Crown & Country: A History of England Through the Monarchy

by Starkey, David

  Pilgrimage of Grace 297

  Pitt the Elder, William 428–30, 431, 432, 433–4, 437, 439

  Pitt the Younger, William 441, 443

  Pitt, Hester 428

  Pitt, Thomas ‘Diamond’ 428, 429

  Plantagenet, house of 151–2, 157, 165–6, 170, 171, 172, 173–274

  Plautius, Aulus 7–8

  Pliny the Younger 4

  Poitiers, battle of (1356) 232

  Pole, Michael de la 238

  Ponet, John 311, 313, 318, 319

  Pont de l’Arche, William de 155

  Pontefract Castle 244

  Pope, Alexander 42

  Popish Plot (1678) 371–3, 375, 376, 380

  Presbyterianism 323, 327, 334, 343, 344, 345, 348, 355, 356, 361, 412

  Preston, battle of (1648) 344, 345, 417

  Pride, Colonel Thomas 345

  Prince’s Charities 500

  Prince’s Trust 500

  Privy Council 89, 299, 318, 371, 375, 381–2, 405

  Protectorate 351, 353, 356

  Protestant Kirk 322, 323, 324, 333, 334, 337, 349

  Protestant Reformation 287, 299, 301, 303, 306, 334, 340, 360, 399, 493

  Protestantism 287, 299, 301–28, 331–4, 340, 342, 360, 361, 362, 367, 368, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391, 394, 395, 396, 400, 406, 408–11, 421, 445, 452

  ‘Provisions of Oxford’ 210, 211

  Prussia 430, 447, 467

  Pugin, Augustine 462

  Purcell, Henry 379

  Puritans 326, 327, 333–4, 337, 339, 341, 344, 351, 443, 473

  Pym, John 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341

  Quebec, battle of (1759) 431, 432

  Radcot Bridge, battle of (1387) 240

  Raleigh, Sir Walter 429

  Ralph ‘the Staller’ 113

  Ralph of East Anglia, Earl 113

  Ralph of Mantes 81

  Ramillies, battle of (1706) 408

  Ranulf of Chester, Earl 160–1, 167

  Redwald of East Anglia, bretwalda of England, King 26–7, 33, 34, 37

  Reflections on the Revolution in France (Edmund Burke) 442, 443

  Reform Act (1832) 455–6, 459, 477, 496

  Reform Act, Second (1867) 467

  regicide/murder 41, 129–30, 225, 244, 272, 317–19, 340, 346–8, 360

  Reginald, Earl of Cornwall 159, 172

  Regnans in Excelsis (1570) (Papal Bull) 318, 319

  Reith, John 483

  Restoration (1660) 354, 355, 359–77, 378, 400, 401, 473

  Rich, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury 205, 207

  Richard I, (‘Coeur de Lion’), King 194, 195, 196–8, 199, 206

  Richard I of Normandy, Duke 68, 72

  Richard II, King 84, 234, 235–43, 244, 246, 250, 264

  Richard III of Normandy, Duke 101–2

  Richard III, King 266, 270–4

  Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York 252, 253, 254–5, 256, 263, 264, 266

  Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 267, 270–2, 276, 277

  Ridel, Geoffrey 187

  Robert, Earl of Northumbria 107–8

  Robert, Archbishop of London 81, 83, 85, 86

  Robert of Mortain, Count 106

  Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester 150–1, 155, 156, 157–8, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 170

  Robert, 2nd Earl of Leicester 167, 172

  Robertson, Lizzie 479

  Roches, Peter des, Bishop of Winchester 204, 205, 207

  Roger of Hereford, Earl 113, 114, 115

  Roger of Salisbury, Bishop 141–3, 149, 152, 155, 158, 159, 166, 174

  Roman Empire 3–4, 5–12, 14, 15, 20–1, 28, 30, 39, 40, 43

  Rome, sacked, AD 410 11–12, 20

  Royal Albert Hall 468

  Royal Exchange 424, 429

  Royal Forests 128, 155–6

  Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich 402, 416

  Royal Navy 451

  Royal Supremacy, Act of (1534) 295

  Ruin of Britain, The (Gildas) 12–13, 15–17, 19, 28

  Runnymead 201

  Russian Revolution (1917) 478, 479

  Sancroft, William, Archbishop of Canterbury 386–7

  Sandringham 462, 482, 483

  Savoyards 207

  Saxe-Coburg, house of 458

  Saxon Conquest 14–21, 24, 43

  Saxon Shore 12, 14, 15, 20

  Scawsby Leys, battle of (1536) 297

  Scott, Sir Walter 449–50, 452

  Scotland 5, 9, 10, 12, 15, 33, 34, 60, 64; Charles I and 334–9, 344; Charles II and 348, 349, 354, 356; Cromwell and 340; Edward I and 213, 215, 216, 217–18, 219, 220; Edward II and 222, 223–5; Edward II and 222, 223–4, 225; Edward III and 228–9, 232; Henry I and 153; Henry II and 174, 176, 178; Henry VII and 279; James I and 322–9; James II and 380, 409–11, 416, 417, 450–1; Perkin Warbeck and 276; Privy Council 334; Protestant Kirk 322, 323, 324, 333, 334, 337, 349; Stephen and 156, 157, 164, 166, 169, 170; Stone of Scone 218, 220; union of England and 322–9, 419–13, 415, 416, 428, 450; William II and 117, 123–4, 125 see also under individual Scottish king name

  Scottish Parliament 334, 410

  Scottish Poundbury 499

  seal 89–90, 179, 352, 359, 392

  Second World War (1939–45) 485–6

  Security, Act of (1703) 410, 411

  Sedbar, Adam 297

  Sedgemoor, battle of (1685) 380–1

  ‘A Sermon of Repentance’ 356

  Settlement, Act of (1701) 409, 40, 416

  Seven Years War (1756–63) 433, 437, 438

  Seward of Northumbria, Earl 113

  Seymour, Jane 298, 300

  Shakespeare, William 90, 234, 247, 266, 450

  sheriff, post of 102, 114, 144–5, 156, 189

  sheriff’s aid 189

  Sheriffmuir, battle of (1715) 417

  Shire Court 50, 68, 114, 118, 169

  shires 50, 51, 55, 61, 73, 90, 118

  A Short Treatise of Politike Power (John Ponet) 311

  Shrewsbury, battle of (1403) 244–5

  Simpson, Wallis 483, 484, 496

  Siward of Northumbria, Earl 90, 103

  Sixtus V, Pope 321

  slave trade 414, 424

  socialism 479

  Sophie, Electress of Hanover, Princess 409, 414, 416

  South Sea Bubble 424

  Spain 282, 284, 286, 308, 325, 326, 331, 363, 367, 406, 414, 424

  Spanish Armada (1588) 320, 321, 331, 332, 391

  Spurs, battle of the (1513) 283

  St Albans 207, 208, 254, 255; first battle of (1455) 254; second battle of (1461) 255, 263

  St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury 33

  St Denis Abbey 242

  St Edward’s Crown 473, 476, 489

  St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh 334, 410

  St James’s Palace 388, 389, 423, 447

  St Martin’s, Canterbury 29, 31, 33

  St Paul’s Cathedral 223, 287, 377, 398, 399, 412, 413, 469, 471, 482, 493, 495

  St Stephen Crown of Hungary 88; union of Scottish and English 327–8, 330

  St Thomas’s Hospital 468

  St George 228, 236, 239, 257, 347

  Staffordshire Hoard 35

  Stamford Bridge, battle of (1066) 95, 96, 103

  Stamp Act (1765) 434–5, 442

  Standard, battle of the (1137) 157

  Stephen, King 149–51, 154–60, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167–8, 169, 170, 171–2, 174, 175, 176, 183, 184, 256

  Stephen of Blois, Count 149

  Stigand, Archbishop 72, 82, 85, 93, 105, 112

  Stowe, Buckinghamshire 426–7, 428, 429, 431–2, 439

  Streona, Eadric 68–9, 70, 71, 75

  Stuart, house of xvi-xvii, 321, 322–416, 417, 419, 421, 427

  Succession, Act of 295, 301, 307, 410–11, 414

  Supremacy, Act of Royal (1534) 295–9, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 333, 337, 355, 360, 370, 378, 379, 395, 396, 397

  Sutton H
oo 26–7, 33, 35, 37, 38

  Swein, Earl 80, 81, 82, 87

  Swein, King of Denmark 95, 108

  Swinford, Catherine 252

  Tacitus 7–8, 9, 22–3, 24

  taxes 66, 69, 71, 73, 118, 178, 180, 198, 199, 238; Æthelred and 66, 69; Alfred the Great and 54; American 435–6; Anglo-Saxon 54, 66, 69, 71, 73, 88, 89, 114, 118; Charles II and 370; Cromwell and 340, 351; customs 401; ‘decimation’ 351; direct 230; Edward I and 218–19; Edward III and 230, 235; export duties 230; ‘Free Gift’ 332; geld (land tax) 88, 89, 114, 118, 119, 123; George V and 477; Henry III and 206; heregeld (‘army tax’) 73, 83, 88; indirect 230, 329, 401; John and 199, 205; Labour Party and 486, 489; Magna Carta and 2–5; monetagium (levy on coining of silver pennies) 131; murdrum (murder) fine 131–2; normalization of 230; Parliament and 218–19, 230, 256, 259, 269, 270, 275–6, 277, 281–2, 283, 331–2, 335, 351, 395, 402, 402, 412; Peasants’ Revolt and 236–7; poll taxes 236–7; rebellions 236–7, 276–7, 286; Roman 16; ship money 332–3, 335, 337

  Taylor, Sir Herbert 456

  Test Act (1673) 370–1, 384–5, 386

  Tewdwr, Rhys ap, Prince 125

  Tewkesbury, battle of (1471) 265, 268, 270

  Thatcher, Margaret 480

  Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury 160, 162, 174, 180

  Theobald III of Blois, Count 149, 156–7

  Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury 184, 185, 186

  Theodosius the Elder 10

  Thomas of York, Archbishop 112

  Thornhill, James 417, 418

  Thurstan of York, Archbishop 157

  Tinchebrai, battle of (1106) 133, 134

  Tirel, Walter 129

  Toki 116

  Tories 375–6, 377, 379, 380, 381, 382, 385, 387, 390, 393–4, 396, 401, 409, 413, 414, 415, 416, 420, 421, 423, 424, 427, 444, 451, 454, 455–6, 457, 459, 460, 468, 469, 477, 480, 499

  Tostig, Earl 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 103

  Toulouse 178, 180

  Tower of London 126, 168, 237, 240, 253, 266, 267, 268, 271, 281, 295, 297, 308, 312, 356, 374, 384, 416, 424

  Towton, battle of (1461) 255, 263

  Traci, William de 192

  Trajan, Emperor 4

  treason 5, 113, 216, 219, 241, 252, 265, 294, 295, 304, 312, 316, 338, 341, 345, 346, 360, 376–7, 445

  Trew Law of Free Monarchies, The (George Buchanan) 323, 325, 328

  Triennial Act (1694) 402

  Trooping the Colour 492

  Troyes, Treaty of (1420) 247, 248

  Tudor Rose 274

  Tudor, Edmund 262

  Tudor, Jasper 255, 262, 265

  Tudor, Owen 250, 255

  Tudor, house of xiv-xv, 250, 255, 261–325, 399

  Tyler, Wat 237

  Tyndale, William 290, 291

  Uniformity, Act of 304, 370

  Union, Act of, 1707 450

  Urban II, Pope 127

  Utrecht, Peace of (1713) 414, 416, 420, 424

  Vacarius (Lombard jurist) 184

  Vanburgh, Sir John 423

  Vere, Robert de 238, 240

  Vereeniging, Treaty of (1902) 474

  Vexin 177–8

  Victor IV, anti-pope 178

  Victoria, Marie Louise, Duchess of Kent 456–7

  Victoria, Queen 226, 456–62, 465, 466–71, 485, 490, 491

  Vikings 5, 42, 43–4, 46–8, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 66–74, 95, 256

  Villiers, Elizabeth 369

  Visigoths 20

  Vitalis, Orderic 120, 137, 138, 139, 140, 148, 161

  Voltaire 439

  Vortigern 15, 16, 17

  Wales: Edward I and 213, 215–16, 220, 222, 242; Edward II and 213, 220, 222; Edward the Elder and 60, 64; Henry I and 153, 176–7, 178; Henry IV and 244, 245; Lancastrian army in 255; Llwelyn, Gruffudd ap and 88, 91; Norman expansion into 125, 153; Offa campaigns against 39

  Wallace, William 219–20

  Walpole, Horace 431

  Walpole, Sir Robert 423–6, 428, 431, 432

  Walsingham Chronicle 232

  Walter, Lucy 374

  Waltheof, Earl 103, 105, 108, 113–14

  Warbeck, Perkin 276, 277

  Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury 281, 282

  Wars of the Roses 252–5, 257, 262–8, 269, 270–4, 282, 297, 298, 324, 325, 339, 428

  Warwick, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of 254, 255, 264, 265, 267

  Washington, George 437–8, 439

  Waterloo, battle of (1815) 446–7, 462

  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of 446–7, 458, 462

  Wells, H.G. 478

  Wessex x, xii, 4–5, 18, 33, 36, 37, 42, 43–59, 61, 68, 70, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 87–8, 93, 133, 150, 166, 256

  Wessex, house of x-xi, xii-xiii, 42, 43–71, 78, 79–97

  Westminster Abbey 64, 77, 86–7, 93, 104, 107, 121, 126, 131, 133, 164, 172, 190, 204, 205, 207, 212, 218, 220, 246, 248, 249, 251, 271, 272, 278, 279, 293, 302, 330, 340, 356, 379, 387, 395, 405, 448, 449, 473, 481, 495

  Westminster Hall 126–7, 219, 243, 245, 296, 320, 346, 352, 356, 379, 387, 456, 476, 488, 497

  Westminster Palace 85, 86–7, 141, 145, 172, 205, 218, 229–30, 338, 360, 453, 456, 462, 466

  West Saxons 18, 47, 60, 61, 64

  Whigs 375, 376, 377, 380, 381, 387, 390, 393, 394, 396, 401, 409, 413, 414, 416, 420, 421, 423, 424, 427, 435, 436, 442, 443–4, 451, 454, 455, 457, 458

  White Ship 147–8, 151

  Whitehall Palace 378, 392, 395, 396–7, 402, 411

  Whitgift, William, Archbishop of Canterbury 321–2, 324

  Wigot of Wallingford 116

  Wilhelm II, Kaiser 465

  William I, King of Scotland 193–4

  William I, the Conqueror, King xix, 50, 83, 91–2, 94–7, 101–15, 116–21, 123, 128, 129, 131, 132, 378, 393

  William II, King 116, 117, 120–30, 131, 136

  William III, King 359, 367–8, 399, 407, 408, 422, 432

  William IV, King 451–2, 454–7

  William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland 427, 428

  William of Orange, King 368–9, 374, 375, 378, 388–9, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395–7, 399–405, 406, 407, 420, 427, 473

  William of St Calais, Bishop of Durham 123

  William Æthling 133, 139, 147–8, 151

  William the Clito 138–9, 140, 147

  William the Silent 367

  William, Prince 493

  Wilton Diptych 239

  Winchester 54, 62–3, 68, 69, 75, 76, 80, 86, 87, 89, 108, 111, 114, 129, 130, 131, 145, 146, 149, 154, 177, 377

  Winchester Cathedral 275, 308

  Winchester, Treaty of (1153) 175

  Windsor Castle 234, 466, 468, 476

  Windsor, house of xviii, 465–500

  witan (Anglo-Saxon council) 47, 50, 56, 58, 66, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 82, 85, 87, 104, 117, 130

  Woden 18, 27, 28, 44

  Wolfe, General James 431, 432

  Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas 141, 142, 159, 175, 283–5, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290

  Worcester, battle of (1651) 348

  Wren, Sir Christopher 373, 453

  writ 90, 179

  Wulfstan, Bishop 70, 73, 112, 122

  Wyatt, James 453

  Wyatt, Sir Thomas 308, 312

  York, house of xiv-xv, 252–5, 257, 262–74, 275, 276

  York Minster 251

  Yorktown, battle of (1781) 439

  ALSO BY DAVID STARKEY

  Elizabeth: Apprenticeship

  The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics

  Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII

  The Monarchy of England: Volume I, The Beginnings

  Monarchy: From the Middle Ages to Modernity

  Henry: Virtuous Prince

  Copyright

  Published by HarperPress in 2010

  Copyright © Jutland 2010

  The Monarchy of England: Volume I, The Beginnings first published by Chatto and Windus, a division of Random House, 2004

  © Jutland 2004

&nbs
p; Monarchy: From the Middle Ages to Modernity first published by HarperPress 2006

  © David Starkey 2006

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  David Starkey asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work

  A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

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  HB ISBN 978-0-00-730770-8

  TPB ISBN 978-0-00-730771-5

  EPub Edition © 2010 ISBN: 9780007424825

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  * The odd form ‘almight’ is to give a rhyme with ‘right’.

  Table of Contents

  Cover

  Title Page

  Family Trees

  Houses of Godwin and Wessex

  Houses of Normandy, Anjou and the Plantagenets

  Houses of York, Lancaster and Tudor

  Houses of Tudor, Stuart and the Hanoverians

  House of Windsor

  Foreword

  PART I - BEGINNINGS

  Chapter 1 - The Shadow of Rome

  Chapter 2 - Christian Kingship