitions,” July 23, 2002.

  54. Rumsfeld to Wolfowitz et al., “Terminology,” January 7, 2004.

  55. Rumsfeld to Di Rita, “History of Insurgency,” November 12, 2003.

  56. L. Paul Bremer III, “Iraq’s Path to Sovereignty,” Washington Post, September 8, 2003.

  57. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 459.

  58. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 164.

  59. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 208.

  60. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Memos on Iraq,” July 8, 2003; Rumsfeld to Bremer, [No Subject], June 1, 2004.

  CHAPTER 37 Liberation from the Occupation

  1. Douglas J Feith and Lieutenant General Walter L. Sharp (principal drafters), “Strategic Review: Stay the Course—Faster,” October 28, 2003, as cited in Douglas J.Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 460, 644.

  2. Rumsfeld, “Plan for Iraq,” October 14, 2003.

  3. Rumsfeld, “Risk in the Way Ahead in Iraq,” October 28, 2003.

  4. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 227.

  5. Judy Keen, “Rice Will Manage Iraq’s ‘New Phase,’” USA Today, October 6, 2003.

  6. David E. Sanger, “White House to Overhaul Iraq and Afghan Missions,” New York Times, October 6, 2003.

  7. “Rumsfeld Avoids Questions on Iraq Role,” CNN, October 9, 2003.

  8. Rumsfeld to Rice, “Cartoon,” October 15, 2003.

&nb
sp; 9. David E. Sanger, “White House to Overhaul Iraq and Afghan Missions,” New York Times, October 6, 2003.

  10. Rumsfeld to Powell, “Afghanistan—Embassy Kabul Staffing,” March 26, 2004.

  11. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Iraq Reporting Relationships,” October 6, 2003.

  12. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Iraq Reporting Relationships,” October 6, 2003.

  13. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., “Iraq Reporting Relationships,” October 6, 2003.

  14. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, October 14, 2003.

  15. Rumsfeld, “Alternative Approaches to Operate the NSC—Consensus v. Options for POTUS,” April 1, 2004; Rumsfeld to Rice, “Interagency Process,” August 20, 2002.

  16. Rumsfeld, “Conversation with Jerry Bremer,” December 10, 2003.

  17. Rumsfeld, “Fight to the Death,” July 24, 2003.

  18. Alexandar Vasovic, “Saddam: ‘I’m Willing to Negotiate,’ Raising Hopes Insurgency Might Weaken,” Associated Press, December 15, 2003.

  19. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, April 9, 2003.

  20. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, April 9, 2003; Ambassador L. PaulBremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 334.

  21. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, April 10, 2003.

  22. International Monetary Fund, “Iraq: Third and Fourth Reviews Under the StandBy Arrangement, Financing, Assurances Review, and Requests for Extension of theArrangement and for Waiver of Nonobservance of a Performance Criterion,” IMFCountry Report No. 07/115, March 2007, p. 13.

  23. Coalition Provisional Authority, “Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period,” adopted March 8, 2004.

  24. Department of Defense news transcript, “Defense Department Operational Update briefing,” April 20, 2004.

  25. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “Sunni Engagement,” December 19, 2003.

  26. Rumsfeld to Bremer, “Sunni Outreach,” April 12, 2004.

  27. Glen D. Shaffer, Director for Intelligence (J-2) to Myers et al., “The Importance of the Tribes in Post-Saddam Iraq,” April 8, 2003.

  28. Bing West, No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah (New York: Bantam Books, 2005), p. 61.

  29. Stephan Faris, “Islamic Justice: The Religious Militia Muscles In,” Time, March 1, 2004.

  30. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “SADR,” August 30, 2003.

  31. Rumsfeld to Abizaid et al., “SADR,” August 30, 2003.

  32. OSD Policy, “Apprehension of Moqtada al Sadr,” January 7, 2004.

  33. Edward Wong with David E. Sanger, “Truce Extended in Falluja Siege, and Talks Go On,” New York Times, April 26, 2004.

  34. Edward Wong with David E. Sanger, “Truce Extended in Falluja Siege, and Talks Go On,” New York Times, April 26, 2004.

  35. Ambassador L. Paul Bremer III with Malcolm McConnell, My Year in Iraq: The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 135–36.

  36. Rodman to Rumsfeld, “Decision Not to Go After Sadr,” December 6, 2005.

  37. Paul Bremer, statement to the Iraqi people, March 3, 2004; Paul Bremer, statement on UN Envoy Lakhdar Brahaimi’s announcement regarding Iraq’s political transition, April 14, 2004.

  38. Dexter Filkins, “U.S. Transfers Power to Iraq 2 Days Early,” New York Times, June 29, 2004.

  PART TWELVE Wartime Detention

  1. Department of Defense, “DoD Chains of Command until 19 Nov 03 (Abu Ghraib abuses: Sep–Dec 03),” undated.

  2. Associated Press, “Vatican Calls Prison Abuse a Bigger Blow to U.S. than Sept. 11,” USA Today, May 12, 2004.

  3. Tom Curry, “Will Rumsfeld Survive Abuse Scandal?” MSNBC, May 6, 2004.

  4. Edward Kennedy, statement, “The Prisoner Abuse Resolution,” 108th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 150, no. 64, May 10, 2004, p. S5058.

  5. Colin Powell, interviewed by Larry King, Larry King Live, CNN, May 4, 2004.

  6. Seymour M. Hersh, “Torture at Abu Ghraib,” The New Yorker, May 10, 2004.

  7. Al Gore, remarks, New York University, New York, May 26, 2004.

  8. Rumsfeld, handwritten letter to Bush, May 5, 2004.

  9. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, “Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld,” May 7, 2004.

  10. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, “Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld,” May 7, 2004.

  11. Hearing of the Senate and House Armed Services Committees, “Testimony of Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld,” May 7, 2004.

  12. “Death in the Night,” Time, May 5, 1952.

  13. Rumsfeld, handwritten letter to Bush, May 9, 2004.

  14. Kate Zernike, “Cited as Symbol of Abu Ghraib, Man Admits He Is Not in Photo,”New York Times, March 18, 2006.

  15. “Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations and Detainee Interrogation Techniques” (Church Report), May 11, 2004.

  16. “Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations” (Schlesinger Panel), August 23, 2004.

  17. “Report on Detention and Corrections Operations in Iraq” (MG Ryder Report), November 5, 2003; “Assessment of DoD Counterterrorism Interrogation andDetention Operations in Iraq” (MG Miller Report), September 9, 2003; “Taguba Report with Annexes (AR 15-6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade),” March 12, 2004; “Review of Department of Defense Detention Operations andDetainee Interrogation Techniques” (Church Report), May 11, 2004; “CFC-A AODetainee Operations: Report of Inspection” (Jacoby Report), June 26, 2004; Department of the Army Inspector General, “Detainee Operations Inspection” (Mikolashek Report), July 21, 2004; “Final Report of the Independent Panel to Review DoD Detention Operations” (Schlesinger Panel), August 23, 2004; “Investigation of Intelligence Activities at Abu Ghraib” (Fay/Jones Report), August 25, 2004; “Article 15-6 Investigation of CJSOTF-AP and 5th SF Group Detention Operations” (For-mica Investigation), October 10, 2004; “Assessment of Detainee Medical Operations for OEF, Gitmo, and OIF” (LTG Kiley Medical Review), May 24, 2005; “Investigation into FBI Allegations of Detainee Abuse at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba Detention Facility” (Schmidt-Furlow Report), June 9, 2005; “Review of DoD-Directed Investigations of Detainee Abuse,” August 25, 2006.

  18. Rumsfeld, “Memorandum,” June 1, 2004.

  CHAPTER 38 The Least Worst Place

  1. Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 (New York: Holt, 2008), pp. 118–19; Thomas Farragher, “Vengeance at Dachau in Dark Footnote to Death Camp’s Liberation, US Soldiers Shocked by Holocaust Executed Nazi SS Troops,” Boston Globe, July 2, 2001.

  2. “60,000 Inmates Sexually Abused Every Year,” Associated Press, June 23, 2009; “Sexual Abuse Behind Bars,” Washington Post, September 15, 2009.

  3. Rumsfeld to Hadley et al., “Transferring Responsibilities to Afghanistan and Iraq,” February 3, 2005.

  4. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “President’s Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism,” November 14, 2001.

  5. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “President’s Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism,” November 14, 2001.

  6. Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942).

  7. Haynes to Rumsfeld, “President’s Military Order on Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism,” November 14, 2001.

  8. Rumsfeld to Myers, “Status of Taliban and Al Qaida,” January 19, 2002.

  9. David Hackett Fischer, Washington’s Crossing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 379.

  10. Alex Perry, “Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi,” Time, December 1, 2001.

  11. Alex Perry, “Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi,” Time, December 1, 2001.

  12. Alex Perry, “Inside the Battle at Qa
la-I-Jangi,” Time, December 1, 2001.

  13. Carlotta Gall, “In Tunnels Full of Bodies, One of Them Kept Firing,” New York Times, November 30, 2001.

  14. Alex Perry, “Inside the Battle at Qala-I-Jangi,” Time, December 1, 2001.

  15. Ronald Reagan, “Message to the Senate Transmitting a Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions,” January 29, 1987.

  16. Ronald Reagan, “Message to the Senate Transmitting a Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions,” January 29, 1987.

  17. Editorial, “Hijacking the Geneva Conventions,” Washington Post, February 18, 1987.

  18. Editorial, “Denied: A Shield for Terrorists,” New York Times, February 17, 1987.

  19. Editorial, “The Guantánamo Story,” Washington Post, January 25, 2002; editorial, “Justice at Guantánamo,” New York Times, January 29, 2002.

  20. Eric Holder, interviewed by Paula Zahn, American Morning with Paula Zahn, CNN, January 28, 2002.

  21. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), “Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,” Article 17, Geneva, August 12, 1949.

  22. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), “Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,” Article 25, Geneva, August 12, 1949.

  23. Richard A. Clarke, “Blinded by Hindsight,” New York Times, October 1, 2006; WarrenRichey, “Sorting Out Guantánamo Detainees,” Christian Science Monitor, January 22, 2009; Charlie Savage and Scott Shane, “Terror-War Fallout Lingers Over Bush Lawyers,” New York Times, March 9, 2009.

  24. Taft to Gonzales, “Comments on Your Paper on the Geneva Convention,” February 2, 2002, as quoted in Jack Goldsmith, The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), p. 113.

  25. Powell to Gonzales and Rice, “Draft Decision Memorandum for the President on the Applicability of the Geneva Convention to the conflict in Afghanistan,” January 25, 2002.

  26. Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 164; Jay S. Bybee to Gonzales and Haynes, “Re: Application of Treaties and Laws to al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees,” January 22, 2002.