by Duffy, Peter
Stein’s deportation to, 271
Austrian immigrants, New York City, 20
Baldwin, Stanley, 8
Bankhead, John, 94
Bante, Paul, 212
Barkley, Alben, 182
Barth, Ted, 25, 72, 130, 238
Baruch, Bernard, 93
Battle of Britain, 183
Batvinis, Raymond J., 300n
Beck, Ludwig, 46
Beer Hall Putsch, 27, 241
Belgium, 120
German invasion of, 108, 167, 168, 171, 293n
Benicia Arsenal, 258–59, 274, 275, 276
Berle, Adolf, 191–92
Biddle, Francis, 214, 245, 258
Black Tom Island, New Jersey, 122
Blank, Max, 209, 254
Bombardier (film), 260
Bombs Away (Steinbeck), 260–61
bombsights
films and novels on, 260–61
Lang’s spying involving, 3, 27–28, 44, 48, 72, 137, 160–61, 182, 183, 206, 222, 225, 230, 232, 237–38, 241–42, 254, 260, 272
Luftwaffe’s need for improvements to, 12, 37, 38–39, 44, 48, 118–19, 137, 183, 225
from Norden, 26, 28, 37, 44, 48, 109, 118, 137, 157, 180, 181–84, 187, 197, 206, 215, 222, 225, 230, 231, 237–38, 241–42, 254, 260, 261–62, 272, 317n, 319–20n
Sebold’s knowledge of, 137–38
from Sperry, 99–100, 157, 184, 188, 197, 224, 261
trial testimony on, 230, 237–38, 241–42, 254, 260
wartime use of, 261–63
Borah, William, 108
Borchers, Hans, 94
boycotts, 289–91n, 294n
Bremen (ship), 17, 42, 81, 116–17, 217, 287n
Bridges, Styles, 181
Brooklyn Eagle, 231, 310n
Bruder, Gallus, 64
Brundage, Avery, 296n
Büchner, Lorenz, 65
Bund der Freunde des Neuen Deutschlands (Association of the Friends of the New Germany), 287n, 289n, 291–93n, 304n, 306n, 307n
Burke, John W., 54
Busch, Kate Moog, 42, 76–78
Byers, Mortimer W., 2, 5–6, 229, 234, 236, 239, 248–49, 253, 259, 272
Byoir, Carl, 306n
Camerer, Shirley, 280
Camp, Florence, 131
Camp Siegfried, Yaphank, Long Island, 19, 294–95,
Canaris, Wilhelm, 22, 95, 224, 225, 232, 321n
Carl Norden Inc. See Norden Inc.
Centerport, Long Island, radio station, 175, 197, 202–3, 219, 232, 233
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 223
Chamberlain, Neville, 68–72, 106, 107, 115, 117, 120, 124, 168
Chicago Daily Times, 19, 21, 296n
Christian Front, 91, 129, 140, 167, 172, 187
Churchill, Winston, 71, 166, 168, 171, 183, 184, 207, 210, 226
Clausing, Heinrich, 208
Cogswell, Virginia, 131
Collier’s magazine, 130, 261
Confessions of a Nazi Spy (film), 90
Conger, Edward A., 209
Connelly, Earl J., 186, 202, 219, 226, 229
Connolly, Sean, 211, 212, 214, 221
Consolidated Aircraft Corporation, 85, 103
Coughlin, Father Charles, 91, 93, 94–95, 111
Coughlinites, 94, 129, 140, 172, 187, 230
Cummings, Homer, 73, 75
Czechoslovakia, German planning for invasion of, 38, 44–47, 67–69, 71, 72, 105–6, 107
DAB. See German-American Vocational League
Daily Worker, 53, 129, 287n
Daladier, Édouard, 71, 72
Danzig, Anschluss of, 107, 108, 115, 118–19
Dasch, George, 256
Day, Beth, 286n
Denmark, invasion of, 166, 178, 180
Dewey, Thomas E., 95
Dickstein, Samuel, 305–6n, 307–8n
Dieckhoff, Hans, 50, 74
Dies, Martin, 51–52, 73, 94
Dies Committee, 51–52, 72–73, 94, 209, 307n
Dix, George C., 79–80
DNB News Agency, 50, 107
Donegan, Thomas, 237
Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 223
Doolittle, Jimmy, 263
Duquesne, Alice Wortley, 30, 32, 33
Duquesne, Frederick “Fritz” Joubert, 29, 301n
background of, 239–40
Sebold and, 149, 153, 155–56, 173, 179–80, 188–89, 196, 205, 215–17
trial sentence of, 253–54, 271–72
trial testimony of, 239–41, 244, 259
Eaker, Ira, 262
Earhart, Amelia, 99
Early, Stephen, 56, 78
Ebert, Friedrich, 61
Ehret, George, 297n
Eichenlaub, Richard “Dick,” 208, 209, 211, 212, 214, 222, 254
Eighteenth Amendment, 318n
Einsatzgruppen, 118
Eisenlohr, Wolfram, 39
Ellsworth, James Claridge, 316n
background of, 141–42
diary kept by, 143–44, 144–45, 148, 158, 159, 174, 177, 186, 188, 194, 197, 203, 214, 219, 226, 229, 231, 233, 235, 236–37, 239, 241, 243, 244, 252, 253, 256
relationship with Sebold after trial, 251–53, 254, 255–56, 263–64, 266–67, 268–70, 281
as Sebold’s handler, 143–45, 146, 148, 149, 150, 160, 175, 176–77, 212, 226–27, 229, 236–37
Ellsworth, Nell, 142, 143, 150, 175, 226, 251, 253, 316n
Enemy Agent (film), 180
Espionage Act, 222, 227, 254, 314n
Europa (ship), 35, 40, 83, 116, 287n, 289n
Evans, Aurora, 14–15, 17, 103, 287
Exochorda (ship), 188, 209
Ezima, Takeo, 196, 259
FBI Story, The (Whitehead), 278
Fehse, Paul “Fink,” 179, 186, 188, 195–96, 208–10, 212, 214, 254
Fellner, Joseph, 186, 200, 206
Field, Rachel, 135, 176, 233
films, spies portrayed in, 90, 180, 260–61, 265–66, 270
Finland, 132
Ford, Hannibal, 98
Ford, Henry, 221
Ford Instrument Co., 98
Ford Motor Company, 293n
Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), 52, 209, 227, 254, 256
Forster, Albert, 107, 115, 118
Foulois, Benjamin D., 24
Foxworth, Percy “Sam,” 146–47, 148
France, 70, 107
American neutrality and, 50, 108
American support for, 120, 121, 128, 260
German invasion of, 38, 46, 108, 168, 171–72, 181, 293n
Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 45
RAF defense of, 169
Franco, Francisco, 8, 107, 152
Franz, Albert, 139, 144, 158
Freikorps, 61
Friedemann, William Gustav, 186, 200, 220, 236
Fuchs, Klaus, 266
Furlong, W. R., 131
Gallery, Daniel V., 76
Gallup polls, 50, 81, 291n
Gassner, Dr., 112–14, 119–20, 123, 124, 125, 137
General Slocum (ship), 297n
German American Bund (Amerikadeutscher Volksbund, AV), 19, 50–51, 52, 90, 201, 208, 213, 304n
Astoria, Queens, meeting of, 170–71
founding of, 293–96n, 306n
German neighborhoods in. See Ridgewood neighborhood; Yorkville neighborhood
Madison Square Garden rally and, 91–95
wartime seizure of members of, 255, 256, 257
German-American Business Committee (DAWA), 289–91n
German-American Business League (DKV), 294n
German-Americans and German immigrants, New York City
arrests of, 255, 266, 321n
boycotts and, 289–91n, 294n
cultural and social groups for, 64, 287–96n
feelings about Hitler held by, 20–21, 168, 187, 245, 287n, 288n, 290n, 294–96n, 306–7n
German Day celebrations and, 288, 291, 295, 304n
harassment of, 122–23
loyalty of, 248<
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sentiment against, during World War II, 136, 314n
Yorkville neighborhood, New York City, and, 20–21, 22, 51, 59, 64, 65, 132, 136, 245, 248, 289–90n, 295–99n
German-American Settlement League, 294–95n
German-American Vocational League (German-Americanische Berufsgemeinschaft, DAB), 27, 201, 208, 213, 220, 241, 254, 255, 256–57
German Day celebrations, New York City, 288, 291, 295, 304n
Germania Book and Specialty, New York City, 201, 244
German Library of Information, 209, 292n
German nationals, 297
Bund and, 48, 51, 294
US policy on, 255
German Revolution (1918–19), 293n
Germany
boycotts against goods from, 289n, 291n
spies sent to Britain by, 319n
spies sent to United States from, 313–14n
Gestapo, 13, 22, 44, 112, 120, 212, 231, 235, 259
Gilbert, Albert G., 82
Goebbels, Joseph, 28, 47, 51, 81, 210, 291n, 292n, 306n
Goodhardt, Phillip, 147–48, 194
Göring, Hermann, 8, 38, 48, 51, 70, 71–72, 81, 87, 106, 190, 215, 264
Great Sedition Trial (1944), 257
Great War. See World War I
Greece, 107, 202, 204, 207
Greenbaum, Isadore “Izzy,” 93–94, 310–11n
Greer destroyer, 228–29, 235
Griebl, Ignatz T., 40–44, 76, 77–79, 90, 159, 304–5n
Grosskopf, Friederich, 39
Gudenberg, Werner Georg, 43, 44
Gurney, John, 94
Gut, Georg, 136
Guthrie, Woody, 203
Hácha, Emil, 106
Hague, Frank, 170
Halsey, William “Bull,” 76
Hammett, Dashiell, 82
Hammond, Ogden Jr., 150–52, 191–92, 222
Harder, Maxl, 298n, 299n
Hardwick, Thomas, 307n
Hardy, Lamar, 53, 54, 73–74, 84
Harris, James, 320n
Hauptmann, Bruno Richard, 291n
Heine, Edmund Carl, 221
Heinkel, Ernst, 12, 48, 215, 319n
Heinkel planes, 10, 48, 168, 183, 204, 215, 309n
Henlein, Konrad, 45–47, 68, 71
Herz, George W., 137, 233–38, 241, 246, 274
Hess, Rudolf, 47, 287n, 292n, 294n
Hilders family, 64, 133, 194
Hiroshima, Japan, bombing, 265
Hirsch, Phil, 278
Hitler, 106
aerial power and, 7–8, 38, 72, 82, 190, 215
agents of, in New York City, 3, 4, 168, 187, 306–7n
American foreign policy and, 82, 87
American public opinion on, 49, 51
American sympathizers with, 91, 93, 128, 140, 245, 257, 287n, 290n, 295n, 306–7n
annexation (Anschluss) of Austria by, 43, 46
boycotts and, 289n
Bund and, 27, 92–94, 295n
Chamberlain and, 68, 69, 70, 72, 106
Coughlin and, 91, 93
Danzig and, 106–7, 115
Dies and, 308n
Duquesne and, 34
German immigrant groups and, 20–21, 287n, 288n, 290n, 294–96n, 306–7n
Great Britain and, 116, 117, 126, 172, 208
Griebl and, 38
Henlein and, 45–46, 68
invasion of Czechoslovakia by, 44–47, 67–69, 71, 72, 105–6, 107
Jewish population and, 80, 81, 118, 214–15, 288n, 289n
Kuhn and, 19, 295n
La Guardia’s hatred for, 288n
Landon’s candidacy and, 296n
Lang and, 27, 182, 241
Lindbergh and, 5, 71–72, 128
march toward war by, 4, 38, 70, 119, 132, 172, 181
Memelland annexation by, 106
Munich Agreement and, 70–71, 106
Mussolini and, 107
naval power and, 116, 208, 213, 239
Norway and, 166
Poland and, 107–8, 115, 116, 118, 124, 126
Reuper and, 202
Ritter and, 15, 24, 27, 29
on Roosevelt, 1
Roosevelt’s policies and, 108, 117, 121, 128
Sebold and, 5, 60, 65, 88, 231, 321n
Soviet Union and, 49, 124, 207, 214
Spanknoebel and, 287n, 288n
spy case arrests and, 321n
Stalin’s pact with, 124, 128, 204
Strunck’s loyalty to, 188
Sudeten Germans and, 45–46, 67, 68
US entry into war and, 204, 239
US isolationism and, 156
Volksgerichtshof established by, 43
Yugoslavia and, 207
Hitler-Stalin Pact, 124, 128, 204
Hitler Youth, 103, 294n
Holland, German invasion of, 108, 167, 168
Hoover, J. Edgar, 314n
counterespionage initiative and, 57, 75–76, 109–10, 111–12, 121, 136, 163, 164, 185–87, 197, 202, 222, 223, 257, 258, 259–60, 265, 273, 278, 300n
criticism of, 163, 164–66
espionage trials and, 257
as nation’s spymaster, 3–4, 22–23, 55
Roosevelt and, 3, 22, 76, 78–79, 84, 111, 140, 153, 165, 169–70, 202
Sebold and, 6, 148, 153, 251, 255–56, 259, 267, 278
spy ring arrests and, 4, 5, 43–44, 140–41, 182, 185–86, 222–23, 245, 314n
Hopkins, Harry, 68
House on 92nd Street, The (film), 265–66, 270
Howe, Irving, 18
Hoyt, Ira F., 302–3n
Hull, Cordell, 40, 133, 302n
Hume, David, 201
Hungarian population, New York City, 296n
Hungary, 69, 106, 204, 255
Huntziger, Charles, 172
Iceland, 225, 226, 228, 238, 242
Irish Republican Army, 82, 129, 172
isolationist policy, 3, 18, 49–50, 89, 108–9, 128, 130, 156, 184, 203
Italian nationals, US policy on, 255
Italian population, New York City, 296n
Italy, 134
Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 46
mail drop in, 209
Pact of Steel with Germany and, 108, 116
Roosevelt’s policies on, 213, 245
Spanish Civil War and, 9
World War II and, 122, 172, 173, 202, 204, 263
Jackson, Robert, 165–66, 167–68, 169
James, Rian, 299n
Japan, 1, 18, 130, 189, 196, 221, 243, 245, 248, 253, 259, 264–65, 313n
Japanese nationals, US policy on, 245, 255, 258
Jefferson, Thomas, 59
Jews
anti-Semitism and, 35, 50, 81, 91, 128, 129, 151, 155–56, 235, 288n, 304n
boycotts and, 289–90n
Bund and, 19, 90, 91, 93–94
Coughlinites and, 111, 129
Duquesne on, 155–56
German nationals’ support for Hitler and, 21, 34–35
Griebl on, 34, 304–5n
Lindbergh on, 235
Nazi persecution of, 47, 50, 72, 80–81, 82, 83, 115, 118, 138, 178, 201, 214–15, 288n, 291n
New York’s population of, 288n, 289–90n, 291n, 296n, 305n
Roosevelt’s ancestry and, 256, 307n
Sebold’s background and, 114, 278
Stein and, 149, 150–51, 271
Workmen’s Circle Camp, New York, and, 86
Joe Smith, American (film), 260
Johnson, Hiram, 89
Johnson, Lyndon B., 279
Johnson, Richard L., 199–200, 217, 236, 244
Junkers planes, 10, 119, 309n
Justice Department Alien Enemy Control Unit of, 255, 258
Kearny (ship), 238–39
Kennedy, Harold, 229–30, 231, 234, 239, 240–41, 246–48, 253
Kennedy, Joseph P., 69, 240
King, William, 291n
Kinsey, Hall, 139
Kitchener, Herbert, 1st Earl Kitchener, 29, 32, 35, 205
Klempere
r, Victor, 116
Klieforth, Alfred W., 126–27, 132–33
klystron tubes, 184
Knox (judge), 78, 83
Knox, Frank, 183
Koehne, Berthold, 83–84
Kortum, Herbert, 319–20n
Kristallnacht, 80
Kuhn, Elsa, 293n
Kuhn, Fritz, 19, 51, 131–32, 155, 201, 292–96n, 310n
Friends of the New Germany and the new Bund and, 292–96n
Madison Square Garden rally and, 91, 93–95
Kumble, David, 239
Kunze, G. Wilhelm, 132, 171
Ladd, D. M., 6, 267
La Follette, Robert Jr., 129
La Guardia, Fiorello, 92, 95, 205, 288n
Lahousen, Erwin, 232, 321n
Landon, Alf, 296n
Lang, Hermann W., 257
arrest of, 220, 221
background of, 27
deportation to Germany, 273, 274
FBI surveillance of, 186
German praise for espionage by, 224–25
Norden bombsight and, 3, 27–28, 44, 48, 72, 137, 160–61, 182, 183, 206, 222, 225, 230, 232, 237–38, 241–42, 254, 260, 272
reason for espionage stated by, 28, 39, 181–82
Ritter and, 28, 39, 47–48, 96, 137, 241–42
Sebold and, 137, 159–61, 181–82, 196, 206, 236–37
spy ring and, 96, 222, 227
Stern article on, 273, 274
trial closing arguments on, 246, 247
trial testimony of, 241–42, 243
trial verdict and sentencing of, 249, 254, 272–73
visit to Germany by, 44, 47–49, 230
Lang, Katherine “Betty,” 44, 47, 48, 220, 249
Langer, William, 272
League of Nations, 107
Lee, Ivy, 306n
Lend-Lease Act, 203, 206–7, 249
Leopold III, King of Belgium, 171, 240
Lewis, Evelyn Clayton, 155, 202, 220–21, 271–72
Life magazine, 167, 252
Lincoln Brigade, 18
Lindbergh, Charles, 5, 69, 71–72, 128, 207, 235–36, 291n
Lithuania, 106, 214
Little, Christel, 280
Little Casino Bierstube, New York City, spy ring, 208, 211–12, 221, 222, 254, 256
Lockheed aircraft, 99, 178
Logan, Edward A., 2
London Times, 11, 166
Lord, Thorn, 257
Los Angeles Times, 57, 90, 311n
Louis, Joe, 53, 54
Luftwaffe
Belgrade and, 207
British bombing plans for, 70, 183, 189, 190
Dunkirk and, 171
Hitler’s plans for expansion of, 8, 72, 82, 215
invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 106
Kortum on, 319–20n
Lang and, 225, 232, 273
Lindbergh on capacity of, 69–70, 72
Norden bombsight improvements for, 12, 37, 38–39, 44, 48, 118–19, 137, 183, 225
Spanish Civil War and, 8, 9, 11–12, 117
spy ring to procure technical data for, 13, 15, 16, 26, 39, 44, 113, 191
Lupez, A. S., 65