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CHAPTER 50
BURIAL AND HUMAN BODY REPRESENTATIONS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN NEOLITHIC
JOHN ROBB
INTRODUCTION
FEW areas of Neolithic Europe offer the rich and varied panorama of human bodies in burials and in ‘art’ that we find in the central and western Mediterranean. This chapter reviews the treatment of the dead and the depiction of the living between 6000 BC and 2500 BC.1 After a broad review of the relevant archaeology, we conclude with a discussion of some important theoretical issues the body raises.
Unhelpfully, archaeological terminology varies from country to country. In the area covered in this chapter, the period in question is known as the Neolithic up to about the mid to late fourth millennium, and from then as the Copper Age through to about 2400 BC, the transition to the Bronze Age. The largest discrepancy in terminology concerns the Maltese Islands, where the period from 3600 to 2400 BC—contemporary with the Copper Age in nearby Sicily and southern Italy—is included with the Neolithic; it is also known as the ‘Temple Period’ due to its florid architectural developments. This long period encompasses many social changes and is far from homogeneous. In the central Mediterranean, the Neolithic began at varying points, from probably slightly before 6000 BC in the south-eastern corner of Italy, is evident around 5700 BC at many points around the coastline of Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, and reaches the Alps around 5000 BC. It thus took over a millennium for the process of Neolithicization to traverse the peninsula from south-west to north-west and from coasts to mountains. Whilst the Neolithic of the central and western Mediterranean varied greatly, as a gross generalization it was economically based upon farming and pastoralism with little contribution from hunting and gathering. The remarkably consistent range of archaeological material culture includes often quite ornate pottery, polished stone axes, a generally unimpressive blade-and-flake based lithic assemblage, grinding technologies, and personal ornaments. Variation between regions is mostly visible in forms of settlement (which vary from isolated houses to quite large villages), in some ritual practices, and sometimes in burial.