From the Edge
Page 29
Collins, Lt Colonel David, 39, 47, 53–4; description of Aborigines, 40
colonial settlements, failed, 105
Confalonieri, Father Angelo, 88–9; Aboriginal assistant ‘Jim Crow’, 89–90, 91; and Aboriginal people, 93–4, 95; background, 90; death, 94–5, 96, 96; lack of progress, 94, 95; ‘little shack’ for, 90, 95; and McArthur, 90, 95; maps tribes of Cobourg Peninsula, 92; personality, 90–1, 92, 94; Port Essington, 89–95; shipwrecked, 89; ‘Specimen of the Aboriginal Language or Short Conversation with the Natives of North Australia Port Essington’, 92–3, 92
convicts, Sydney, 37–8, 49–50
Cook, Captain James: Aboriginal oral history of landing, xiii; Botany Bay landing re-enactment, 197; Botany Bay landings, interpretations, 200–11; Cooktown, 166, 189; Endeavour, xx, 164, 165, 195; first Pacific voyage scientific, xiii; and the Guugu Yimithirr, xx, 164, 168, 189, 190–3, 194, 201, 209;journals, 200; landing re-enactment, 199, 200; naming places, 3–4; seen as returned ancestor, 164; souvenirs hunters, 166–7; violence of first landing, xiii
Cooktown (Gangaar), xix, 163; a ‘place of pilgrimage’, 167, 168; Aboriginal custodians, 168; Aboriginal fringe dwellers, 174–5;Aboriginal language recorded, 166; Aboriginal women and children, 190–1; Aboriginal workers, 184–5; Aborigines start grass fire, 192, 93; ‘air of a country town’, 195–6; association with Cook, 184; Banks’ observations, 189–91; Battle Camp, 172; ‘blacks’ move out, 184; botanical specimens, 190; Charlotte Street, c. 1890, 174; Chinese population, 169, 172, 183, 184, 196–7; Cook memorial, 195; Cook repairs the Endeavour, xx, 188; Cook’s landing re-enacted, 196, 199–201; Discovery Festival, 198–9; firearm culture, 170–1, 172; founding (shared telling), 210–11; frontier town, 170, 171, 172–3, 175–6, 188; ‘escaping’, 190; Ghost Town of the North, 183–4; golden ‘era of prosperity’ ends, 183–4; Grassy Hill, 163–4, 169, 169, 190, 211; harbour, 188;James Cook museum, 167, 197, 198, 199, 201; kangaroos first seen, 166; legacy of fear of’blacks’, 182–3; ‘Lizard Island Massacre’, 180–1; Milbi Wall, 178, 201; mobile population, 170; named, 166; Native Police Force, 170, 172, 173, 177; Palmer River goldfields, xx, 165, 169–70; pubs and market gardens, 170; railway to Palmer River, 196; relics from Cook’s visit, 167; reprisal killings, 171–2; royal visit 1970, 196–7; Schwarz’s mission, 184–5; settler communities, 188; Solander, 189; tourism, 196; unfamiliar plants and animals, 189; see also Guugu Yimithirr people
Cooktown Re-enactment Association, 199–201
Coolman, Biddy, xiii
Coolyerberri, 128–9
Cossack, WA, 124; pearling fleet, 127; settlement preserved, 162
‘Country’: burning of, 103–4; Indigenous knowledge of, xviii
Court, Charles, on the Pilbara, 146
Croker Island, 106, 107, 108
Cuttagee Beach, 29, 30
d’Urville, Jules Dumont, 78, 101
Dampier Archipelago, 113, 160;Bungaree, 118, 119; King explores, 117–18; King and Yaburara people, 118–20; named by de Freycinet, 117; ‘most barren place on earth’, 117; Mermaid, 117
Dampier, William, 117, 146, 147, 162; describes Aboriginal people, xii–xiii; shoots Aboriginal at Lagrange Bay, 120
Dark Deeds in a Sunny Land (Gribble), 139
Davis, Henry, 129
Davis, ‘Jack’, 85, 106
de Freycinet, Louis, 117
De Grey river, WA, 125–6
De Grey station, WA, 138
Deeral, Eric, 168, 185, 186, 187, 199–203, 202, 204–5, 206–7, 210
Deeral, Gertie, 199
Dening, Greg, xviii
Depuch Island, 148–9
disease: smallpox epidemic, 106, 127, 196
Dolphin, 121
Dolphin Island, 127, 133; rock art, 124
Donaldson, Mike, 114
Dunbar, Lieutenant, 94
Durlacher, John Slade, 142
Earl, George Augustus, 72, 73–4
East India Company, 6, 7–8
East Intercourse Island, 147–8
Eliza (longboat): Bass Strait crossing, 16, 17–18, 41, 45, 46, 47
Endeavour, xx, 164, 165, 188, 195
Endeavour River, 21, 163, 166, 168, 169, 200, 201, 207, 208, 211
Ennis, Henry, 66
Eora people: death and loss of lands, 34; ‘Welcome to Country’, 34
Essington, 67–8
Fagan, James, 89
Fitzgerald, Hervey, 173
‘Flash Poll’, 106
Flinders, Matthew, 4, 39, 60; and Bass, 53; charts around Preservation Is., 52; circumnavigates Australia, 117; confirms existence of Bass Strait, 53; and wildlife, 52–3
Flying Foam Massacre: amnesty to two alleged murderers, 138; blame shifted to Aborigines, 142; cost to Yaburara, 138; court evidence on, 138; Gara documentation, 145; King Bay memorial, 157–8, 157; legality and morality debated, 141; National Day of Commemoration, 158; numbers killed debated, 139; settlers claim to be victims, 139, 140; settlers’ views on, 136; ‘stern justice’ not a ‘massacre’, 140–1; ‘war’ and ‘massacre’ terminology, 138, 139; Watson recollects reprisals, 142–3
Flying Foam Passage, 132, 133, 136, 138, 139, 144, 145; see also Angel Island
Foelsche, Paul, 108
Forrest, Andrew, 112–13
Fort Dundas, Melville Island, 65–6, 67
Fort William, Calcutta, 6
Francis (rescue schooner), 41, 46, 47, 52, 53
Furneaux, Tobias, 12
Furneaux Archipelago, 1, 2, 59; Sydney Cove landing, 12–13; see also Preservation Island, Bass Strait
Gangaar see Cooktown
Gara, Tom; documents Flying Foam Massacre, 145
Garig Gunak National Park, 107
garrison at Port Essington, 66–8, 69, 71, 72, 74–5
Gidley Island, 127, 134
Gilbert, John, 82, 87
Gipps, Governor George, 79, 85, 86
gold, Palmer River, xx, 165, 169–70, 175
Gould, John, 82
Grant, Lt James, 50
Grassy Hill, 163–4, 165, 169, 169, 211
Gregory, Francis Thomas, 120, 121, 122, 122–3
Gregory XVI, Pope, 89
Gregory River shootings, 137
Gribble, Thomas, 139; Dark Deeds in a Sunny Land, 139
Griffis, Constable William, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137
Gunai Kurnai people, Victoria, 19
Guugu Yalandi people, Cooktown, 171, 173
Guugu Yimithirr people, 168–9, 170, 183, 184, 207; and Cook, xx, 164, 188, 189, 190–3, 194, 201, 209; dictionary, 201; and King, 193–4; dispossessed, 177; and goldfields, 164, 171, 172–3; and Native Police, 177; and pastoralists, 173; and progress of Endeavour, 164
Gweagal people, xi–xiii
Hallam, Sylvia, 150
Hamilton, Captain Gavin, 8, 49, 56, 61; captain Sydney Cove, 9–10, 11–13; death and burial, 43, 54, 57, 58–9; family history, 57–8; explaining loss of Sydney Cove, 47; reunited with Clark in Sydney, 47–8; sells salvaged cargo, 53–4
Hamilton, Captain Gavin, Preservation Island, 13–16, 50–1, 57; campsite, 43; care for men, 41–2; four-month wait for assistance, 42; ill health and deaths, 42; Lascars, 41, 42, 44; leaves island, 47; local produce, 43–4; logbook of Sydney Cove, 54; news of overland group, 45–6; signal cairn, 42; winter hardships, 52–3
Hamilton, Captain Peter, 57
Hamilton, John, 57–8
Hamilton’s Road, 59
Hancock, Lang, 112
Harding River Dam, 153
Harper, Charles, 139–40
Hearson’s Cove, 121, 122, 132, 150
Heroine, 88, 89
Hicks, Wilfred, 155, 158
historical consciousness, xviii, 210
Hogan, Nicholas, 89
Hope Vale Mission, Cooktown, 174, 175, 182, 183, 184–6, 186, 187, 200
Hornsby, Alberta, 186–7, 199, 200–1, 202, 203–4, 205–6, 205, 207, 208–9, 210; on Guugu Yimithirr heritage, 188
Hunter, 52, 54
Hunter,
Governor, 48; discusses spirit sales with Hamilton, 49; failure to explore hinterland, 39; rescue mission to Preservation Island, 41; on ‘savage barbarism’ of natives, 40; sends preserved wombat to Newcastle, UK, 53
Hutchings (Port Essington), 81
Huxley, Thomas, 95, 102, 103
Indian Head (Dumin bigu) massacre, 177
Intercourse Islands, 120
‘Jack Davis’ (Mildun), 85, 106
James Cook Museum, Cooktown, 167, 197, 198, 199, 201; perspective on Cook’s landing, 199–200
Jermyn (pearler), 128, 129, 131
Jervis Bay, 31, 33, 34, 35, 50
‘Jim Crow’, 91, 106
Kamay Botany Bay National Park, xiv
Kangaroo Island (Kingscote settlement), 105
kangaroos, first seen, 166
Karratha, 127, 147, 152; Gas Plant, 115–16, 116
Keppel, Captain Henry, 103–4, 106
Kimberley, xvi, 160
King Bay, 132; see also Flying Foam Massacre
King, Captain Phillip Parker, 166; and Aboriginal people, 118–20; captain of Mermaid, 67, 117–18, 120, 166, 195; explores Dampier Archipelago, 117–18; and Guugu Yimithirr Aborigines, 193–5; names Intercourse Islands, 120; ship’s name carved on tree, 195
Kingscote settlement, Kangaroo Island, 105
Lambrick, Lt George, 80
Lascar sailors, 9, 60; and Australian landscape, 25; last to leave Preservation Island, 47; left behind on walk to Sydney, 32, 41; longboat sailing for Sydney, 16; lost during rescue voyage, 47; return to Canton, 48
Leichhardt, Ludwig: death, 88; journey, 86–8; search for, 106; on Victoria Settlement, 88
Leisham (Sydney Cove crewman), 9, 10–11
Lewis, Edgar, 149
life expectancy, 18th century, 5
Little Eastern pearling vessel, 137
Lizard Island, 175
‘Lizard Island Massacre’, 180–1
Lockyer, Major Edmund, 123
Lockyer’s Gorge, 153
Loos, Noel, 176
Mabo decision, 154–5
McArthur, Captain John, 73, 79; abandons Port Essington, 80, 102–3; on Aboriginal people, 84–5; Brierley on, 97; and Father Confalonieri, 90, 95; Port Essington, 75, 97, 98; sketches of settlement, 97–8; morale-boosting activities, 81; and Leichhardt, 86; Victoria Settlement, 86, 88
McCalman, Iain, 209
McCrae, Alexander: and Flying Foam
Massacre, 131, 132–4, 140, 143; on Worora, 135–6
MacDonald, John, 199–200, 208
Macfarlane, Robert, xvii
MacGillivray, John, 85, 95, 102
Maclean, Allan, 55
Makassan fishermen, 68–9, 70, 76, 74, 108, 124, 126, 164
Mallacoota, 23, 23, 24
Mamitba, Tim, 107–8
Maria Island, 12
Meander, 103, 104–5; departing crew perform kangaroo dance, 107
Melville Island: Fort Dundas, 65–6, 67
Mermaid, 67, 117–18, 120, 166, 195
Milbi Wall, Cooktown, 178, 201
mining boom, WA, 112; and Aboriginal people, 150, 152, 153, 155
missionaries and Aboriginal people, 88–9
Mistaken Island, 56, 147–8
Mitchell Library, Sydney, 56
Morris, (Lady) Ettie, 198
Morris, Henry, 57
Moruya, 31–2
Moruya River, 32–3
Mount Burrup, 147
Mount Cook, 163, 166
Mount Dromedary, 4
Mount Nameless, Afternoon (Williams, 1979), 153–4, 154
Mount Saunders, 166, 167
Mount Tom Price, 146, 147; Aboriginal name lost, 153, 154–5; ‘Nameless Festival’, 154; Williams’ Mount Nameless, Afternoon, 1979, 153–4, 154
Mulligan, James, 169
Mulligang, 133
Mulvaney, John, 80
Mulvaney, Ken, 113–14, 149, 160
Murramarang Point, xii
Murujuga, 123, 126, 127, 147–8, 153; Aboriginal Corporation, 156; Beagle visits, 148; industrial development, 149; National Heritage listing, 156, 158; National Park, 156, 160; pearl industry, 126–7; place names, 153; rock art, xx, 113, 114–16, 115, 148–9, 150, 151, 157, 159, 161–2; rock art ownership, 155; see also Burrup Peninsula; Flying Foam Massacre
Nadgee Nature Reserve, 25, 27
Nadgee River, 25–6, 26
Nadjee Lake, 25
Nairn, Charles, 124–6, 136, 137
Narooma, 31–2
Nash, Mike, 61
National Museum, Canberra, 107
Native Bier, Port Essington (Brierley, 1853), 99
Native Police, Cooktown, 170, 172, 173, 177
Native Title: recognised, 154; rights to Dampier Archipelago, 155–6
Naturaliste, 53
Neinmal, 85
New South Wales coastline, 38
New South Wales Corps and rum trade, 7
Newman, 147
Nickol Bay, 120, 126, 128, 139, 141, 157
Nieuw Holland, 67
‘nigger hunting’, 138
Norfolk Island convict rebellion, 79
North West Shelf Gas Project, xx, 114, 147, 158
Orontes, 67–8
‘out back’, xvii
overlanders, earliest, 2–4
Padbury, Walter, 124, 136
Palmer, Revd Thomas, 39, 48; on kindness of Aboriginal people, 31, 40
Palmer River: gold, xx, 165, 169–70, 175; railway to Cooktown, 196; shanty town, 168
Pambula, 27
Pambula Inlet, 28
Parker Point, 145, 147–8
Parkinson, Sydney: records Aboriginal language, 166, 203
pastoral workers and Aboriginal people, 150, 151
pearl industry, 126–7; Aboriginal workers, 136–7, 138, 152; ‘blackbirding’, 138; cruelty to women, 138; ‘slavery’, 138
Pearling in 1868: A Tragic Adventure (Watson), 142–3
Pearson, Noel, xviii, 168, 188, 210; on Cooktown violence, 175; grandfathers, 175; learns of ‘massacres’, 177; on Schwarz, 185
Pelorus, 79–80
Peron, Francois, 59
Perth, 123, 138–9, 141, 142, 146
‘Peter’ (Aboriginal guide, WA), 128, 130, 132
Phillip, Governor Arthur, xiv, 86
Pigeon House, 4
Pilbara, xvi; Aboriginal art, 109, 113, 148; age of region, 112; area, 112–13; changed by mining boom, 153; Indigenous cultural heritage, 113; landscape, 125, 126; pearls, 126; Rio Tinto operations, 110–11, 110, 112, 120, 147, 149, 155; sheep, 124–6; studies of earth’s crust, 112; see also Burrup Peninsula
Point Hicks, 4
Port Essington (Victoria Settlement;World’s End), xix–xx, 64, 65, 67, 71, 81, 91, 105, 126; abandoning, 102–3, 104, 105, 106; Aboriginal artefacts and bodily remains, 82;Aboriginal people, 74, 76–7, 83, 84, 70, 72, 98–100, 99; archaeological excavations, 78; Bremer returns to settle, 68, 70, 73; Brierley, 95, 97, 102, 103; Catholic missionaries, 88–9; cemetery, 96–7, 96; climate, 64–5, 101; description of (1839), 78–9; disease, 80; Dutch ships, 67; Earl on, 73–4, 76; Europeans, 71–2; fauna and flora, 82, 87; French ambitions, 78–9; garrison, 65, 66–8, 69, 71, 72, 74–5, 101; Gipps on, 76; Government House, 75, 78, 79; graveyard, 95–7, 96; hurricane, 1839, 79–80; Keppel ‘removes’ settlement, 103; King and Mermaid, 67; King names, 117; letters from ‘home’, 81; a ‘little England’, 75; McArthur, 79, 80, 86, 97–8; Makassan trepang fishermen, 68–9; marines, 86, 103; ‘Married Quarters’, 75, 75; Native Bier, Port Essington (Brierley, 1853), 99; rebuilding, 80; search for Leichhardt, 106; struggle to settle, 69, 86, 88, 100–2; wetlands, 77; wildlife, 76; the ‘World’s End’, 101–2
Port Jackson, 4, 5, 7, 8, 31, 34, 78
Preservation Island, Bass Strait, 1–2, 1, 15, 17, 59; European settlement, 2; excavation and research, 61; Hamilton, 13–16, 53; Hunter sends rescue mission, 41; Lascars stay when Bennett leaves, 46; longboat sails for Sydney, 16–17; named, 13; rum moved to Rum Island, 14; saving Clark’
s cargo, 47; ‘soak’, 45; Sydney Cove crew marooned, 13–14
Raffles Bay, 65–6, 70, 72–3, 74, 79, 105; garrison, 65–6
Rattlesnake, 95, 98, 102
Reliance, 59–60
Richardson, AR, 140, 141
Ride, David, 148–9
Rio Tinto, 110–11, 110, 112, 120, 147, 149, 155
Risdon Cove, 53, 105
rock art: Aboriginal rangers, 157; Arnhem Land, 70, 108, 109; Beagle crew see, 148; Burrup Peninsula, xx, 113, 114–16, 115; Depuch Island, 148–9; lost to industrial development, 160; need to protect, 160–1; Pilbara, 109, 113, 148; records contact history, 109–10; removal, 150, 155; thylacine engraving, Angel Island, 160, 161, 162; vandalised, 157; see also Murujuga
Roe, John Septimus, 67, 69
Roebourne Aboriginal community, 152–3, 162; see also Flying Foam Massacre
Roth, WE, 182
Rothwell, Nicolas, 116
Rottnest Island gaol, 127, 135
Rowland, Robert, 136–7
Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 152–3
rum fever, 49
Rum Island, 14, 15, 17, 59
Savage, John, 182
Schwarz, Georg Heinrich, 184–6, 186
Scottish diaspora, 4–5
sealers, Bass Strait: seal skins, 53; sell salvaged cargo, 53–4; trading Aboriginal women, 53
Seddon, George, 112
Self, Will, xvii
settlers: dealing with ‘troublesome’ natives, 136; debate treatment of ‘natives’, 137; taking law into their own hands, 137; views on Flying Foam Massacre, 136; vulnerability on frontier, 137
Shoalhaven River, 35
Sholl, Horace, 129–31, 139; on Murujuga killings, 134
Sholl, RJ, 129–30
Sholl, Trevarton, 136
Sibbald, Archibald, 81, 83, 84–6, 100
Simpson, Thomas Beckford, 106
smallpox, 106, 127, 196
Smith, Alice, 152
Smyth, Captain Henry, 72–3
Snowball, Lilla, 153
Solander, Daniel, 189
Sovereign, 7
Sowden MP, William J, 173–4
‘Specimen of the Aboriginal Language or Short Conversation with the Natives of North Australia Port Essington’ (Confalonieri), 92–3, 92
Stanley, Captain Owen, 81, 95, 97, 98, 102