Double Agent : The First Hero of World War II and How the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring (9781451667974)

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Double Agent : The First Hero of World War II and How the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring (9781451667974) Page 34

by Duffy, Peter


  Lusitania (ship), 152, 187

  Luther, Hans, 296n

  magnetron tubes, 184

  mail drops, 29, 74, 102, 136–37, 179, 208, 209, 221, 230

  Manhattan (ship), 134, 173–75, 178–79, 186, 187

  Manhattan Project, 5, 266

  Man Who Killed Kitchener, The (Wood), 33–34

  Martineau, Hubert, 191

  McCarthy, E. F., 258

  McCarthy, Herman J., 131

  McCarthy, Joseph, 272–73

  McCormack, John W., 52, 306n

  McCormack-Dickstein Committee, 306n, 307n

  McCormick, Robert, 129

  Memelland, annexation of, 106

  microwave radar, 184

  Mikropunkt (microdot) messages, 135–36, 179

  Millen, Richard L., 175, 317n

  Mola, Emilio, 8–9

  Moog, Kate, 42, 76–78

  Morgenthau, Henry, 169

  Mormon beliefs, 141–42, 145, 316n

  Morris, Newbold, 92

  Morse, Ralph, 252

  Morse code, 102, 135, 175–78

  Muhlenberg, Peter, 247

  Munich Agreement, 71, 87, 106

  Munich Beer Hall Putsch, 27, 241

  Murphy, Frank, 109–10, 110, 111, 121, 165

  Murrow, Edward R., 190–91

  Mussert, Anton, 167

  Mussolini, Benito, 18, 70, 71, 93, 107–8, 116, 152, 172, 178, 248

  Nagasaki, Japan, bombing, 265

  Nationalist Army, in Spanish Civil War, 8–9, 11

  Nazi Spies in America (Turrou), 89–90

  Nazi Spy Conspiracy in America, The (Turrou), 90

  Nebenstelle (Nest) Bremen office, 21–22, 40, 42, 95

  Neutrality Act, 238, 243

  neutrality laws, 4, 18, 88, 121, 128, 130, 173, 238

  New Deal, 51, 52, 129, 203, 296n

  Newkirk, Raymond, 140–41, 143, 151, 154, 156, 205, 220, 227, 236, 316n

  New Republic magazine, 164–65

  New York City

  boycotts in, 289–91n, 294n

  German Day celebrations in, 288, 291, 295, 304n

  German immigrant social groups in, 287–96n, 305–6n. See also German American Bund

  German spies in, 3, 22, 51, 168, 179, 208, 255, 266

  Jews in, 304n, 305n

  loyalty of German-Americans in, 248

  pro-Nazi operatives in, 34, 65, 245, 306–7n

  New York Daily News, 11, 40, 50, 74, 77, 87, 122, 131, 231, 242

  New York Herald Tribune, 20, 81, 111, 140, 178, 213, 231, 233, 306n

  New York Police Department (NYPD), 32, 40, 92, 94, 121, 171, 172, 290n, 302–4n, 310n

  New York Post, 21, 41–42, 53–55, 57, 88, 89, 213

  New York Times, 2, 5, 11, 20, 31–32, 34, 55, 57, 74, 77, 80, 90, 93, 116–17, 166, 168, 173, 187, 209, 230, 231, 232, 236, 241, 242, 249, 255, 257, 289n, 300n, 307n

  New Yorker magazine, 261

  New Yorker Staats-Zeitung und Herold, 20–21, 23, 287n

  Nichols, Richard, 276–77

  Nipkin, Walter, 318n

  Norden, Carl Lukas, 25, 26, 48, 130, 265

  Norden bombsight, 26, 28, 37, 44, 48, 109, 118, 137, 157, 180, 181–84, 187, 197, 206, 215, 222, 225, 230, 231, 237–38, 241–42, 254, 260, 261–62, 272, 317n, 319–20n

  Norden Inc., 25–26, 27–28, 37–40, 44, 49, 72, 96, 161, 181, 186

  Norris, George, 165

  Norway, invasion of, 166–67, 178, 180, 208

  North Africa, 204, 207

  Nye, Gerald, 182

  Oberwager, Charles, 246–47

  O’Brien, John P., 288n

  Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 223

  Olympic games, 291n, 295n, 296n

  O’Neal, Birch, 158

  Operation Dynamo, 171

  Operation Lena, 319n

  Operation Sea Lion, 189, 190, 319n

  Order of ’76, 34–35

  Ordnungsdienst (Order Force; OD), 93, 94, 287n, 290n, 294n

  Ott, Bobbi, 310n, 311n

  Pact of Steel, 108, 116

  Palmer, A. Mitchell, 23, 164

  Papirofsky (later Papp), Joseph, 19

  Pearl Harbor attack, 1, 245, 253

  Pearson, Drew, 222–23

  Pegler, Westbrook, 170

  Peis, Günter, 321n

  Pellegrin, Frederick, 275

  Pelley, William Dudley, 307n

  Pétain, Philippe, 172

  Peterson, Reuben, 220

  Phillips, Alice, 213

  Picasso, Pablo, 10

  Pickenbrock, Hans, 232

  Pletsch, Mary, 281

  PM (newspaper), 171

  Poland, 132

  Germany’s invasion of, 4, 38, 69, 106–8, 115–16, 118, 119, 123, 214

  Soviet Union’s invasion of, 123–24

  Polish Corridor, 107

  Polish Pavilion, World’s Fair, New York City, 172

  Popular Front, 17, 18, 52, 108, 128

  Post, Wiley, 99

  Price, Maurice, 176, 177, 188

  Quill, Mike, 82

  Quisling, Vidkun, 166–67

  radar, 184, 189

  radio

  Ast Hamburg’s use of, 102, 161, 175, 188, 189, 196, 201, 230, 232

  Centerport, Long Island, station for, 175, 197, 202–3, 219, 232, 233

  FBI surveillance of, 180, 185, 188

  Hirohito’s use of, to surrender, 265

  Hoover’s use of, 257

  in Mexico, 202–3

  Quisling’s use of, 166

  Roosevelt’s use of, 202, 238

  Sebold’s use of, 134, 135, 136, 137, 159, 161, 179, 180, 182, 192, 232, 276

  spy ring’s use of, 232, 233, 255, 258

  Winchell’s story about spies broadcast on, 222

  Reader’s Digest, 49, 258–59

  Red Army of the Ruhr, 61

  Renken, Dr. (Nikolaus Ritter, Sebold’s contact), 114, 124–25, 126, 133, 134, 137, 150, 154, 232, 288n

  Reuben James (destroyer), 242–43

  Reuper, Carl, 201–2, 221, 244, 318n

  Ridder, Bernard, 287n

  Ridder, Victor, 287n

  Ridgewood neighborhood, New York City, 21, 22, 160, 290n, 307n

  Rifkind, Simon, 55

  Ritter, Aurora Evans, 14–15, 17, 103, 287

  Ritter, Hans, 192, 318n

  Ritter, Katharine, 15

  Ritter, Nikolaus Adolf Fritz, 192, 286–87n, 301n

  Ast Hamburg led by, 13–14, 16–17, 21–24, 96, 204, 243, 273

  background of, 14–15

  bombsight plans from Lang and, 37, 39, 44, 47, 137, 241–42

  marriage of, 14–15, 17

  North Africa mission of, 204

  recruitment of agents by, 14, 26–29, 35–36, 102–3, 241

  Roeder and, 311–12n

  as Sebold’s contact (as Dr. Renken), 114, 124, 125–26, 133, 134, 137, 150, 154, 232, 288n

  Stern article on, 124, 273–75

  Robin Moor (ship), 210, 213–14, 239

  Robinson, Edward G., 90

  Roeder, Carl, 96, 228

  Roeder, Everett “Ed” Minster

  Ritter and, 311–12n

  Sebold and, 148–49, 157–60, 178, 196–97, 200

  spy rings and, 96, 97–102, 123, 136

  trial sentence of, 254, 271

  Romania, 107, 255

  Rommel, Erwin, 207

  Ronnie, Art, 32, 301n

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 76, 205, 241

  Alien Enemies Act and, 245

  Bremen’s detention in New York harbor and, 116

  conscription laws and, 190, 317n

  declarations of war by, 245, 248

  denunciations of, 170–71, 235

  Dies Committee and, 49, 51, 52

  election of, 95, 197, 296n

  espionage investigations and, 22, 41, 52, 55, 56–57, 73, 74, 75, 78–79, 84, 110–11, 116, 140, 158, 165, 180–81

  German actions in Europe and, 68, 82–83, 117–18, 119, 121, 169, 225–26

  German-
Americans and, 291n

  Great Britain and, 182–83, 189–90, 202, 203, 206–7, 226, 235

  Greer incident and, 228–29, 235

  Hitler on, 1

  Hoover and, 3, 22, 76, 78–79, 84, 111, 140, 153, 165, 169–70, 202

  impending war in Europe and, 172, 202, 204, 211, 213, 225–26, 235, 238–39

  Lend-Lease Act and, 203, 206–7, 249

  military budget and, 68, 169, 173, 207, 238

  neutrality laws and, 4, 18, 88, 121, 128, 130, 173, 238

  Pearl Harbor attack and, 245

  Sebold’s story and, 140, 153

  stories about Jewish ancestry of, 256, 307n

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 30–31, 153

  Royal Air Force (RAF), 8, 109, 117–18, 123, 124, 169, 171, 178, 183, 184, 189, 190, 191, 228, 262

  Rumrich, Guenther Gustave “Gus”

  blank passport scam of, 40, 302–4n

  investigation of Sperry agents and, 40, 73–74, 83, 101–2, 159

  Russia, 121. See also Soviet Union

  Sandel, Hermann (aka Uncle Hugo and Heinrich Sorau), 133–34, 135–36, 141, 150, 159, 176, 191, 264

  Sawyer, Harry (informant name of William Sebold), 137, 144, 145, 150, 158, 176, 259, 276–77

  Schleswig-Holstein (battleship), 118, 119

  Schmeling, Max, 53, 54

  Schroeder, Fritz, 257

  Schuh, George, 208, 254

  Schurz, Carl, 247

  Sebold, Adolf (father), 59, 114

  Sebold, Hermann (brother), 59, 267, 268

  Sebold, Karl (brother), 59, 267, 268, 270–71, 275

  Sebold, Lena “Helen” Büchner (wife)

  California life of, after trial, 254, 255, 256, 263–64, 270, 275, 278

  early life with Sebold, 65, 86, 120, 125, 133, 136, 143, 148, 194, 227, 233, 251, 252, 253

  husband’s declining health and death, 279–81

  marriage of, 64, 87, 114

  Sebold, Maria (mother), 4, 59, 61, 62, 87, 104, 105, 113, 114, 123, 231, 267, 268–69, 275

  Sebold, Maria (sister), 59, 267, 268

  Sebold, William “Bill” Gottlieb, 2, 271, 272, 318n

  actions seen as treachery by Germans, 5–6, 232, 321n

  aircraft industry experience of, 85, 103, 113

  as an American hero, 5

  Ast Hamburg on funding for, 197, 200, 318n

  background and early years of, 59–62

  Bante and, 212

  California life of, after trial, 254, 255–56, 263, 266–67, 268, 270–80

  coercion into German espionage service and decision to become a spy by, 4, 113–14, 120, 123, 125–26, 127, 234–35

  Connolly’s recruitment and, 211

  counterespionage operations and, 4, 5, 141, 168

  couriers recruited by, 194, 200

  death of, 2, 279–81

  disappearance after trial, 249, 251–53, 254

  Dr. Renken (Nikolaus Ritter) and, 114, 124–25, 126, 133, 134, 137, 150, 154, 232, 288n

  Duquesne and, 149, 153, 155–56, 173, 179–80, 188–89, 196, 205, 215–17

  Eichenlaub and, 211, 212, 214

  Ellsworth as handler for, 143–45, 146, 148, 149, 150, 160, 175, 176–77, 212, 226–27, 229, 236–37

  Ellsworth’s relationship with, after trial, 251–53, 254, 255–56, 263–64, 266–67, 268–70, 281

  FBI debriefing of, after arrival in New York, 139, 140–41

  FBI on achievements of, 6, 267–68

  FBI support for, after trial 275–80

  FBI surveillance of, 194, 200, 207, 217

  fears about reprisals held by, 258–59, 275, 276–77, 278

  feelings about Hitler and Nazism held by, 5, 60, 65, 86, 87–88, 124, 135, 231, 321n

  feelings for America held by, 59, 65, 135, 146–47

  Fehse and, 195–96, 208, 209–11

  flight attendant courier and, 194, 200

  Gassner’s relationship with, 112–14, 119–20, 123, 124, 125, 137

  groundwork for DAB espionage charges and, 257

  health of, 60, 63, 85–86, 134

  informant name of Harry Sawyer used by, 137, 144, 145, 150, 158, 176, 259, 276–77

  interviews at American consulates in Germany by, 119–20, 125–27

  Jewish background of, 114, 278

  jobs in California, 258–59, 274, 275, 276, 278

  jobs in Germany, 112, 120, 124, 133

  jobs in New York City, 64–65

  Lang and, 137, 159–61, 181–82, 196, 206, 236–37

  machine science background of, 60, 61, 85

  marriage of, 64, 87, 114

  microdots used by, 135–36, 179

  migration to San Francisco by, 63–64

  Morse code usage by, 135, 175–78

  naturalization and citizenship of, 49, 65, 88

  physical appearance of, 64, 125, 144, 231

  political beliefs of, 65, 86, 87–88

  postwar connection with German family of, 268–69

  psychological health of, 114, 125–26, 134, 146, 147–48, 194, 258, 275–78, 279–80

  radio used by, 134, 135, 136, 137, 159, 161, 179, 180, 182, 192, 232, 276

  return to Germany to visit mother by, 4, 87–88, 103–4, 105–6

  return to United States from Germany, 132–38

  Reuper and, 201–2, 221

  Roeder and, 148–49, 157–60, 178, 196–97, 200

  Roosevelt’s familiarity with work of, 153, 183

  Siegler “the butcher” and, 173–74, 175, 179, 187, 195, 208

  Stade and, 208–9, 212

  Stein and, 149–52, 191, 192, 193, 194, 241, 243

  Stern article on, 124, 274–75, 321n

  Stigler “the baker” and, 174–75, 179, 195, 208

  stomach ulcer of, 86–87, 105, 148, 234, 269, 270

  Strunck “the waiter” and, 187–88

  suspicions about, 210–11, 212

  temper of, 147

  training under Uncle Hugo/Captain Sandel (Heinrich Sorau) in Germany, 133–34, 135–37, 141, 150, 159, 176, 191, 264

  trial closing arguments mentioning, 244–45, 246, 247

  trial judge on, 5–6

  trial testimony given by, 231, 232–35, 236–37

  trial testimony on activities of, 239, 240–44, 259

  visits to the United States by, 61–62, 63

  Waalen and, 210, 214

  World War I service of, 60, 63, 114, 125

  Yorkville apartments of, 64–65, 86, 194

  Sedition Act, 314n

  Seeger, Pete, 203

  Selective Service Act, 225–26, 256

  Siciliano, Brett, 311n

  Siegler, Erwin “the butcher,” 174–75, 178, 187, 195, 214, 254

  Siemens-Schuckertwerke, 112, 120, 124, 133

  Silver Legion of America (Silver Shirts), 307n

  Simon, Sir John, 70

  Slovakia, 105–6

  Smith Act (Alien Registration Act), 170, 256

  Sohn, Friederich “Pop,” 24, 26, 28, 181, 241, 301n

  Sorau, Heinrich (aka Uncle Hugo and Hermann Sandel)

  Sebold’s training under, 133–34, 135–36, 141, 150, 159, 176, 191, 264

  Stein’s training under, 150, 151

  Soviet Union, 18, 279

  agents from, 3, 5, 308n

  American public opinion on, 49

  atomic bomb development by, 266

  Finland and, 132

  Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 45

  Hitler’s invasion of Poland and, 115, 123–24

  Hitler’s planned invasion of, 207, 215, 225

  Munich Agreement and, 71

  pact between Nazi German and, 115–16, 204

  Roosevelt and, 226

  Spanish Civil War and, 8, 9

  Spanish Civil War, 8–10, 107, 152

  Spanknoebel, Heinz, 287–89n

  Spanuth, H. A., 153

  Spencer, Agent, 277–78

  Sperry, Edward, 96

  Sperry, Elmer, 96–97

  Sper
ry, Elmer Jr., 96, 99

  Sperry Corporation, 99, 157

  Sperry Gyroscope Co., 96–102, 186

  autopilot systems from, 97, 99, 100, 157

  bombsight of, 99–100, 157, 184, 188, 197, 224, 261

  Roeder at, 123, 157, 159, 200, 227–28, 311n

  spies within, 173, 224, 227–28, 255

  Spivak, John, 35

  Spy and Counterspy (Hirsch), 278

  Stade, Heinz, 208, 211, 212, 214, 220, 256

  Stahlhelm (Steel Helmets), 307n

  Stalin, Joseph, 108, 242, 266

  Hitler’s pact with, 124, 128, 204

  Stark, Harold R., 189–90

  State Department, 23, 40, 52, 75–76, 79, 110, 111, 125, 127, 132, 139, 192, 221, 222, 231, 288n, 302n

  Steer, G. L., 11, 12

  Stein, Lilly, 186, 266

  arrest of, 220, 221, 227

  as mail drop, 136, 179, 221

  Sebold and, 149–50, 191, 192, 193, 241, 243

  as spy, 150–52, 191–94, 207, 220, 222, 227

  trial sentence of, 254, 271

  Steinbeck, John, 260–61

  Stern, J. David, 54, 57

  Stern newsweekly, 124, 273–75, 311n, 321n

  Stigler, Franz “the baker,” 174–75, 178, 179, 187, 195, 214, 243, 254

  Stimson, Henry, 183, 238

  Stone, Harlan Fiske, 164

  Stowe, Leland, 166–67

  Stroehlin, Karl, 296n

  Strunck, Erich “the waiter,” 188, 195, 220, 244, 254

  Sudeten German Party (SdP), 45, 46

  Sudetenland, 45–46, 67, 68, 71

  Supreme Court, 165–66, 169, 223

  Swanson, Claude, 76

  Thompson, Dorothy, 93

  Thomsen, Hans, 223–24

  Thyssen, August, 61

  Tillich, Paul, 82

  Time magazine, 73, 130, 157

  Times of London, 11, 166

  Tolischus, Otto D., 80

  Toronto Globe and Mail, 180–81

  Treaty of Versailles, 7, 13, 49, 62, 106, 107, 293n

  Tripartite Pact, 189–90, 196, 207

  Trojaner, Bruno, 83–84

  Turrou, Leon, 41, 42, 44, 52, 53–55, 57, 74, 78, 79, 88–90, 95, 101, 186, 305n

  U-boats, 32, 120, 152, 195, 203, 210, 211, 213, 228, 238, 239, 242, 255

  Udet, Ernst, 38, 47, 48, 69, 72, 189, 191, 206, 215, 225, 241

  Uncle Hugo (Heinrich Sorau), Sebold’s training under, 133–34, 135–36, 141, 150, 159, 176, 191, 264

  United German Societies of Greater New York, 288n

  US Justice Department Alien Enemy Control Unit of, 255, 258

  US State Department, 23, 40, 52, 75–76, 79, 110, 111, 125, 127, 132, 139, 192, 221, 222, 231, 288n, 302n

  US Supreme Court, 165–66, 169, 223

  US War Department, 258

  Universal Pictures, 180

  Untermyer, Samuel, 289n

  Valentine, Lewis, 172

  Vanderbilt, Cornelius Jr., 152, 216

  Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland (League for Germans Abroad, VDA), 292n, 298n

 

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