65 “Gay Marriage Goes Dutch,” CBS News Online, http://www.cbsnewscom/stories/2001/04/01/world/main283071.shtml.
66 Eric D. Widmer, Judith Treas, and Robert Newcomb, “Attitudes Toward Nonmarital Sex in 24 Countries,” The Journal of Sex Research 35, no. 4 (1998): 349–58.
67 G. Stolte, N. H. Dukers, J. B. de Wit, H. Fennema, R. A. Coutinho, “A summary report from Amsterdam: increase in sexually transmitted diseases and risky sexual behavior among homosexual men in relation to the introduction of new anti-HIV Drugs,” European Surveillance 7, no.2 (February 2002):19–22; A. K. Van der Bij, I. G. Stolte, R. A. Coutinho, N. H. Dukers, “Increase of sexually transmitted infections, but not HIV, among young homosexual men in Amsterdam: are STIs still reliable markers for HIV transmission?” Sex Transm Infect 81, no.1 (February 2005):34–37; J. S. Fennema, I. Cairo, and R. A. Coutinho, “Substantial increase in gonorrhea and syphilis among clients of Amsterdam Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic,” Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 144, no.13 (March 2000): 602–3; Ineke G. Stolte et al, “Low HIV-testing rates among younger high-risk homosexual men in Amsterdam,” Sex Transm Infect 83 (2007): 387–91; E. M. van der Snoek et al, “Prevalence of STD and HIV infections among attendees of the Erasmus MC STD clinic, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, during the years 1996 to 2000,” International Journal of STD&AIDS 14 (2003): 119–24.
68 Ron de Graaf et al, “Suicidality and Sexual Orientation: Differences Between Men and Women in a General Population-Based Sample From The Netherlands,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 35, no. 3 (June 2006): 253–62; Theo G. M. Sandfort, “Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Psychiatric Disorders,” Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 (2001): 85–91.
69 “Why do nice guys always finish last?” GoAskAlice!, www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/1698.html.
70 Unless you’re a girl who is exclusively with girls—in that case the risk of STDs is very low, and HIV virtually impossible.
71 Esther Drill et al, Deal With It!, 162; and Don Romesburg, Young Gay & Proud (Alyson Books, 1995), 76 (book suggested by Sex etc from Rutgers).
72 Op cit. 88-89; YG&P, 77.
73 YG&P, 81-83.
74 “Menage a Trois?” GoAskAlice!, http://goaskalice.com/0673.html.
75 “The pill—where do I get it and do my parents have to know?” GoAskAlice!, http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/1703.html; “Parental Consent for Abortion?” GoAskAlice!, http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/2060.html.
76 “S/M role playing,” GoAskAlice!, http://goaskalice.com/0646.html.
77 Anna Montrose, “Brain Candy: Meow meow meow mix,” The McGill Daily 40, March 10, 2005.
78 Dennis Prager, “College taught her not to be a heterosexual,” Town-Hall. com, April 19, 2005.
79 Lisa M. Diamond, “What Does Sexual Orientation Orient? A Biobehavioral Model Distinguishing Romantic Love and Sexual Desire,” Psychological Review 110, no. 1 (2003): 173–92.
80 Lisa M. Diamond, Sexual Fluidity: Understanding Women’s Love and Desire (MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
81 These women were non-heterosexual, but declined to attach a label to their sexual identity.
82 Lisa M. Diamond, Sexual Fluidity, 10.
83 Ibid., 82.
84 Lisa M. Diamond, “Development of Sexual Orientation Among Adolescent and Young Adult Women,” Developmental Psychology 34, no.5 (1998): 1085.
85 Pagan Kennedy, “Q&A with Lisa Diamond: A scholar finds women’s sexual orientation to be surprisingly fluid,” The Boston Globe, December 30, 2007.
86 Lisa M. Diamond, “Female Bisexuality from Adolescence to Adulthood: Results From a 10-Year Longitudinal Study,” Developmental Psychology 44, no. 1 (2008): 5.
87 Lisa M. Diamond, Sexual Fluidity, 89.
88 Ibid., 83, 105.
89 An earlier study of 7,000 lesbians revealed 77.3 percent had a history of one or more male partners. [Allison L Diamant et al, “Lesbians’ Sexual History with Men,” Archives of Internal Medicine 159 (December 1999)].
90 Lisa M. Diamond, Sexual Fluidity, 110.
91 Craig Hoffman, “A class apart,” Financial Times, April 15, 2005.
92 E. O. Laumann et al, The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 309.
93 The question of “What does it mean?”—in other words what does a particular sex act signify and communicate—is centrally important to the female sexual experience, before, during, and after. For men, in contrast, the different possible meanings matter less, and sex might often be a perfectly fine experience even if it hardly means anything at all.” (R. F. Baumeister, “Gender Differences in Erotic Plasticity: The Female Sex Drive as Socially Flexible and Responsive,” Psychological Bulletin 126, no. 3 (2000): 371)
94 “Teen Talk,” http://www.teenwire.com/infocus/1998/if-19981201p052.php.
95 This might be correct when it comes to boys, but we know that boys and girls are different. And the scientific evidence backs that up. In 2000, the eminent psychologist Roy F. Baumeister wrote a scholarly review of the subject, using data from nearly 200 references to support his proposal that the female sex drive is “more malleable” than the male. From his conclusion: “The relatively low plasticity of the male sex drive suggests that biochemical factors such as hormones, age, general health, and genetic predispositions may often be the driving forces.... For women, in contrast, sex is driven by sociocultural factors, interpretations, context, expectations, and the like.”Meredith L. Chivers is an eminent psychologist and research fellow at the Canadian Institutes of Health (Canada’s NIH?). She also sits on the Board of Directors, Sex Information and Education Council of Canada (SIEC-CAN) —Canada’s SIECUS. She was awarded $100,000 to study female sexual arousal. She reported in 2004 that “Female sexuality, in general, may be more motivated by extrinsic factors, such as the desire to initiate or maintain a romantic than by intrinsic factors, such as genital sexual arousal. Also, “a self identified heterosexual woman would be mistaken to question her sexual identity because she became aroused watching female-female erotica; most heterosexual women experience such arousal.” For girls, research indicates that over time, their emotional and physical attraction will be liable to shift, depending on the nature and context of relationships, and that it is more likely to shift toward heterosexuality.
96 Victoria A. Veter, “The Role of Friendship in the Development and Maintenance of Lesbian Love Relationships,” Journal of Homosexuality 8, no.2 (1982): 51.
97 “A Girl Kisses a Girl . . . Is She Lesbian? Straight? Bi?” http://www.sexetc.org/story/glbtq/2163.
98 According to teenwire, sexual orientation “may change over the course of a lifetime.” SIECUS explains in a newsletter for parents: the understanding and identification of one’s sexual orientation may change over the course of a lifetime. But elsewhere SIECUS declares: sexual orientation cannot be changed, a view shared by AFY: “. . . like right or left handedness . . . sexual orientation cannot be changed.”
99 Pagan Kennedy, “Q&A with Lisa Diamond: A scholar finds women’s sexual orientation to be surprisingly fluid.”
100 Commonly called reparative therapy.
101 Dr. Spitzer spearheaded the effort to have homosexuality officially removed from the APA’s list of mental disorders, which was accomplished in 1973.
102 Robert L. Spitzer, “Can Some Gay Men and Lesbians Change Their Sexual Orientation? 200 Participants Reporting a Change from Homosexual to Heterosexual Orientation,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 32, no. 5 (October 2003), 403–17.
103 National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (www.narth.com).
104 Debra W. Haffner, Beyond the Big Talk (New York: Newmarket Press, 2001), 183.
105 Not a sex ed site, but frequently referred to by sex educators’ sites.
106 “How Can I Get My Parents to Understand That I Can’t Change My Sexual Orientation?” www.hrc.org/issues/4121.htm.
107 “Young Gay America Magazine,” http://www.ygamag.com/.
; 108 Lydia Malmedie, “Gay journalist claims to be straight,” July 3, 2007, http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-4837.html; “Michael Glatze Falls Prey to Ex-Gay Indoctrination,” gayrepublic.org/print.php?sid=1488&lead=1—4k; Gay City News, gaycitynews.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18576571&BRD=2729&PAG=461&dept_id=568864&rfi=6—53k; “ ‘Ex-Gay’ Editor Still Talking,” http://www.queerty.com/ex-gay-editor-still-talking-20070712/; “Gay Activist Leaves Homosexuality,” http://www.gay.eu/article/10371//Gay_activist_leaves_homosexuality.
109 E. O. Laumann, J. H. Gagnon, R. T. Michael, and F. Michaels, The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
110 Robert Garofalo, R. Cameron Wolf, Shari Kessel, Judith Palfrey, and Robert H. DuRant, “The Association between Health Risk Behaviors and Sexual Orientation among a School-Based Sample of Adolescents,” Pediatrics 101, no.5 (May 1998): 895–902; Milton Wainberg et al, Crystal Meth and Men Who Have Sex with Men: What Mental Health Care Professionals Need to Know (New York: Haworth Medical Press, 2006); Perry Halkitis, Leo Wilton, and Jack Drescher, eds., Barebacking: Psychosocial and Public Health Approaches (New York: Haworth Medical Press, 2005); Sean Esteban McCabe et al, “Assessment of Difference in Dimensions of Sexual Orientation: Implications for Substance Use Research in a College-Age Population,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 66 (2005): 602–29.
111 Centers for Disease Control, “Trends in HIV/AIDS Diagnoses among men who have sex with men—33 States, 2001-2006,” MMWR Weekly 57, no. 25 (June 2008): 681–86.
112 “Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays,” www.pfox.org.
113 Rogers H. Wright and Nicholas A. Cummings, op cit., xv.
Chapter 7
1 Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland.
2 From a book recommended to teens: “a system of dividing people into one of two impossible-to-live-up-to standards: male or female,” Kate Bornstein, My Gender Workbook: How to Become a Real Man, a Real Woman, the Real You, or Something Else Entirely (New York: Routledge, 1997), 25.
3 He defined the word’s new meaning as “the overall degree of masculinity and/or femininity that is privately experienced and publicly manifested . . . and that usually though not invariably correlates with the anatomy of the organs of reproduction.” John Money, Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History (New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1995), 19.
4 Ibid., 52.
5 Money gave the example of pedophilia, which is usually seen as child molestation, a crime, and is “never called ‘a love-affair between an age-discrepant couple,’ which it sometimes is.” Marsha Pomerantz, “Sexual Congress,” Jerusalem Post, June 24, 1981, 6; and Theo Sandfort, Boys on Their Contacts with Men: A study of Sexually Expressed Friendships (New York: Global Academic Publishers, 1987), 5–7.
6 “If I were to see the case of a boy aged ten or eleven who’s intensely erotically attracted toward a man in his twenties or thirties, if the relationship is totally mutual, and the bonding is genuinely totally mutual . . . then I would not call it pathological in any way.”
7 “A childhood sexual experience, such as being the partner of a relative or of an older person, need not necessarily affect the child adversely.”
8 John Colapinto, As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who was Raised as a Girl (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 26–27.
9 As well as other intersex conditions.
10 Christine Gorman, “A Boy Without a Penis,” TIME magazine, March 24, 1997; Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis, “As Nature Made Him: The boy who was raised as a girl,” book review in The New England Journal of Medicine 342, no.19: 1457–8.
11 “It reminded me of the guy with the odds stacked against him,” David said of his choice of a name two decades later, “the guy who was facing up to a giant eight feet tall. It reminded me of courage.”
12 Paul R. McHugh, The Mind Has Mountains: Reflections on Society and Psychiatry (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 227.
13 John Colapinto, As Nature Made Him, 55–60.
14 John Colapinto and Natalie Angier, “X 1 Y=Z,” New York Times Book Review, February 20, 2000; available online at: http://www.nytimes. com/books/00/02/20/reviews/000220.20angiert.html.
15 David Reimer on the Diane Rehm Show: http://www.wamu.org/programs/Dr./00/02/22.php.
16 His mother required hospitalization for depression and a suicide attempt; his dad became an alcoholic. Brian descended into drug use and petty crime. Aside from the horrible circumstances into which they’d been thrown, there was most likely a genetic component to the family’s depression and substance abuse. (John Colapinto, “Gender Gap,” Slate, posted June 3, 2004).
17 John Colapinto, As Nature Made Him, 180, 182.
18 Natalie Angier, “X 1 Y=Z,” New York Times Book Review, February 20,2000.
19 “Advocates for Youth,” http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/safespace/faq.htm
20 “Genderpalooza! A Sex & Gender Primer,” http://www.scarleteen.com/article/body/genderpalooza_a_sex_gender_primer.
21 “I hate being a girl: is that wrong?” http://www.scarleteen.com/article/advice/i_hate_being_a_girl_is_that_wrong.
22 Planned Parenthood program content guidelines I, 5.
23 Ibid., 71.
24 On the other hand, males are expected to be “tough, muscular, strong, unemotional, rational, not stylish, better at math and science, athletic, more sexual, powerful, not domestic, build things (sic).”
25 This was a heinous crime, and the murderers deserved their sentences (death and life imprisonment). However, it’s highly unlikely Teena was targeted solely because of failure to conform to a female gender stereotype—emotional, delicate, domestic, etc. Teena had a history of unlawful behavior and had associated with her murderers, violent ex-convicts, for some time. The two individuals murdered with her also knew the killers. In short, there’s much more to the story of Brandon Teena than gender issues, which gURL.com should not leave out.
26 Each person normally has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. The Y chromosome is present in males, who have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes.
27 Helen Skaletsky et al, “The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes,” Nature 423, no 6942 (2003): 825–38.
28 Larry Cahill, “Why Sex Matters for Neuroscience,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7 (June 2006): 477–84.
29 Jill B. Becker et al, eds., Sex Differences in the Brain: From Genes to Behavior (Oxford University Press, 2006), xviii; see also Daniel D. Federman, “The Biology of Human Sex Differences,” The New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006): 1507–14.
30 Clearly this is a complex subject; childhood experiences may be important too, depending on the individual. Still, it is accurate to conclude that there are typical boy and girl behaviors, due primarily to differences in how the embryonic brain develops and secondarily to psychosocial factors. The fact that there are many exceptions among individuals does not contradict the finding that, as a group and across cultures, certain behaviors are expressed more frequently. (see Richard C Friedman and Jennifer I Downey (2008) Sexual Differentiation of Behavior: The Foundation of a Developmental Model of Psychosexuality, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56).
31 Other genes influence the process as well.
32 Louann Brizendine, The Female Brain (New York: Random House, 2006), 5.
33 Differences in fetal hormone levels can sometimes be discerned as early as day 16 post-fertilization.
34 Richard C. Friedman and Jennifer I. Downey, “Sexual Differentiation of Behavior: The Foundation of a Developmental Model of Psychosexuality,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56 (2008): 147.
35 Jennifer Connellan, Simon Baron-Cohen, Sally Wheelwright, Anna Batki, and Jag Ahluwalia, “Sex differences in human neonatal social perception,” Infant Behavior and Development 23 (2000): 113–18.
36 Svetlana
Lutchmaya and Simon Baron-Cohen, “Human Sex Differences in social and non-social looking preferences, at 12 months of age,” Infant Behavior and Development 25 (2002): 319–25.
37 Svetlana Lutchmaya, Simon Baron-Cohen, and Peter Raggatt, (2002) “Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12-month-old human infants,” Infant Behavior & Development 25 (2000): 327–35.
38 “When my granddaughter was born, I noticed her little knit cap and blanket was pink and blue. Another victory.”
39 “FYI: Gender at gURL.com,” http://www.gURL.com/findout/guides/articles/0,,702673-5,00.html.
40 Megumi Iijima, Osamu Arisaka, Fumie Minamoto, and Yasumasa Arai, “Sex Differences in Children’s Free Dr.awings: A Study on Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia,” Hormones and Behavior 40 (2001): 99–104.
41 David Reimer on The Diane Rehm Show, February 22, 2000; http://www.wamu.org/programs/Dr./00/02/22.php.
42 Jill B. Becker et al, eds., Sex Differences in the Brain: From Genes to Behavior (Oxford University Press, 2008).
43 D. N. Ruble, C. L. Martin, and S. A. Berenbaum, “Gender Development,” in N. Eisenberg, ed., Handbook of Child Psychology 3: social, emotional, and personality development, 6th edition, 858–32 (New York: Wiley, 2006).
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