Hitler's Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
Page 52
15. PRO, HS 4/50, Operation Bivouac, 1942.
16. DKHH, 415.
17. Ibid, 429 and 433.
18. PRO, SOE files are HS 4/18, 19, 22, 24, and 39, Operation Anthropoid.
19. DKHH, 437–84.
20. “Ein Vergeltungsschlag von besonderer Wildheit,” Berliner Morgenpost, June 2, 1942.
21. Peter Hoffmann, Hitler’s Personal Security: Protecting the Führer, 1921–1945 (New York: De Capo, 2000).
22. Table Talk, 512; and Hoffmann, Hitler’s Personal Security, 64.
23. NARA, RG242, T580/222/09995, Reinhard Heydrich’s funeral oration by Kurt Daluege, June 7, 1942.
24. John Bradley, Lidice: Sacrificial Village (New York: Ballentine, 1972); Richard Livingstone, “A Final Lesson: The Destruction of Lidice,” Purnell’s History of the Second World War, 3, 1024–9; and Günter Deschner, Reinhard Heydrich. Statthalter der totalen Macht (Munich: Heyne, 1980).
25. JNSV, case 644, case against members of Polizei Kampfgruppe Dietrich des HSSPF Russland Mitte.
26. Rab Bennett, Under the Shadow of the Swastika: The Moral Dilemmas of Resistance and Collaboration in Hitler’s Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), 238–68.
27. TVDB, 29.
28. PRO HW 16/46, signal from Bach-Zelewski to the chief SS medical officer, January 29, 1942.
29. Machlejd, War Crimes in Poland, 22.
30. TVDB, 34.
31. NARA, RG242, T175/125/2649909–18, letter from Dr. Grawitz to Himmler, March 4, 1942.
32. Richard Breitman, The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (Hanover, N.H.: University of New England Press, 1991). Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head, 334.
33. NARA, RG242, A3343-SS0-023, Bach-Zelewski, letter from chief SS medical officer to Himmler, March 9, 1942. The symptoms associated with nervous condition included inferiority complex (Minderwertigkeit-svorstellungen), a high level of sensitivity to pain (Schmerzempfindlichkeit), an inability to look after oneself (Sichgehenlassen), and the inability to concentrate (mangelnde Willenskonzentration).
34. NARA, RG242, T175/125/2649909–18, Himmler to Grawitz, referred in the Nuremberg process, NCA document P-632.
35. NARA, RG242, T175/125/2649909–18, Himmler to Grawitz, referred in the Nuremberg process.
36. NARA, RG242, A3343-SS0-023, Bach-Zelewski, letter, March 31, 1942, from Bach-Zelewski to Heinrich Himmler.
37. NARA, RG242, A3343-SS0-023, Bach-Zelewski letter, April 6, 1942.
38. TVDB, 35.
39. Ibid, 38.
40. NARA, RG242, T501/15/302–313, Befehlshaber des rückwärtigen Heeresgebietes Mitte Ia, Vorschläge zur Vernichtung der Partisanen im rückw. Heeresgebiet und in dem rückw. Armeegebieten, 1.3.42, Schenckendorff.
41. Theo Schulte, “The German Army and National Socialist Occupation Policies in the Occupied Areas of the Soviet Union 1941–43” (Ph.D. diss, University of Warwick, 1987), 74, BA-MA, RH 22/230, DRZW-4, 1224–5.
42. Hannes Heer, “The Logic of the War of Extermination,” in Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann, War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II 1941–1945 (New York: Berghahn, 2000), 106–9.
43. Ibid., 112–3.
44. Ibid., 110–4.
45. NARA, RG242, T175/81/2601626–30, Partisanenbekämpfung report from SSPF Weissruthenien SS-Brigadeführer Carl Zenner to HSSPF Ostland Friedrich Jeckeln, June 13, 1942 (hereafter referred to as the Zenner report).
46. NARA, RG242, T175/81/2601626–30, the report also listed the killing of two members of the collaboration police (Ordnungsdienst) and five wounded.
47. Ibid. The total number of battalions was based on the existing and expected new battalions and support units.
48. PRO, HW16/6, MSGP 37, August 11, 1942. Zenner was quite astute and aware of his declining popularity; in April, he sent Hitler a birthday greeting and received a kindly response. He was still working with Jeckeln and Jedicke in June and July 1942; and Roger James Bender and Hugh Page Taylor, Uniforms, Organization and History of the Waffen-SS (San Jose, Calif.: Bender, 1971), 10. Zenner was eventually transferred to BII in the SS-Main Office (requisitioning supplies).
49. PRO, HW16/6, MSGP 27, August 21, 1941.
50. Milovan Djilas, trans. Michael B. Petrovich, Wartime (London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977).
51. BA R19/320, RFSS, Tgb. Nr. 1a 323/42 (Geheim) KSRFSS, Befehl-für die Unterdrückung der Bandentätigkeit in den Gebieten Oberkrain und Untersteiermark, June 25, 1942.
52. Ibid, Tgb. Nr. 1a 323/42 (Geheim) KSRFSS, Befehl Richtlinien für die Durchführung der Aktion gegen Partisanen und sonstigen Banditen in Gebieten Oberkrain und Untersteiermark, June 25, 1942.
53. TVDB, 39–40.
54. NARA, RG242, BDC, A3345-OSS-096B, Dr. Erhard Schöngarth; and, Helmut Krausnick, Hitler’s Einsatzgruppen: Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges 1938–1942 (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 1985), 157 and 204.
55. Heer, “The Logic of the War,” 111, n84.
56. DKHH, 437–84.
57. NARA-RG242, T175/81/2601616, letter Himmler to Daluege, July 28, 1942.
58. NARA, RG242, BDC A3345-DS-J007, frames 0689-1843, collected sources on Bandenbekämpfung.
59. NARA, RG242, T175/74/2591672. This order was first issued during a visit to Helsinki, February 17, 1942.
60. NARA, RG242, T175/74/2591686-706, Gedanken über das Wort “Partisanen.”
61. NARA, RG242, T175/135/22287909-12, Der Reichsführer-SS, Order No. 65, August 12, 1942.
62. NARA, RG242, BDC A3345-DS-J007, frames 0689-1843.
63. NARA, RG242, T175/74/2591688, letter from the personal staff of the RFSS to SS-Standarte “Kurt Eggers.”
64. William L. Combs, The Voice of the SS: A History of the SS Journal “Das Schwarze Korps” (New York: Peter Lang), 376–7.
65. NARA, RG242, T175/3/2503430-39, Betr. Richtlinien für Partisanenbekämpfung, circulated by Chef der Ordnungspolizei, November 17, 1941. BA-BL, R19-318, Bandenbekämpfung, Winkelmann’s confirmation approval for Richtlinien für Partisanenbekämpfung, November 17, 1941, see also DRZW, 1201–3.
66. NARA, RG242, T175/140/2668141-355, Weisung Nr. 46: Richtlinien für die verstärkte Bekämpfung des Bandenunwesens im Osten, Der Führer, OKW/WFSt/ Op. Nr. 002821/42g.K., Führerhauptquartier, August 18, 1942. Refer to Walter Hubatsch, Hitlers Weisungen für die Kriegführung 1939-1945: Dokumente des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht (reprinted by Osnabruck, 1999), 201–9; and Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s War Directive, 197–202.
67. Kershaw, Hubris, 27–91; and Geoffrey Megargee, Inside Hitler’s High Command (Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2000), 63–4.
68. BZ-IMT, October 25, 1945.
69. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s War Directives, 197–202.
70. Table Talk, 621.
71. DKHH, 542–4.
72. Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 254–5.
73. NARA, T175/56/2571332, Aktenvermerk über Besprechung mit Gauleiter Koch, Prützmann, September 27, 1942.
74. NARA, T175/56/2571327, letter Himmler to Koch, October 9, 1942.
75. NARA, T175/562571324-5, letter Prützmann to Koch, Betrifft: Bandenbekämpfung, October 2, 1942.
76. Truman O. Anderson III, “Germans, Ukrainians and Jews: Ethnic Politics in Heeresgebiet Süd, June–December 1941,” War in History 7, no. 3 (July 2000), 325–52.
77. Peter Young, Commando (New York: Ballentine, 1969), 114–27.
78. C. E. Lucas Phillips, The Greatest Raid of All (London: Heinemann, 1958), 157.
79. Roger A. Beaumont, Military Elites (New York: Walker, 1976), 44–5.
80. Oberkommando Des Heeres, Das Britische Kriegshee. Gen St d H/Abt. Fremde Heere West, Secret Nr. 3000/42, April 10, 1942, 425–6.
81. NCA, document 8553-PS, Combating of single parachutists, August 4, 1942.
82. USMT-12, 36.
83. NCA, document, Jodl, affidavit, October 1946.
84. NCA, document, 498-PS and document C-179, Führer order, October 18, 1942.
85. Ibid
.
86. Ibid.
87. Hubatsch, Hitlers Weisungen für die Kriegführung 1939–1945, 206–9.
88. PRO, FO371-/30924, case 12246 papers, war crimes litigation.
89. PRO, WO208/4294, Scotland Papers.
90. Der Reichsführer-SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei, Bandenbekämpfung, I Ausgabe (RSHA, September 1942); also located on NARA, RG242, BDC, A3345-DS-J007, frames 0689-1843.
91. Ibid., 1.
92. Ibid, 21–4.
93. Ibid., 8–21.
94. Ibid., 10–13.
95. NARA, RG242, T175/112/2710259, August 17, 1942.
96. Ibid, 13–15.
97. Ibid., 14–16.
98. NARA, RG242, T175/81/2601880, Brandt to Holfeld, November 22, 1942.
99. NARA, 175/140/8160, RFSS Befehl, October 23, 1942; and TVDB, 65. Bach-Zelewski received the confirmation on October 24, als Bevollmächtigter des Reichsführers SS für Bandenbekämpfung.
100. TVDB, 51–2.
101. Substitution enabled a career SS officer to experience senior responsibility, while the officer officially responsible for the position was released for other duties.
102. Ibid, 65.
103. NARA, RG242, T175/81/2601501-2034, message from RFSS to Karl Wolf, at Hitler field headquarters, October 28, 1942.
104. Ibid, wireless message, Himmler to Bach-Zelewski, November 16, 1942.
105. TVDB, 52–84.
106. PRO, WO235-389, United Nations Charges against German War Criminals, The Fühlsbüttel Prison Case, July 1947, evidence against HSSPF Hamburg Georg Henning Graf von Bassewitz-Behr.
107. NCA, document NOKW 1067 Kampfanweisung für die Bandenbekämpfung im Osten, and Oberkommando d. Wehrmacht, Kampfanweisung für die Bandenbekämpfung im Osten, Merkblatt 69/1 (Berlin, November 11, 1942).
108. CMH Pub 104-19, The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–44 (Washington, D.C., Center of Military History, 1956), 119–21.
109. Warlimont, Inside Hitler’s Headquarters, 289–92.
110. NCA, document UK-66, Document marked “A” dated January 1, 1943, originating from NCA document NOKW 068, Combating of Partisans, December 16, 1942; and Gert Meyer (eds.), Wehrmacht Verbrechen: Dokumente aus Sowjetischen Archiven (Köln: PapyRossa, 1997).
111. Soviet Embassy, New Soviet Documents on Nazi Atrocities, (London: Hutchinson, 1943) 49. Schenckendorff had the soldiers arrested and the officer reduced to the ranks.
112. NARA, RG242, T175/ 81/2601524, Meldung, 51a, December 1942.
113. NARA, RG242, T175, roll 3. Dienstbesprechung der Befehlshaber und Inspekteure der Ordnungspolizei January 1943, Berlin.
114. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 148.
Chapter 4: Bandenbekämpfung Operational Concept
1. NARA, T175 Roll 70/2586870, USMT, N331, Bandenbekämpfung, September 3, 1947.
2. NS19/1433, “Bandenkampf-und Sicherheitslage.” Vortrag des Reichsführers-SS bei Hitler auf dem Obersalzberg am 19 June 1943 see also NARA, RG242, T175/ 70/2586239–60 and T175/81/2601501-2034, Reichsführer-SS, 28 June 1943.
3. Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1936–45: Nemesis (London: Penguin, 2000); and Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California, Oxford, 1986).
4. Kershaw, Nemesis, 589.
5. NARA, RG242, T312/18/4758799-4758803, Proklamation des Führers, January 30, 1943.
6. Werner Brill, “Mitleid ist fehl am Platz” Über Vernichtungskrieg und Gewalt (Saarbrücken: Blattlaus-Verl, 1999), 40–1.
7. NCA, document 294-PS, document 1381-PS, and Noakes & Pridham, III, 912.
8. Table Talk, October 18, 1942, 74.
9. BA-MA, RW41/4, Geheime Reichssache, SS-Brigadeführer Zimmermann, Berlin 4 January 1943.
10. Timothy Patrick Mulligan, The Politics of Illusion: German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger, 1988), 50–1.
11. Noakes, IV, 490–4; and Richard Bessel, Nazism and War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2004), 115.
12. Ulrich Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich (Cambridge, Berg, 1997), 257–61.
13. Michael Thad Allen, Hitler’s Slave Lords: The Business of Forced Labour in Occupied Europe (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2002).
14. Soviet Embassy, Soviet Government Statements on Nazi Atrocities, 66–7. The Münster Zeitung announced that since 1942 2,000,000 million Russians had been deported to Germany.
15. Breitman, The Architect of Genocide, 39–43.
16. NARA, RG242, T354, roll 650, Behandlung der europäischen Volker, 23 April 1943.
17. Refer to Nicholas M. Terry, “The German Army Group Centre and the Soviet Civilian Population, 1942-1944,” (PhD diss., University of London, 2005).
18. TVDB, 75.
19. NARA, RG242, T175/128/2654189-92 Himmler to Bach-Zelewski, memo on Vlasov, January 1943.
20. Alexander Dallin, German Rule in Russia 1941–1945: A Study of Occupation Policies (London, Macmillan, 1957), 582–8; and Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head, 467.
21. J. J. Baritz, “War of the Rails,” Purnell’s History of the Second World War, 7, 1973, 2857–67.
22. Klaus Hildebrand, “Die Deutsche Reichsbahn in der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur 1933-1945,” in Lothar Gall und Manfred Pohl (eds.), Die Eisenbahn in Deutschland von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1999), 165–249. See also Hans Pottgiesser, Die Deutsche Reichsbahn im Ostfeldzug 1939–1944 (Neckargemünd: Kurt Vowinckel, 1975); Andreas Knipping and Reinhard Schulz, Reichsbahn hinter der Ostfront 1941–1944 (Stuttgart: Transpress, 1999); Alfred B. Gottwaldt, Heeresfeldbahnen: Bau und Einsatz der militärischen Schmalspurbahnen in zwei Weltkriegen (Stuttgart: Motorbuch, 1998).
23. NARA, RG338, FMS, D369, Railroad Transportation, Operation Zitadelle 1943, Herman Teske (1948).
24. NARA, T78/556/789205 to end OKW records, map of railway attacks, September 1943.
25. Goebbels, Diary, 272.
26. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s War Directives, 125–29; Absolon, Die Wehrmacht, V, 411.
27. NCA document D-735, Foreign office file note, 23 December 1942, 194.
28. NCA, document UK-66, attachment from 1 January 1943.
29. NCA, document D-741, Memorandum regarding the discussion between Reich Foreign Minister and Ambassador Alfieri in Berlin on 21 February 1943, 196–7.
30. Richard Holmes, Bir Hacheim: Desert Citadel (London: Pan Ballantine, 1971), 6 and 142–58.
31. PRO, CAB 176–2, Joint Intelligence Committee papers, Telegraphic report, November 18, 1943, Annex—Situation in the Balkans Mid-September to End of 1943 Note on Strategic Importance of Istria-Slovenia area.
32. Herbert, Foreign Workers, 273–82.
33. IWM, USMT-7, Bach-Zelewski suggested the first conference between General Schenckendorff and Wagner had taken place in 1942, when the Wehrmacht recommended he become the commander of antipartisan forces.
34. TVDB, 69–70.
35. BZ-IMT, 25 October 1945 and USMT-7, 8930.
36. TVDB, 73.
37. Koehl, The Black Korps, 236.
38. NARA, RG242, T175/128/2654007, SS-Befehl, 21 June 1943. BA BL, NS19/ 1706, SS-Befehl vom 21 June 1943 zur Bandenbekämpfung, insbes. Zuständigkeit des Reichsführers-SS und Umwandlung der Dienststelle des “Bevollmächtigten für die Bandenbekämpfung” in “Der Reichsführer-SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei,
Der Chef der Bandenkampfverbände” sowie Ernennung von SS-Obergruppenführer von dem Bach zum Chef der Bandenkampfverbände Der Chef der Bandenkampfverbände” sowie Ernennung von SS-Obergruppenführer von dem Bach zum Chef der Bandenkampfverbände. Hereafter referred to as the June 1943 order.
39. TVDB, 77. The meeting was held at the KSRFSS on June 19, 1943.
40. Erich Kordt, Wahn und Wirklichkeit (Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlagsges, 1948), 307.
41. War Department Technical Manual TM-E 30-451, Handbook on German Military Forces (Washington
, 1945), section VIII-6.
42. F. H. Hinsley (ed.), British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations (London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1981), vol. 2, app 5, “The German Police Ciphers,” 670.