Trading with the Enemy

by Philip Leigh

  23. Rose, Rehearsal, 269.

  24. Ibid., 270.

  25. Lawrence N. Powell, New Masters (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), 34.

  26. Foner, Reconstruction, 54; Rose, Rehearsal, 365; Powell, New Masters, 77, 147.

  CHAPTER FOUR: MATAMOROS

  1. Delaney, “Matamoros,” 474.

  2. Wise, Lifeline, 86–89.

  3. Marilyn Sibley, “Charles Stillman: A Case Study of Entrepreneurship on the Rio Grande, 1861–1865,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 77, no. 2 (October 1973): 232.

  4. Ibid., 234.

  5. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 178.

  6. William Moss Wilson, “The Confederate of the Sierra Madre,” New York Times Opinionator, September 1, 2011. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/the-confederate-of-the-sierra-madre/.

  7. James J. Horgan, “A Confederate Bull in a Mexican China Shop,” in John M. Belohlavek and Lewis N. Wynne, eds., Divided We Fall: Essays on Confederate Nation Building (St. Leo, FL: St. Leo College Press, 1991), 74–75.

  8. Henry Martyn Flint, Mexico under Maximilian (Philadelphia: National Publishing, 1867), 62–68.

  9. Mahin, One War, 221–235.

  10. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 109–119.

  11. Ibid., 126.

  12. Ronnie C. Tyler, “Cotton on the Border: 1861–1865,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 73, no. 4 (April 1970): 214.

  13. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 140–145.

  14. Daddysman, Matamoros Trade, 108–113, 143.

  15. Delaney, “Matamoros,” 473–487.

  16. Ibid., 480, 473–487.

  17. Alfred Hanna and Kathryn Hanna, Napoleon III and Mexico (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), 156–157.

  18. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 182.

  19. Daddysman, Matamoros Trade, 155–156, 158.

  20. Ibid., 156–157.

  21. Ibid., 157–158.

  22. Sibley, “Charles Stillman,” 228, 231.

  23. Ibid., 239.

  24. John Mason Hart, “Stillman, Charles,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fst57; John Mason Hart, “Stillman, James.” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fstbp.

  25. Peg Lamphier, Kate Chase and William Sprague: Politics and Gender in a Civil War Marriage (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 46–47.

  26. Ibid., 77–78.

  27. Ibid., 95; Niven, Chase, 416.

  28. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: William Morrow, 1992), 77.

  29. Johnson, Red River, 19–21.

  30. Ibid., 22–23.

  31. Ibid., 49–78; Delaney, “Matamoros,” 473–487; Hanna and Hanna, Napoleon III, 165–166.

  32. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 377.

  33. Mahin, One War, 185–187.

  34. Wise, Lifeline, 184–186.

  CHAPTER FIVE: MISSISSIPPI VALLEY TRADE

  1. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 24.

  2. Ibid., 67–70.

  3. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority, 184.

  4. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 78.

  5. Ibid., 74.

  6. Ulysses Grant, Personal Memoirs (New York: De Capo, 1952), 207–208.

  7. “Abraham Lincoln and Cotton,” Lincoln Institute, accessed May 9, 2013, www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/Library/newsletter.asp?ID=132&CRLI=180.

  8. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 87–95.

  9. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 28.

  10. Rhodes, History of the United States, 5:286.

  11. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 108.

  12. McPherson, Battle Cry, 622.

  13. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 137.

  14. Cohn, Life and Times, 129.

  15. Brooks Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 164–166.

  16. Charles Anderson Dana, Recollections of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton, 1913), 18.

  17. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 111–112.

  18. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 386.

  19. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880), ser. 4, vol. 3, pt. 1, 282.

  20. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 291–303; John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1866), 2:131.

  21. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 177–179.

  22. Bates, Diary, 276.

  23. Browning, Orville Hickman Browning, 573, 578–579.

  24. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 114–120.

  25. Clement Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy (New York: Free Press, 1954), 241.

  26. Carl H. Moneyhon, The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction in Arkansas (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 130.

  27. Thomas A. DeBlack, With Fire and Sword (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003), 86–87.

  28. Ludwell Johnson, North and South: The American Iliad, 1848–1877 (Columbia, SC: Foundation for American Education, 1993), 118.

  29. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 392.

  30. Alan G. Bogue, The Congressman's Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 43.

  31. Jones, War Clerk's Diary, 2:87.

  32. Johnson, Red River, 10.

  33. Ludwell H. Johnson, “The Butler Expedition of 1861–1862: The Profitable Side of War,” Civil War History 11, no. 3 (September 1965): 230.

  34. Ibid., 232–233.

  35. Ibid., 234.

  36. Ibid., 236.

  37. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 196.

  38. Ibid., 195.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Ibid., 107–134.

  41. Ibid., 186.

  42. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 28.

  43. Smith, Starving the South, 125, 119.

  44. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 194–211.

  45. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 187–189.

  46. Johnson, Red River, 53.

  47. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 184–185.

  48. Roberts, “Federal Government,” 267; Jones, War Clerk's Diary, 1:187.

  49. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 192; Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 211–213.

  50. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 387.

  51. Roberts, “Federal Government,” 272.

  52. Johnson, Red River, 10–28.

  53. Ibid., 52.

  54. Ibid., 30.

  55. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 212.

  56. Ibid., 211.

  57. Foner, Reconstruction, 54–56.

  58. Carl H. Moneyhon, “From Slave to Free Labor: The Federal Plantation Experiment in Arkansas,” in Anne J. Bailey and Daniel E. Sutherland, eds., Civil War Arkansas (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000), 178–179, 183; McPherson, Battle Cry, 711; Foner, Reconstruction, 54–56.

  59. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 213–214.

  60. Thomas W. Knox, Campfire and Cotton Field (New York: Bielock, 1865), 316; Bell Irvin Wiley, Southern Negroes (New York: Rinehart, 1938), 186.

  61. Cohn, Life and Times, 128.

  62. Powell, New Masters, 9, 11, 47.

  63. Cohn, Life and Times, 126–127; Dattel, Cotton and Race, 216.

  64. Powell, New Masters, 46.

  65. Knox, Campfire, 320–321.

  66. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, pt. 1 Washington, DC, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census), 518; Foner, Reconstruction, 58; Powell, New Masters, 7.

  67. Powell, New Masters, 44, 146.

  CHAPTER SIX: ABUSING THE BLOCKADE

  1. Boaz, Guns for Cotton, 7; Foreman, World on Fire, 80.

  2. Mahin, One War, 164.

  3. Clement Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy (New York: Free Press, 1954), 144; Thelma Peters, “Blockade-Running in the Bahamas during the Civil War,” paper read May 5, 1943,
before the Historical Association of Southern Florida, 20.

  4. Peters, “Blockade-Running,” 24–25.

  5. Ibid., 19.

  6. Boaz, Guns for Cotton, 61.

  7. Smith, Starving the South, 127.

  8. Ibid., 128; Greg Marquis, “The Ports of Halifax and St. Johns and the American Civil War,” (Canadian) Northern Mariner 7, no. 1 (January 1998): 14.

  9. Francis I. W. Jones, “This Fraudulent Trade” (Canadian) Northern Mariner 9, no. 4 (October 1999), 39.

  10. Hamilton Cochran, Blockade Runners (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2005), 47.

  11. Ibid., 63.

  12. Ludwell H. Johnson, “Commerce between Northeastern Ports and the Confederacy: 1861–1865,” Journal of American History 54, no. 1 (June 1967): 33.

  13. Charles Cowley, Leaves from a Lawyer's Life Afloat and Ashore (Lowell, MA: Penhallow, 1879), 112–113.

  14. Smith, Starving the South, 125–126.

  15. Joseph T. Durkin, Confederate Navy Chief (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1954), 170.

  16. Glen N. Wiche, ed., Dispatches from Bermuda: The Civil War Letters of Charles Maxwell Allen, US Consul to Bermuda, 1861–1888 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2009), 89.

  17. Johnson, “Commerce between Northeastern Ports,” 35.

  18. Ibid., 30–33.

  19. Ibid., 30–42; Niven, Chase, 351–352.

  20. Robert Means Thompson and Richard Wainwright, Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Fox, vol. 1 (New York: printed for the Naval History Society by De Vinne Press, 1918), 349; Merton E. Coulter. The Confederate States of America: 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950), 289.

  21. Jones, War Clerk's Diary, 1:310, 312, 358.

  22. Ibid., 2:127, 179, 394.

  23. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 182–183.

  24. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 378.

  25. Johnson, “Commerce between Northeastern Ports,” 36–37.

  26. Ibid., 35.

  27. Johnson, “Contraband Trade,” 640; Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 189.

  28. Boaz, Guns for Cotton, 63; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 286; Cohn, Life and Times, 130.

  29. Wise, Lifeline, 221.

  CHAPTER SEVEN: NORFOLK

  1. Ludwell Johnson, “Blockade or Trade Monopoly?,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 93, no. 1 (January 1985): 54–56.

  2. Kenneth Stampp, And the War Came (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970), 81–82.

  3. Peter Andreas, Smuggler Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 173.

  4. Johnson, “Blockade,” 56–62.

  5. Gideon Welles, Diary, vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1911), 177.

  6. Johnson, “Blockade,” 62–69.

  7. Ibid., 69–75.

  8. Ibid., 75–76.

  9. Welles, Diary, 165–167.

  10. Johnson, “Blockade,” 76–77.

  11. Johnson, “Contraband Trade,” 646.

  12. Ibid., 643.

  13. Ibid., 645.

  14. Ibid., 642–643.

  15. The Record of Benjamin Butler from Original Sources (Boston: pamphlet, 1883), 13.

  16. Frederick A. Wallace, Civil War Hero: George H. Gordon (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011), 98.

  17. Ibid., 101; Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 441.

  CHAPTER EIGHT: KIRBY SMITHDOM

  1. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority, 177.

  2. B. T. Johnson, “Memoir of the First Maryland Regiment,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 9, 482.

  3. Simpson, Grant, 218.

  4. Donald Miles, Cinco de Mayo (Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2006), 7–8.

  5. Ibid., 132.

  6. Gene Smith, Maximilian and Carlota (London: Harrap, 1973), 138.

  7. Flint, Mexico under Maximilian, 67–68.

  8. Smith, Maximilian and Carlota, 142.

  9. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 539.

  10. Ibid., 540.

  11. Mahin, One War, 29–30.

  12. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 546.

  13. Mahin, One War, 223–224.

  14. Ibid., 224–225.

  15. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 187.

  16. Johnson, Red River, 35.

  17. Jones, War Clerk's Diary, 1:244.

  18. Mahin, One War, 231–232.

  19. Ibid., 233–234.

  20. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 541–547.

  21. Mahin, One War, 225.

  22. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 189.

  23. Fred Harrington, Fighting Politician (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1948), 134–135.

  24. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 191–198.

  25. Alvin Josephy Jr., The Civil War in the American West (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 223; Stephen Oates, “John S. ‘Rip’ Ford,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 64, no. 3 (January 1961): 308–309.

  26. Johnson, Red River, 46, 49.

  27. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 107; “Consumer Price Index (Estimate) 1800–,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, accessed August 5, 2013, www.minneapolisfed.org/community_education/teacher/calc/hist1800.cfm?.

  28. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 203.

  29. Johnson, Red River, 49, 64.

  30. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 160.

  31. Johnson, Red River, 7–8.

  32. Ibid., 13–14.

  33. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 182.

  34. Johnson, Red River, 47–48.

  35. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 160.

  36. Ibid., 183.

  37. Ibid., 173.

  38. Daddysman, Matamoros Trade, 142–143.

  39. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 173–207.

  40. Michael B. Dougan, Confederate Arkansas (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991), 120.

  41. Johnson, Red River, 99–100, 171.

  42. Curt Anders, Disaster in Damp Sand (Carmel, IN: Guild Press, 1997), 26.

  43. Johnson, Red River, 65.

  44. Judith Gentry, “John A. Stevenson: Confederate Adventurer,” Louisiana History 35, no. 2 (1994): 155–159; Johnson, Red River, 64–65, 68–69.

  45. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 274.

  46. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 114.

  47. Johnson, Red River, 72.

  48. Ibid., 71–74.

  49. Gary Dillard Joiner, One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2003), 59.

  50. Francis Lieber, Lieber's Code and the Law of War (Chicago: Precedent, 1983), 52.

  51. Johnson, Red River, 76–78, 101–103.

  52. Taylor, Destruction, 193.

  53. Johnson, Red River, 253–254, 283; Michael Thomas Smith, The Enemy Within (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2011), 164.

  54. Smith, Enemy Within, 164.

  55. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 392–393; Johnson, Red River, 285–287; The Blockade Runners and Raiders (Chicago: Time-Life Books, 1983), 91.

  56. Smith, Enemy Within, 165.

  57. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 389–390.

  58. Ibid., 386–409.

  59. Johnson, “Contraband Trade,” 637–638.

  CHAPTER NINE: EYES TIGHTLY SHUT

  1. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 422.

  2. David G. Surdam, “Traders or Traitors: Northern Cotton Trading During the Civil War,” Business and Economic History 28, no. 2 (Winter 1999): 302.

  3. Johnson, “Contraband Trade,” 38–39.

  4. Grant at City Point, Virginia, to Stanton, September 13, 1864, in Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 437.

  5. Futrell, 419–421.

  6. Ibid., 423–424.

  7. Lincoln to Canby, December 12, 1864, in Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 431.

  8. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 449.

  9. Canby to Stanton, January 13, 1865, in Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 434.

  10. Johnson, “Northern Profits,” 112.

  11. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 4
45.

  12. Surdam, “Traders or Traitors,” 305.

  13. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 181.

  14. Ibid., 182.

  15. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 103.

  16. George Winston Smith, “Cotton from Savannah in 1865,” Journal of Southern History 21, no. 4 (November 1955): 496.

  17. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 103.

  18. Smith, “Cotton from Savannah,” 508.

  19. Alex Ayers, The Wit and Wisdom of Mark Twain (New York: Meridian, 1989), 46.

  20. Smith, “Cotton from Savannah,” 497–498; “Consumer Price Index (Estimate) 1800–,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.

  21. Miles, Cinco de Mayo, 6.

  22. Johnson, “Northern Profits,” 104.

  23. Ibid., 105–106; Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 439.

  24. Browning, Orville Hickman Browning, xxii–xxiii.

  25. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 107–110.

  26. Ibid., 185–186.

  27. Robert Selph Henry, The Story of Reconstruction (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), repr. (New York: Knockey & Knockey, 1999), 64.

  28. Ibid.

  29. Merton E. Coulter, The South during Reconstruction: 1865–1877 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1947), 7–10.

  30. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 184–185.

  31. Ibid., 185.

  32. Selph, Reconstruction, 63.

  33. Ibid., 63–64.

  34. Ibid., 64–65.

  35. Ibid., 64.

  CONCLUSION

  1. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 61–85; “Government Revenue Details,” USgovernmentrevnue.com, accessed August 3, 2013, www.usgovern-mentrevenue.com/year_revenue_1860USmn_14ms1n_4046#usgs302.

  2. Lebergott, “Why the South Lost,” 72–73.

  3. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 32; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 289.

  4. Stanley Lebergott, “Through the Blockade,” Journal of Economic History 41, no. 4 (December 1981): 881.

  5. House Commerce Committee, H. R. Summary Report No. 24, Trade with the Rebellious States, 38th Cong., 2nd sess., March 1, 1865.

  6. “Consumer Price Index (Estimate) 1800–,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.

  7. National Automobile Dealers Association, NADA DATA: State-of-the-Industry Report 2013, 3.

  8. Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 2 (Washington, DC: 1864), 2823.

  9. House Commerce Committee, Trade with the Rebellious States, 2.

  10. Roberts, “Federal Government,” 275.

  11. Rhodes, History of the Civil War, 359.

  12. McPherson, Battle Cry, 624–625.

  13. Surdam, “Traders or Traitors,” 303.