44 Lisa A. Serbin, et al, “Gender Stereotyping in Infancy: Visual preferences for and knowledge of gender-sterotyped toys in the second year,” International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, no.1 (2001), 7–15.
45 Anne Campbell, Louisa Shirley, Charles Heywood , and Charles Cook, “Infants’ visual preference for sex-congruent babies, children, toys and activities: A longitudinal study,” British Journal of Developmental Psychology 18 (2000): 494.
46 Lisa A. Serbin, et al, “Gender Stereotyping in Infancy: Visual preferences for and knowledge of gender-sterotyped toys in the second year.”
47 Anne Campbell, et al, “Infants’ visual preference for sex-congruent babies, children, toys and activities: A longitudinal study”; Lisa A. Serbin, et al, “Gender Stereotyping in Infancy: Visual preferences for and knowledge of gender-sterotyped toys in the second year.”
48 S.A. Berenbaum and M. Hines, “Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences,” Psychological Science 3 (1992): 203–06; M. Hines and F.R. Kaufman, “Androgen and the development of human sex-typical behavior: rough-and tumble play and sex of preferred playmates in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH),” Child Development 65 (1994): 1042–53.
49 Gerianne M. Alexander and Melissa Hines, “Sex differences in response to children’s toys in nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus),” Evolution and Human Behavior 23 (2002): 467–79; Janice M. Hassett, Erin R. Siebert, and Kim Wallen, “Sexually Differentiated Toy Preferences in Rhesus Monkeys,” Hormones and Behavior 46 (2004): 91 (abstract only).
50 Ewen Callaway, “Male monkeys prefer boys’ toys,” April 4, 2008, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13596-male-monkeys-prefer-boys-toys.html.
51 “I think I might be transgender, now what do I do?” Found on www.AdvocatesforYouth.org; see also Jessie Gilliam, “I’m coming out... I want the world to know... (Or do I?)” Transitions 14, no. 4 (June 2002), available online at: http://www.lgbthealth.net/downloads/research/AdvocatesforYouth.pdf.
52 “Ask the Experts,” www.teenwire.com/ask/2005/as-20050623p1056-gender.php?print=yes.
53 Jesse Ellison, “BIID: Why Sufferers Amputate Their Own Limbs,” Newsweek Health, May 28, 2008, http://www.newsweek.com/id/138932.
54 David Brang, Paul McGeoch, Vilayanur Ramachandran, “Apotemnophilia: a neurological disorder,” NeuroReport 19, no.13 (August 2008).
55 “Genderpalooza! A Sex & Gender Primer,” http://www.scarleteen.com/article/body/genderpalooza_a_sex_gender_primer.
56 Harold I. Kaplan, Alfred M. Freedman, and Benjamin J. Sadock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry Vol. 2, 3rd edition (Williams and Wilkins, 1980), 1697; Mollie S. Smart and Russell C. Smart, Children: Development and Relationships, 4th edition (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1982), 280–81; see also Diane M. Ruble, Carol Lynn Martin, and Sheri A. Berenbaun, “Gender Development,” in Vol. 3 of Nancy Eisenberg, ed., Handbook of Child Psychology, 6th Edition, (John Wiley, 2006), 861–62; Ross Vasta, Marshall H. Haith, and Scott A. Miller, Child Psychology: The Modern Science , 2nd edition (John Wiley, 1992), 561.
57 A diagnosis that is being challenged by gender activists in the mental health profession.
58 “Your understanding of who you are [regarding gender identity] may change over the course of your lifetime.” http://www.siecus.org/_data/global/images/TalkAboutSex.pdf.
59 “Many of us question our gender at various points in our lives,” says Planned Parenthood’s site for teens. “And our gender identity may shift and evolve over time.” http://www.teenwire.com/infocus/2007/if-20070717p495-trans.php.
60 “Advocates for Youth,” www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/safespace/faq.htm.
61 “LGBTQ 101,” http://www.plannedparenthood.org/teen-talk/lesbian-gay-bisexual-trans/questioning/lgbtq-101-25421.htm.
62 It’s important to note that in many instances “atypical gender expression” includes tomboys and sensitive males as well as individuals who insist they were born in the wrong body. The MCPS refused to change their curriculum to explain that being a tomboy or a sensitive male does not mean you are transgender.
63 “From Sexuality and Society”—Powerpoint of sex educator Judy Chaission.
64 Samuel Lurie, “Overview of Transgender Issues for College Health Centers,” Action: The Official Newsletter of the American College Health Organization 45, no.4 (2006): 1.
65 Fred A. Bernstein, “On Campus, Rethinking Biology 101,” New York Times, March 7, 2004.
66 Regret after sex reassignment surgery has been documented; see Stig-Eric Olsson and Anders Moller, “Regret after Sex Reassignment Surgery in a Male to Female Transsexual: A Long Term Follow-Up,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 35, no. 4 (2006): 501–06.
67 “I hate being a girl: is that wrong?” http://www.scarleteen.com/article/advice/i_hate_being_a_girl_is_that_wrong.
68 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual—Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR™, 2000).
69 One notes how often the term “transgender folks” is used to get us to believe these are people just like you and I—they just want to be castrated, that’s all.
70 “The prevalence of gender dysphoria among patients aged over 15 years was calculated as 8.18 per 100 000, with an approximate sex ratio of 4:1 in favour of male-to-female patients,” Wilson P., Sharp C., and Carr S., “The prevalence of gender dysphoria in Scotland: a primary care study,” British Journal of General Practice 49, no.449 (December 1999): 991–92; “There are no recent epidemiological studies to provide data on prevalence of Gender Identity Disorder. Data from smaller countries in Europe with access to total population statistics and referrals suggest that roughly 1 per 30,000 adult males and 1 per 100,000 adult females seek sex-reassignment surgery.” Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (American Psychiatric Publishing); “Gender confusion... affects about 1:20,000 males and 1:50,000 females,” Bonnie R. Strickland, exec ed., Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology , 2nd edition, (Gale Group, 2001). Even more liberal estimates fail to support Heather’s claim: in a study of non-referred children ages 12–13, 2.7 percent of girls and 0 percent of boys wished to be the opposite sex; this included transient events, therefore not truly representing gender dysphoria. From Melvin Lewis, ed., Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Williams & Wilkens, 1991), 605. While there are limitations to all the data, I cannot find any study supporting the notion that gender dysphoria is “especially common” at any age.
71 “Genderpalooza! A Sex & Gender Primer,” http://www.scarleteen.com/article/body/genderpalooza_a_sex_gender_primer.
72 SIECUS, “Talk About Sex,” http://www.siecus.org/_data/global/images/TalkAboutSex.pdf, 24.
73 Kay Clark, “Transgender: Understanding Gender Differences”, ETR Associates , 2005.
74 Consider themselves beyond or between genders.
75 “Advocates for Youth,” http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/safespace/faq.htm.
76 “FYI: Gender at gURL.com,” http://www.gURL.com/findout/guides/articles/0,,702673-6,00.html.
77 “My Gender Workbook: How to Become a Real Man, a Real Woman, the Real You, or Something Else Entirely,” http://www.scarleteen.com/node/502; here, Heather calls the book “awesome”; “Start Your Sexuality Canon,” http://www.scarleteen.com/article/read/start_your_sexuality_canon; and “I hate being a girl: is that wrong?” http://www.scarleteen.com/article/advice/i_hate_being_a_girl_is_that_wrong.
78 Kate Bornstein, My Gender Workbook, 7.
79 Susan Brindle, “Gender Outlaw: An interview with Kate Borstein,” EnlightenNext magazine, http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/j16/kate.asp.
80 Terry Vanderheyden “Harvard Applicants May Now Declare Third ‘Gender, ’ ” LifeSiteNews.com, July 26, 2006.
81 Joanne Creighton, president of Smith College: “Our policy is to admit women and to support them in their intellectual and personal development. We expect that students will explore a wide range of issues of identity.” (Allison Metz, “Do transgender
students adhere to the mission of a women’s college?” May 3, 2007, www.themhnews.com).
82 Fred A. Bernstein, “On Campus, Rethinking Biology 101,” New York Times, March 7, 2004.
83 Also at Emerson College, University of Michigan , University of Vermont, and Washington University.
84 “UCLGBTIA: Transgender Health,” http://www.uclgbtia.org/transhealth.html.
85 “Creative_yayas: Mail Art Call—We All Bleed (Period),” LiveJournal post by user violetanger, http://community.livejournal.com/creative_yayas/16094.html.
86 “Another reason not to send your kids to UMass Amherst...,” www.massresistance.org/docs/gen/08b/tranny_parade/part3/trans_flyer.html.
87 Event sponsored in part by the Department of Psychology, Department of American Studies, and the College of Education and Human Development, http://www.glbta.umn.edu/trans/kate.html.
88 Kate Bornstein, My Gender Workbook, 21, 35.
89 Ibid., 30–31.
90 Ibid.
91 Consider this email exchange between Kate and her transgender friend, Riki: Riki: “What is it that makes you so sad, Kate? What is ‘sad and frightening’ all the time? Ever since I’ve known you, you wear sadness like a chemise under whatever garb is on top.”
Kate: “I think it’s the combined sorrow of all those good-byes, that’s the essence of the sorrow. As to fear. . . . It’s little kid fears that are always there. Monsters in the attic, mom won’t be there when I get home, nobody loves me, someone’s gonna hurt me, no one’s gonna rescue me, I’m gonna be all alone and lonely to the bone.”
Riki: “I can’t believe how many transpeople are ‘lonely to the bone,’ and I can’t believe how little we talk about it, even amongst each other.” (from Bornstein, My Gender Workbook, 248–49)
92 Paul R. McHugh, The Mind Has Mountains: Reflections on Society and Psychiatry (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
Conclusion
1 MSNBC, “Maine middle school to offer birth control,” (18 October 2007) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21358971/.
Index
A
abortion
abstinence education
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Act Now to Stop War & End Racism (ANSWER)
Adler, Margot
Adolescent Brain Development: A Period of Vulnerabilities and Opportunities”
adultery
Advanced Institute of Human Sexuality, the
Advocates for Youth (AFY); education and; gender issues and; mission of; online resources and
Alice in Wonderland
All About Sex
Alternative Lifestyles
ambisexual
American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
American Journal of Surgery
American Psychiatric Association, the
American Psychological Association (APA)
American Social Health Organization
amoeba
amygdala
anal intercourse
As Nature Made Him
attachment
B
bacteriology
Beatie, Thomas
bestiality
Beyond the Big Talk: Every Parent’s Guide to Raising Sexually Healthy Teens—From Middle School to High School and Beyond
“bikini approach,” the
bi-lesbian
Biology of Reproduction
bi-queer
“Bisexual College Women at Greatest Risk for STDs”
bisexuality
Body Integrity Identity Disorder
Bornstein, Kate
Boys Don’t Cry
Bradshaw, Carrie
Brizendine, LouAnn
“Bus for Equality”
butch
C
Cahill, Lawrence
Calderone, Mary
campylobacter
Captain Renault
Casablanca
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Adolescent and School Health
Chlamydia
“Circle of Men”
Citizens for Responsible Curriculum
clitoris
Columbia University
comprehensive sex ed
condom
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
conjunctivitis
contraception
contraceptives
Corinna, Heather
Creating a Life: Professional Women and the Quest for Children
Cullins, Vanessa
D
Daddy’s Roommate
Dahl, Ronald
Deal With It!
Diamond, Lisa M.
DNA
Dr. Laura
drinking
drug use
dyke
E
educators
emotional repercussions of STDs
endocrinology
epidemiology
estrogen
F
fallopian tubes
“Families Are Talking,”
Family Resource on Sex and Sexuality, A
femme
Femmerotic.com
fertility
“fist fornication,
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Ford, Henry
Friedrichs, Ellen
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
G
Gardasil
gay
Gebhard, Paul
gender
gender ambiguous
Gender dysphoria (see also: Gender Identity Disorder)
gender identity
Gender Identity Disorder (see also: gender dysphoria)
Genderland
genderqueer
genital warts
giardia
Giedd, Jay
Glatze, Michael
“Go Ask Alice”
Gone with the Wind
gonorrhea
Gossip Girl
Grey’s Anatomy
Guidelines for Comprehensive Sex Education
gURL.com
gynecology
H
Haffner, Reverend Debra
Hefner, Hugh
hepatitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C)
hermaphrodite
herpes
heteronormality
heterosexuality
Hewlett, Sylvia Ann
Hollywood
homosexuality
“hooking up”
hormone
Hormones and Behavior
HPV-16
hugging
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
human papillomavirus (HPV)
Human Reproduction
Human Rights Campaign (HRC) Foundation
hypothalamus
I
identity
in vitro fertilization
incest
infection
infertility
intimacy
J
Jacobs, Ruth
Johnston, Jennifer
Jones, James
Journal of Kitchen Table Wisdom, The
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
K
Kinsey Institute, the
Kinsey, Alfred
Kirkendall, Lester
kissing
Klein, Elisa
Kubie, Lawrence
L
Langerhans cells
lesbian
Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, Transgender, Questioning (LBGTQ)
Leviticus
“Life Planning Education”
“Liquid Trust”
loneliness
Low Energy Electron Point Source (LEEPS)
M
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
male and female difference
s
Man & Woman, Boy & Girl
March Hare
Martinez, Ronaldo
masturbation
McGill Daily, The
McHugh, Paul
Mead, Margaret
ménage á trois
menstruation
Microfold cells (“M cells”)
Microsoft/National Broadcasting Company (MSNBC)
Money, John
monogamy
Montane vole
Morton, Meredith
MSM (“men having sex with men”)
Music Television (MTV)
My Dad Has HIV
My Gender Workbook: How to Become a Real Man, a Real Woman, the Real You, or Something Else Entirely
N
National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH)
National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
National Geographic
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Organization of Women (NOW)
National Public Radio (NPR)
neuroendocrinology
neurology
Neuropsychiatry
New England Journal of Medicine, The
New York Times, the
Newsweek
normal
“Nothing Will Ever Be the Same”
O
“On Men, Women, and the Rest of Us”
oral sex
Outproud
ovaries
oxytocin
P
pangender
pansexuality
Parental authority
Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays (“PFOX”)
pedophilia
penis
Perry, Katy
Pheromones
physiology
“pill, the”
Plan B
Planned Parenthood ; Alfred Kinsey and; condoms and; education and; fear-based education and; gender and; online resources and; reproductive rights and; teen sexual activity and
Playboy
polyfide
polygamy
You're Teaching My Child What? Page 25