Double Agent : The First Hero of World War II and How the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring (9781451667974)
Page 34
Lusitania (ship), 152, 187
Luther, Hans, 296n
magnetron tubes, 184
mail drops, 29, 74, 102, 136–37, 179, 208, 209, 221, 230
Manhattan (ship), 134, 173–75, 178–79, 186, 187
Manhattan Project, 5, 266
Man Who Killed Kitchener, The (Wood), 33–34
Martineau, Hubert, 191
McCarthy, E. F., 258
McCarthy, Herman J., 131
McCarthy, Joseph, 272–73
McCormack, John W., 52, 306n
McCormack-Dickstein Committee, 306n, 307n
McCormick, Robert, 129
Memelland, annexation of, 106
microwave radar, 184
Mikropunkt (microdot) messages, 135–36, 179
Millen, Richard L., 175, 317n
Mola, Emilio, 8–9
Moog, Kate, 42, 76–78
Morgenthau, Henry, 169
Mormon beliefs, 141–42, 145, 316n
Morris, Newbold, 92
Morse, Ralph, 252
Morse code, 102, 135, 175–78
Muhlenberg, Peter, 247
Munich Agreement, 71, 87, 106
Munich Beer Hall Putsch, 27, 241
Murphy, Frank, 109–10, 110, 111, 121, 165
Murrow, Edward R., 190–91
Mussert, Anton, 167
Mussolini, Benito, 18, 70, 71, 93, 107–8, 116, 152, 172, 178, 248
Nagasaki, Japan, bombing, 265
Nationalist Army, in Spanish Civil War, 8–9, 11
Nazi Spies in America (Turrou), 89–90
Nazi Spy Conspiracy in America, The (Turrou), 90
Nebenstelle (Nest) Bremen office, 21–22, 40, 42, 95
Neutrality Act, 238, 243
neutrality laws, 4, 18, 88, 121, 128, 130, 173, 238
New Deal, 51, 52, 129, 203, 296n
Newkirk, Raymond, 140–41, 143, 151, 154, 156, 205, 220, 227, 236, 316n
New Republic magazine, 164–65
New York City
boycotts in, 289–91n, 294n
German Day celebrations in, 288, 291, 295, 304n
German immigrant social groups in, 287–96n, 305–6n. See also German American Bund
German spies in, 3, 22, 51, 168, 179, 208, 255, 266
Jews in, 304n, 305n
loyalty of German-Americans in, 248
pro-Nazi operatives in, 34, 65, 245, 306–7n
New York Daily News, 11, 40, 50, 74, 77, 87, 122, 131, 231, 242
New York Herald Tribune, 20, 81, 111, 140, 178, 213, 231, 233, 306n
New York Police Department (NYPD), 32, 40, 92, 94, 121, 171, 172, 290n, 302–4n, 310n
New York Post, 21, 41–42, 53–55, 57, 88, 89, 213
New York Times, 2, 5, 11, 20, 31–32, 34, 55, 57, 74, 77, 80, 90, 93, 116–17, 166, 168, 173, 187, 209, 230, 231, 232, 236, 241, 242, 249, 255, 257, 289n, 300n, 307n
New Yorker magazine, 261
New Yorker Staats-Zeitung und Herold, 20–21, 23, 287n
Nichols, Richard, 276–77
Nipkin, Walter, 318n
Norden, Carl Lukas, 25, 26, 48, 130, 265
Norden bombsight, 26, 28, 37, 44, 48, 109, 118, 137, 157, 180, 181–84, 187, 197, 206, 215, 222, 225, 230, 231, 237–38, 241–42, 254, 260, 261–62, 272, 317n, 319–20n
Norden Inc., 25–26, 27–28, 37–40, 44, 49, 72, 96, 161, 181, 186
Norris, George, 165
Norway, invasion of, 166–67, 178, 180, 208
North Africa, 204, 207
Nye, Gerald, 182
Oberwager, Charles, 246–47
O’Brien, John P., 288n
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 223
Olympic games, 291n, 295n, 296n
O’Neal, Birch, 158
Operation Dynamo, 171
Operation Lena, 319n
Operation Sea Lion, 189, 190, 319n
Order of ’76, 34–35
Ordnungsdienst (Order Force; OD), 93, 94, 287n, 290n, 294n
Ott, Bobbi, 310n, 311n
Pact of Steel, 108, 116
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 23, 164
Papirofsky (later Papp), Joseph, 19
Pearl Harbor attack, 1, 245, 253
Pearson, Drew, 222–23
Pegler, Westbrook, 170
Peis, Günter, 321n
Pellegrin, Frederick, 275
Pelley, William Dudley, 307n
Pétain, Philippe, 172
Peterson, Reuben, 220
Phillips, Alice, 213
Picasso, Pablo, 10
Pickenbrock, Hans, 232
Pletsch, Mary, 281
PM (newspaper), 171
Poland, 132
Germany’s invasion of, 4, 38, 69, 106–8, 115–16, 118, 119, 123, 214
Soviet Union’s invasion of, 123–24
Polish Corridor, 107
Polish Pavilion, World’s Fair, New York City, 172
Popular Front, 17, 18, 52, 108, 128
Post, Wiley, 99
Price, Maurice, 176, 177, 188
Quill, Mike, 82
Quisling, Vidkun, 166–67
radar, 184, 189
radio
Ast Hamburg’s use of, 102, 161, 175, 188, 189, 196, 201, 230, 232
Centerport, Long Island, station for, 175, 197, 202–3, 219, 232, 233
FBI surveillance of, 180, 185, 188
Hirohito’s use of, to surrender, 265
Hoover’s use of, 257
in Mexico, 202–3
Quisling’s use of, 166
Roosevelt’s use of, 202, 238
Sebold’s use of, 134, 135, 136, 137, 159, 161, 179, 180, 182, 192, 232, 276
spy ring’s use of, 232, 233, 255, 258
Winchell’s story about spies broadcast on, 222
Reader’s Digest, 49, 258–59
Red Army of the Ruhr, 61
Renken, Dr. (Nikolaus Ritter, Sebold’s contact), 114, 124–25, 126, 133, 134, 137, 150, 154, 232, 288n
Reuben James (destroyer), 242–43
Reuper, Carl, 201–2, 221, 244, 318n
Ridder, Bernard, 287n
Ridder, Victor, 287n
Ridgewood neighborhood, New York City, 21, 22, 160, 290n, 307n
Rifkind, Simon, 55
Ritter, Aurora Evans, 14–15, 17, 103, 287
Ritter, Hans, 192, 318n
Ritter, Katharine, 15
Ritter, Nikolaus Adolf Fritz, 192, 286–87n, 301n
Ast Hamburg led by, 13–14, 16–17, 21–24, 96, 204, 243, 273
background of, 14–15
bombsight plans from Lang and, 37, 39, 44, 47, 137, 241–42
marriage of, 14–15, 17
North Africa mission of, 204
recruitment of agents by, 14, 26–29, 35–36, 102–3, 241
Roeder and, 311–12n
as Sebold’s contact (as Dr. Renken), 114, 124, 125–26, 133, 134, 137, 150, 154, 232, 288n
Stern article on, 124, 273–75
Robin Moor (ship), 210, 213–14, 239
Robinson, Edward G., 90
Roeder, Carl, 96, 228
Roeder, Everett “Ed” Minster
Ritter and, 311–12n
Sebold and, 148–49, 157–60, 178, 196–97, 200
spy rings and, 96, 97–102, 123, 136
trial sentence of, 254, 271
Romania, 107, 255
Rommel, Erwin, 207
Ronnie, Art, 32, 301n
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 76, 205, 241
Alien Enemies Act and, 245
Bremen’s detention in New York harbor and, 116
conscription laws and, 190, 317n
declarations of war by, 245, 248
denunciations of, 170–71, 235
Dies Committee and, 49, 51, 52
election of, 95, 197, 296n
espionage investigations and, 22, 41, 52, 55, 56–57, 73, 74, 75, 78–79, 84, 110–11, 116, 140, 158, 165, 180–81
German actions in Europe and, 68, 82–83, 117–18, 119, 121, 169, 225–26
German-
Americans and, 291n
Great Britain and, 182–83, 189–90, 202, 203, 206–7, 226, 235
Greer incident and, 228–29, 235
Hitler on, 1
Hoover and, 3, 22, 76, 78–79, 84, 111, 140, 153, 165, 169–70, 202
impending war in Europe and, 172, 202, 204, 211, 213, 225–26, 235, 238–39
Lend-Lease Act and, 203, 206–7, 249
military budget and, 68, 169, 173, 207, 238
neutrality laws and, 4, 18, 88, 121, 128, 130, 173, 238
Pearl Harbor attack and, 245
Sebold’s story and, 140, 153
stories about Jewish ancestry of, 256, 307n
Roosevelt, Theodore, 30–31, 153
Royal Air Force (RAF), 8, 109, 117–18, 123, 124, 169, 171, 178, 183, 184, 189, 190, 191, 228, 262
Rumrich, Guenther Gustave “Gus”
blank passport scam of, 40, 302–4n
investigation of Sperry agents and, 40, 73–74, 83, 101–2, 159
Russia, 121. See also Soviet Union
Sandel, Hermann (aka Uncle Hugo and Heinrich Sorau), 133–34, 135–36, 141, 150, 159, 176, 191, 264
Sawyer, Harry (informant name of William Sebold), 137, 144, 145, 150, 158, 176, 259, 276–77
Schleswig-Holstein (battleship), 118, 119
Schmeling, Max, 53, 54
Schroeder, Fritz, 257
Schuh, George, 208, 254
Schurz, Carl, 247
Sebold, Adolf (father), 59, 114
Sebold, Hermann (brother), 59, 267, 268
Sebold, Karl (brother), 59, 267, 268, 270–71, 275
Sebold, Lena “Helen” Büchner (wife)
California life of, after trial, 254, 255, 256, 263–64, 270, 275, 278
early life with Sebold, 65, 86, 120, 125, 133, 136, 143, 148, 194, 227, 233, 251, 252, 253
husband’s declining health and death, 279–81
marriage of, 64, 87, 114
Sebold, Maria (mother), 4, 59, 61, 62, 87, 104, 105, 113, 114, 123, 231, 267, 268–69, 275
Sebold, Maria (sister), 59, 267, 268
Sebold, William “Bill” Gottlieb, 2, 271, 272, 318n
actions seen as treachery by Germans, 5–6, 232, 321n
aircraft industry experience of, 85, 103, 113
as an American hero, 5
Ast Hamburg on funding for, 197, 200, 318n
background and early years of, 59–62
Bante and, 212
California life of, after trial, 254, 255–56, 263, 266–67, 268, 270–80
coercion into German espionage service and decision to become a spy by, 4, 113–14, 120, 123, 125–26, 127, 234–35
Connolly’s recruitment and, 211
counterespionage operations and, 4, 5, 141, 168
couriers recruited by, 194, 200
death of, 2, 279–81
disappearance after trial, 249, 251–53, 254
Dr. Renken (Nikolaus Ritter) and, 114, 124–25, 126, 133, 134, 137, 150, 154, 232, 288n
Duquesne and, 149, 153, 155–56, 173, 179–80, 188–89, 196, 205, 215–17
Eichenlaub and, 211, 212, 214
Ellsworth as handler for, 143–45, 146, 148, 149, 150, 160, 175, 176–77, 212, 226–27, 229, 236–37
Ellsworth’s relationship with, after trial, 251–53, 254, 255–56, 263–64, 266–67, 268–70, 281
FBI debriefing of, after arrival in New York, 139, 140–41
FBI on achievements of, 6, 267–68
FBI support for, after trial 275–80
FBI surveillance of, 194, 200, 207, 217
fears about reprisals held by, 258–59, 275, 276–77, 278
feelings about Hitler and Nazism held by, 5, 60, 65, 86, 87–88, 124, 135, 231, 321n
feelings for America held by, 59, 65, 135, 146–47
Fehse and, 195–96, 208, 209–11
flight attendant courier and, 194, 200
Gassner’s relationship with, 112–14, 119–20, 123, 124, 125, 137
groundwork for DAB espionage charges and, 257
health of, 60, 63, 85–86, 134
informant name of Harry Sawyer used by, 137, 144, 145, 150, 158, 176, 259, 276–77
interviews at American consulates in Germany by, 119–20, 125–27
Jewish background of, 114, 278
jobs in California, 258–59, 274, 275, 276, 278
jobs in Germany, 112, 120, 124, 133
jobs in New York City, 64–65
Lang and, 137, 159–61, 181–82, 196, 206, 236–37
machine science background of, 60, 61, 85
marriage of, 64, 87, 114
microdots used by, 135–36, 179
migration to San Francisco by, 63–64
Morse code usage by, 135, 175–78
naturalization and citizenship of, 49, 65, 88
physical appearance of, 64, 125, 144, 231
political beliefs of, 65, 86, 87–88
postwar connection with German family of, 268–69
psychological health of, 114, 125–26, 134, 146, 147–48, 194, 258, 275–78, 279–80
radio used by, 134, 135, 136, 137, 159, 161, 179, 180, 182, 192, 232, 276
return to Germany to visit mother by, 4, 87–88, 103–4, 105–6
return to United States from Germany, 132–38
Reuper and, 201–2, 221
Roeder and, 148–49, 157–60, 178, 196–97, 200
Roosevelt’s familiarity with work of, 153, 183
Siegler “the butcher” and, 173–74, 175, 179, 187, 195, 208
Stade and, 208–9, 212
Stein and, 149–52, 191, 192, 193, 194, 241, 243
Stern article on, 124, 274–75, 321n
Stigler “the baker” and, 174–75, 179, 195, 208
stomach ulcer of, 86–87, 105, 148, 234, 269, 270
Strunck “the waiter” and, 187–88
suspicions about, 210–11, 212
temper of, 147
training under Uncle Hugo/Captain Sandel (Heinrich Sorau) in Germany, 133–34, 135–37, 141, 150, 159, 176, 191, 264
trial closing arguments mentioning, 244–45, 246, 247
trial judge on, 5–6
trial testimony given by, 231, 232–35, 236–37
trial testimony on activities of, 239, 240–44, 259
visits to the United States by, 61–62, 63
Waalen and, 210, 214
World War I service of, 60, 63, 114, 125
Yorkville apartments of, 64–65, 86, 194
Sedition Act, 314n
Seeger, Pete, 203
Selective Service Act, 225–26, 256
Siciliano, Brett, 311n
Siegler, Erwin “the butcher,” 174–75, 178, 187, 195, 214, 254
Siemens-Schuckertwerke, 112, 120, 124, 133
Silver Legion of America (Silver Shirts), 307n
Simon, Sir John, 70
Slovakia, 105–6
Smith Act (Alien Registration Act), 170, 256
Sohn, Friederich “Pop,” 24, 26, 28, 181, 241, 301n
Sorau, Heinrich (aka Uncle Hugo and Hermann Sandel)
Sebold’s training under, 133–34, 135–36, 141, 150, 159, 176, 191, 264
Stein’s training under, 150, 151
Soviet Union, 18, 279
agents from, 3, 5, 308n
American public opinion on, 49
atomic bomb development by, 266
Finland and, 132
Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia and, 45
Hitler’s invasion of Poland and, 115, 123–24
Hitler’s planned invasion of, 207, 215, 225
Munich Agreement and, 71
pact between Nazi German and, 115–16, 204
Roosevelt and, 226
Spanish Civil War and, 8, 9
Spanish Civil War, 8–10, 107, 152
Spanknoebel, Heinz, 287–89n
Spanuth, H. A., 153
Spencer, Agent, 277–78
Sperry, Edward, 96
Sperry, Elmer, 96–97
Sper
ry, Elmer Jr., 96, 99
Sperry Corporation, 99, 157
Sperry Gyroscope Co., 96–102, 186
autopilot systems from, 97, 99, 100, 157
bombsight of, 99–100, 157, 184, 188, 197, 224, 261
Roeder at, 123, 157, 159, 200, 227–28, 311n
spies within, 173, 224, 227–28, 255
Spivak, John, 35
Spy and Counterspy (Hirsch), 278
Stade, Heinz, 208, 211, 212, 214, 220, 256
Stahlhelm (Steel Helmets), 307n
Stalin, Joseph, 108, 242, 266
Hitler’s pact with, 124, 128, 204
Stark, Harold R., 189–90
State Department, 23, 40, 52, 75–76, 79, 110, 111, 125, 127, 132, 139, 192, 221, 222, 231, 288n, 302n
Steer, G. L., 11, 12
Stein, Lilly, 186, 266
arrest of, 220, 221, 227
as mail drop, 136, 179, 221
Sebold and, 149–50, 191, 192, 193, 241, 243
as spy, 150–52, 191–94, 207, 220, 222, 227
trial sentence of, 254, 271
Steinbeck, John, 260–61
Stern, J. David, 54, 57
Stern newsweekly, 124, 273–75, 311n, 321n
Stigler, Franz “the baker,” 174–75, 178, 179, 187, 195, 214, 243, 254
Stimson, Henry, 183, 238
Stone, Harlan Fiske, 164
Stowe, Leland, 166–67
Stroehlin, Karl, 296n
Strunck, Erich “the waiter,” 188, 195, 220, 244, 254
Sudeten German Party (SdP), 45, 46
Sudetenland, 45–46, 67, 68, 71
Supreme Court, 165–66, 169, 223
Swanson, Claude, 76
Thompson, Dorothy, 93
Thomsen, Hans, 223–24
Thyssen, August, 61
Tillich, Paul, 82
Time magazine, 73, 130, 157
Times of London, 11, 166
Tolischus, Otto D., 80
Toronto Globe and Mail, 180–81
Treaty of Versailles, 7, 13, 49, 62, 106, 107, 293n
Tripartite Pact, 189–90, 196, 207
Trojaner, Bruno, 83–84
Turrou, Leon, 41, 42, 44, 52, 53–55, 57, 74, 78, 79, 88–90, 95, 101, 186, 305n
U-boats, 32, 120, 152, 195, 203, 210, 211, 213, 228, 238, 239, 242, 255
Udet, Ernst, 38, 47, 48, 69, 72, 189, 191, 206, 215, 225, 241
Uncle Hugo (Heinrich Sorau), Sebold’s training under, 133–34, 135–36, 141, 150, 159, 176, 191, 264
United German Societies of Greater New York, 288n
US Justice Department Alien Enemy Control Unit of, 255, 258
US State Department, 23, 40, 52, 75–76, 79, 110, 111, 125, 127, 132, 139, 192, 221, 222, 231, 288n, 302n
US Supreme Court, 165–66, 169, 223
US War Department, 258
Universal Pictures, 180
Untermyer, Samuel, 289n
Valentine, Lewis, 172
Vanderbilt, Cornelius Jr., 152, 216
Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland (League for Germans Abroad, VDA), 292n, 298n