The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe

by Chris Fowler

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  I would like to thank Chris Fowler for inviting me to contribute to this volume and Chris and Dani Hofmann for invaluable comments. I am also grateful to Eszter Bánffy for providing much needed information and to Lynn Meskell for reading through the chapter and for much more. Thanks are due to K. Gallis, S. Hansen, H. Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, and the Gotsen Institute of Archaeology and the National Bank of Greece for permission to reproduce some of the figures that illustrate this chapter.

  NOTE

  1.I employ the term ‘house model’ to keep with established terminology, but I remain uncertain as to the character of these buildings.

  REFERENCES

  Bailey, D. 1996. The interpretation of figurines, the emergence of illusion and new ways of seeing. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 6, 291–295.

  Bailey, D.W. 2000. Balkan Prehistory, exclusion, incorporation and identity. London: Routledge.

  Bailey, D.W. 2001. Review of ‘Fragmentation in Archaeology, People, Places and Broken Objects in the Prehistory of South Eastern Europe’ (Routledge), by J.C. Chapman. American Anthropologist 103(4), 1181–1182.

  Bailey, D.W. 2005. Prehistoric figurines. London: Routledge.

  Bánffy, E. 1990/1991. Cult and archaeological context in middle and south-east Europe in the Neolithic and the Chalcolithic. Antaeus 19–20, 183–249.

  Bánffy, E. 1997. Cult objects of the Neolithic Lengyel culture. Archaeolingua Series Minor 7. Budapest: Archaeolingua.

  Bánffy, E. 2001. Notes on the connection between human and zoomorphic representations in the Neolithic. In P. F. Biehl, F. Bertemes, and H. Meller (eds), The archaeology of cult and religion, 53–72. Budapest: Archaeolingua.

  Barrett, J.C., 2005. Material culture, humanity and the beginnings of the Neolithic. In T.L. Kienlin (ed.), Die Dinge als Zeichen: Kulturelles Wissen und materielle Kultur, 111–124. Bonn: Habelt.

  Berger, L. 2005. Anthropomorphe and zoomorphe Darstellungen. In S. Hiller and V. Nikolov (eds), Karanovo IV. Die Ausgrabungen im Nordsüd-Schnitt, 1993–1999, 189–243. Wien: Phoibos Verlag.

  Biehl, P.F. 1996. Symbolic communication systems: symbols on anthropomorphic figurines of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic from south-eastern Europe. Journal of European Archaeology 4, 153–176.

  Biehl, P.F. 2003. Studien zum Symbolgut des Neolithikums und der Kupferzeit in Südosteuropa. Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Band 64. Bonn: Habelt.

  Biehl, P.F. 2006. Figurines in action. In R. Layton, S. Shennan, and P. Stone (eds), A future for archaeology, 199–215. London, UCL Press.

  Bondár, M. 2008. The paraphernalia of cult life in the Late Copper Age. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, 171–181.

  Budja, M. 2003. Seals, contracts and tokens in the Balkans Early Neolithic: where in the puzzle? Documenta Praehistorica 30, 115–130.

  Broodbank, C. 2000. An island archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Chapman, J. 1981. The Vinča culture of south-east Europe: studies in chronology, economy and society. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.

  Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in archaeology: people, places and broken objects in the prehistory of south eastern Europe. London: Routledge.

  Chapman, J. and Gaydarska, B. 2007. Parts and wholes: fragmentation in prehistoric context. Oxford: Oxbow.

  Chohadzhiev, S. 2007. Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures in the Struma River Basin. Veliko Turnovo.

  Demoule, J.-P. and Lichardus-Itten, M. 1994. Fouilles franco-bulgares du site néolithique ancien de Kovačevo (Bulgarie du Sud-Ouest). Rapport préliminaire (campagnes 1986–1993). Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique 118, 561–618.

  Elenski, N. 2004. Frühneolithische zoomorphe Figurinen aus dem zentralen Nordbulgarien. In V. Nikolov and K. Băčvarov (eds), Von Domica bis Drama: Gedenkschrift für Jan Lichardus, 17–24. Sofia: Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

  Evans, J.D. 1964. Excavations in the Neolithic settlement of Knossos, 1957–1960. Part I. Annual of the British School at Athens 59, 132–240.

  Gallis, K. 1985. A late Neolithic foundation offering from Thessaly. Antiquity 54, 20–22.

  Gallis, K. 1992. Άτλας προϊστορικών οικισμών της ανατολικής θεσσαλικής πεδιάδας. Larisa: Society of Historical Research of Thessaly.

  Gallis, K. 2001. Tracing the relation of a Neolithic figurine to a specific individual of the Neolithic society of Thessaly (Greece). In R.M. Boehmer and J. Maran (eds), Lux Orientis. Archäologie zwischen Asien und Europa. Festschrift für Harald Hauptmann zum 65. Geburtstag, 139–143. Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf.

  Gaydarska, B., Chapman, J., and Angelova, I. 2005. On the tell and off the tell, the fired clay figurines from Omurtag. In V. Spinei, C.-M. Lazarovici, and D. Monah (eds), Scripta Praehistorica. Miscellanea in honorem nonagenarii magistri Mircea Petrescu-Dîmboviţa oblata, 341–385. Iaşi: Trinitas.

  Gaydarska, B., Chapman, J., Raduncheva, A., and Koleva, B. 2007. The chaîne opératoire approach to prehistoric figurines: an example from Dolnoslav, Bulgaria. In C. Renfrew and I. Morley (eds), Image and imagination: a global prehistory of figurative representation, 171–184. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

  Hansen, S. 2001a. Neolithic sculpture. Some remarks on an old problem. In P. F. Biehl, F. Bertemes and H. Meller (eds), The archaeology of cult and religion, 39–52. Budapest: Archaeolingua.

  Hansen, S. 2001b. Zum Größenformat neoilthischer Figurplastik. In R.M. Boehmer and J. Maran (eds), Lux Orientis. Archäologie zwischen Asien und Europa. Festschrift für Harald Hauptmann zum 65. Geburtstag, 181–184. Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf.

  Hansen, S. 2003. Anhänger-Amulette-Siegel: Zu einer neolithischen Fundgruppe. In M. Özdoğan, H. Hauptmann and N. Başgelen (eds), Köyden Kente. From Village to Cities. Studies Presented to Ufuk Esin, 343–360. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.

  Hansen, S. 2004. Neolithische Statuetten aus Aşağı Pınar in Türkisch-Thrakien. In V. Nikolov, K. Băčvarov and P. Kalchev (eds), Prehistoric Thrace, 193–198. Sofia: Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and Regional Museum of History, Stara Zagora.

  Hansen, S. 2007. Bilder vom Menschen der Steinzeit. Untersuchungen zur anthropomorphen Plastik der Jungsteinzeit und Kupferzeit in Südosteuropa. Archäologie in Eurasien 20. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.

  Hendrix, E.A. 2003. Painted early Cycladic figures: an exploration of context and meaning. Hesperia 72, 405–446.

  Hiptmair, P. 1997. Neolithische Statuetten und figürliche Darstellungen. In S. Hiller and V. Nikolov (eds), Karanovo. Die Ausgrabungen im Südsektor 1984–1992, 255–270. Horn/Wien: Verlag F. Berger & Söhne

  Hourmouziadis, G. 1973. Τα νεολιθικά ειδώλια. Volos: Society of Thessalian Studies.

  Joyce, R.A. 2000. Gender and power in prehispanic Mesoamerica. Austin: University of Texas Press.

  Joyce, R. 2008. When the flesh is solid but the person is hollow inside: formal variation in hand-modelled figurines from Formative Mesoamerica. In D. Borić and J. Robb (eds), Past bodies, 37–45. Oxford: Oxbow.

  Kalicz, N. 1998. Figürliche Kunst und bemalte Keramik aus dem Neolithikum Westungarns. Archaeolingua Series Minor 10. Budapest: Archaeolingua.

  Kalicz, N. 2000. Unterscheidungsmerkmale zwischen der Körös—und der Starčevo-Lultur in Ungarn. In S. Hiller and V. Nikolov (eds), Karanovo III. Beiträge zum Neolithikum in Südosteuropa, 295–302. Wien: Phoibos Verlag.

  Karmanski, S. 2005. Donja Branjevina: a Neolithic settlement near Deronje in the Vojvodina (Serbia). Società per la preistoria e protoistoria della regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia, quaderno 10. Trieste: Società per la preistoria e protoistoria della regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

  Korkuti, M. 1995. Neolithikum und Chalkolithikum in Albanien. Mainz am Rhein: von Zabern.

  Kotsakis, K. 1999. What tells can tell: social space and settlement in the Greek Neolithi
c. In P. Halstead (ed.), Neolithic society in Greece, 66–76. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

  Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Ch., Todorova, H., Aslanis, I., Vajsov, I., and Valla, M. 2007. Promachon-Topolniča: a Greek-Bulgarian archaeological project. In H. Todorova, M. Stefanovich, and G. Ivanov (eds), The Struma/Strymon River Valley in Prehistory. In the Steps of James Harvey Gaul 2, 43–67. Sofia: Gerda Henkel Stiftung.

  Kyparissi-Apostolika, N. 2001. Τα προϊστορικά κοσμήματα της Θεσσαλίας. Athens: Archaeological Receipts Fund.

  Letica, Z. 1988. Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines from Divostin. In A. McPherron and D. Srejović (eds), Divostin and the Neolithic of Central Serbia, 173–187. Pittsburgh: Department of Archaeology, University of Pittsburgh.

  Lichardus, J., Iliev, I.K., and Christov, C.J. 2002. Die Karanovo I–IV Perioden an der unteren Tundža und ihre chronologische Stellung zu den benachbarten Gebieten. In M. Lichardus-Itten, J. Lichardus, and V. Nikolov (eds), Beiträge zu jungsteinzeitlichen Forschungen in Bulgarien. Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Band 74, 325–410. Bonn: Habelt.

  Lichardus-Itten, M., Demoule, J.P., Perničeva, L., Grebska-Kulova, M., and Kulov, I. 2002. The site of Kovačevo and the beginnings of the Neolithic period in southwestern Bulgaria. In M. Lichardus-Itten, J. Lichardus, and V. Nikolov (eds), Beiträge zu jungsteinzeitlichen Forschungen in Bulgarien. Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Band 74, 99–158. Bonn: Habelt.

  Mantu, C.-M., Dumitroaia, G., and Tsaravopoulos, A. (eds) 1997. Cucuteni: the last great Chalcolithic civilization of Europe. Bucharest: Athena Publishing & Printing House.

  Marangou, C. 1996. Assembling, displaying, and dissembling Neolithic and Eneolithic figurines and models. Journal of European Archaeology 4, 177–202.

  Marangou, L. (ed.) 1990. Cycladic culture: Naxos in the 3rd Millennium BC. Athens: The Nicholas P. Goulandris Foundation, Museum of Cycladic Art.

  Meskell, L. 1995. Goddesses, Gimbutas and ‘New Age’ archaeology. Antiquity 69, 74–86.

  Meskell, L. 2004. Object worlds in Ancient Egypt: material biographies past and present. Oxford & New York: Berg.

  Meskell, L. 2007. Refiguring the corpus at Çatalhöyük. In C. Renfrew and I. Morley (eds), Image and imagination: a global prehistory of figurative representation, 137–149. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

  Meskell, L. 2008. The nature of the beast: curating animals and ancestors at Çatalhöyük. World Archaeology 40.3, 373–389.

  Meskell, L. and Joyce, R.A. 2003. Embodied lives: figuring ancient Maya and Egyptian experience. London & New York: Routledge.

  Miller, D. 2005. Materiality: an introduction. In D. Miller (ed.), Materiality, 1–50. Durham & London: Duke University Press.

  Milojković, J. 1990. The anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines. In R. Tringham and D. Krstić (eds), Selevac: a Neolithic village in Yugoslavia, 397–436. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, UCLA.

  Nanoglou, S. 2001. Social and monumental space in Neolithic Thessaly, Greece. European Journal of Archaeology 4(3), 303–322.

  Nanoglou, S. 2005. Subjectivity and material culture in Thessaly, Greece: the case of Neolithic anthropomorphic imagery. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15(2), 141–156.

  Nanoglou, S. 2006. Regional perspectives on the Neolithic anthropomorphic imagery of northern Greece. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19(2), 155–176.

  Nanoglou, S. 2008a. Representation of humans and animals in Greece and the Balkans during the earlier Neolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18(1), 1–13.

  Nanoglou, S. 2008b. Qualities of humanness: material aspects of Greek Neolithic anthropomorphic imagery. Journal of Material Culture 13(3), 311–334.

  Nanoglou, S. 2008c. Building biographies and households: aspects of community life in Neolithic Northern Greece. Journal of Social Archaeology 8(1), 139–160.

  Nanoglou, S. 2009a. The materiality of representation. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 16(3), 157–161.

  Nanoglou, S. 2009b. Representing people, constituting worlds: multiple ‘Neolithics’ in the southern Balkans. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVI, 283–297.

  Nanoglou, S. 2009c. Animal bodies and ontological discourse in the Greek Neolithic. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 16(3), 184–204.

  Nanoglou, S. 2010. The representation of phalli in Neolithic northern Greece. Documenta Praehistorica 37, 215–226.

  Nanoglou, S. and Pappa, M. 2009. Η αναπαράσταση της ανθρώπινης μορφής στο νεολιθικό οικισμό του Μακρύγιαλου Πιερίας. To Aρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη Επετειακός Τόμος 20 Χρόνια, 249–259.

  Naumov, G. 2009. Patterns and corporeality: Neolithic visual culture from the Republic of Macedonia. Oxford: Archaeopress.

  Nikolov, V. 1990. Die neolithische Siedlung Slatina in Sofia (Ausgrabungen im Jahre 1985). Studia Praehistorica 10, 77–85.

  Pileidou, K. 2006. Η νεολιθική ανθρωπόμορφη αγγειοπλαστική των Βαλκανίων. Unpublished PhD thesis. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

  Popov, V. 2002. Die plastischen Darstellungen aus dem Siedlunghügel bei Ruse. In M. Lichardus-Itten, J. Lichardus, and V. Nikolov (eds), Beiträge zu jungsteinzeitlichen Forschungen in Bulgarien. Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Band 74, 529–554. Bonn: Habelt.

  Renfrew, C., Gimbutas, M., and Elster, E. (eds) 1986. Excavations at Sitagroi: a prehistoric village in northeast Greece 1. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California.

  Robb, J. 2009. People of stone: stelae, personhood and society in prehistoric Europe. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 16(3), 162–183.

  Rodden, R.J. 1964. Early Neolithic frog figurines from Nea Nikomedeia. Antiquity 38, 294–295.

  Rutter, J.B. 1993. Review of Aegean prehistory II: the prepalatial Bronze Age of the southern and central Greek mainland. American Journal of Archaeology 97, 745–797.

  Sanev, V. 2006. Anthropomorphic cult plastic of Anzabegovo-Vršnik cultural group of the Republic of Macedonia. In N. Tasić and C. Grozdanov (eds), Homage to Milutin Garašanin, 171–191. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

  Scarre, C. 2007. Monuments and miniatures: representing humans in Neolithic Europe 5000–2000 BC. In C. Renfrew and I. Morley (eds), Image and imagination: a global prehistory of figurative representation, 17–29. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

  Talalay, L.E. 1987. Rethinking the function of clay figurine legs from neolithic Greece: an argument by analogy. American Journal of Archaeology 91, 161–169.

  Talalay, L.E. 1993. Deities, dolls, and devices. Neolithic figurines from Franchthi Cave, Greece. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

  Talalay, L.E. 2004. Heady business: skulls, heads, and decapitation in Neolithic Anatolia and Greece. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 17(2), 139–163.

  Terzijska-Ignatova, St., 2004. Flat bone figurines from the Yunatsite tell. In L. Nikolova (ed.), Early symbolic systems for communication in southeast Europe, 125–129. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.

  Theocharis, D. 1973. Neolithic Greece. Athens: National Bank of Greece.

  Thomas, J. 2005. Ambiguous symbols: why there were no figurines in Neolithic Britain. Documenta Praehistorica 32, 167–175.

  Todorova, H. 1982. Kupferzeitliche Siedlungen in Nordostbulgarien. München: C.H. Beck.

  Toufexis, G. 1996. House models. In G. Papathanassopoulos (ed.), Neolithic culture in Greece, 161–162. Athens: N.P. Goulandris Foundation.

  Toufexis, G. 2003. Animals in the Neolithic art of Thessaly. In E. Kotjabopoulou, Y. Hamilakis, P. Halstead, C. Gamble, and P. Elefanti (eds), Zooarchaeology in Greece: recent advances, 263–271. London: The British School at Athens.

  Toufexis, G. and Skafida, E. 1998. Neolithic house models from Thessaly, Greece. In R. Grifoni Cremonesi, C. Tozzi, A. Vigl
iardi, and C. Peretto (eds), Proceedings of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences—Forlì—Italia—8–14 September 1996 Vol. 3, Sections 7–9 (The Mesolithic; Art in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic; The Neolithic in the Near East and Europe), 339–344. Forlì: A.B.A.C.O. Edizioni.

  Tringham, R. 1971. Hunters, fishers and farmers of Eastern Europe: 6000–3000 B.C. London: Hutchinson University Library.

  Tringham, R. and Conkey, M. 1998. Rethinking figurines: a critical view from archaeology of Gimbutas, the ‘Goddess’ and popular culture. In L. Goodison and C. Morris (eds), Ancient Goddesses: the myths and the evidence, 22–45. London: British Museum Press.

  Tzavella-Evjen, C. 1984. Λιθαρές. Athens: Archaeological Receipts Fund.

  Ucko, P.J. 1968. Anthropomorphic figurines of predynastic Egypt and Neolithic Crete with comparative material from the prehistoric Near East and Mainland Greece. London: Andrew Szmidla.

  Ursulescu, N. and Tencariu, F.A. 2006. Religie şi Magie la Est de Carpaţi acum 7000 de Ani. Tezaurul cu objecte de cult de la Isaiia. Iaşi: Casa Editorială Demiurg.

  Vajsov, I. 2002. Die Idole aus den Gräberfelder von Durankulak. In H. Todorova (ed.), Durankulak, Band II. Die prähistorischen Gräberfelder von Durankulak, 257–266. Sofia: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.

  Vuković, J. 2005. The Blagotin amulets and their place in the Early Neolithic of the central Balkans. Journal of the Serbian Archaeological Society 21, 27–44.