The Life and Writings of Abraham Lincoln

by Abraham Lincoln

  But the proclamation, as law, either is valid or is not valid. If it is not valid, it needs no retraction. If it is valid, it cannot be retracted any more than the dead can be brought to life. Some of you profess to think its retraction would operate favorably for the Union. Why better after the retraction than before the issue? There was more than a year and a half of trial to suppress the rebellion before the proclamation issued; the last one hundred days of which passed under an explicit notice that it was coming, unless averted by those in revolt returning to their allegiance. The war has certainly progressed as favorably for us since the issue of the proclamation as before.

  I know, as fully as one can know the opinions of others, that some of the commanders of our armies in the field, who have given us our most important successes, believe the emancipation policy and the use of the colored troops constitute the heaviest blow yet dealt to the rebellion, and that at least one of these important successes could not have been achieved when it was but for the aid of black soldiers. Among the commanders holding these views are some who have never had any affinity with what is called Abolitionism, or with Republican party politics, but who hold them purely as military opinions. I submit these opinions as being entitled to some weight against the objections often urged that emancipation and arming the blacks are unwise as military measures, and were not adopted as such in good faith.

  You say you will not fight to free Negroes. Some of them seem willing to fight for you; but no matter. Fight you, then, exclusively, to save the Union. I issued the proclamation on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. Whenever you shall have conquered all resistance to the Union, if I shall urge you to continue fighting, it will be an apt time then for you to declare you will not fight to free Negroes.

  I thought that in your struggle for the Union, to whatever extent the Negroes should cease helping the enemy, to that extent it weakened the enemy in his resistance to you. Do you think differently? I thought that whatever Negroes can be got to do as soldiers, leaves just so much less for white soldiers to do in saving the Union. Does it appear otherwise to you? But Negroes, like other people, act upon motives. Why should they do anything for us if we will do nothing for them? If they stake their lives for us they must be prompted by the strongest motive, even the promise of freedom. And the promise, being made, must be kept.

  The signs look better. The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea. Thanks to the great Northwest for it. Nor yet wholly to them. Three hundred miles up they met New England, Empire, Keystone, and Jersey, hewing their way right and left. The sunny South, too, in more colors than one, also lent a hand. On the spot, their part of the history was jotted down in black and white. The job was a great national one, and let none be banned who bore an honorable part in it. And while those who have cleared the great river may well be proud, even that is not all. It is hard to say that anything has been more bravely and well done than at Antietam, Murfreesboro’, Gettysburg, and on many fields of lesser note. Nor must Uncle Sam’s web-feet be forgotten. At all the watery margins they have been present. Not only on the deep sea, the broad bay, and the rapid river, but also up the narrow, muddy bayou, and wherever the ground was a little damp, they have been and made their tracks. Thanks to all: for the great republic—for the principle it lives by and keeps alive—for man’s vast future—thanks to all.

  Peace does not appear so distant as it did. I hope it will come soon, and come to stay; and so come as to be worth the keeping in all future time. It will then have been proved that among free men there can be no successful appeal from the ballot to the bullet, and that they who take such appeal are sure to lose their case and pay the cost. And then there will be some black men who can remember that with silent tongue, and clenched teeth, and steady eye, and well-poised bayonet, they have helped mankind on to this great consummation, while I fear there will be some white ones unable to forget that with malignant heart and deceitful speech they strove to hinder it.

  Still, let us not be over-sanguine of a speedy final triumph. Let us be quite sober. Let us diligently apply the means, never doubting that a just God, in his own good time, will give us the rightful result.

  TELEGRAM TO MRS. HANNAH ARMSTRONG

  The implications of this brief telegram reach far back to the days of Lincoln’s youth. He had wrestled with Jack Armstrong at New Salem. Jack Armstrong was the leader of the Clary’s Grove Boys, and Lincoln had won his loyalty by his physical prowess. Hannah Armstrong was Jack’s widow. Lincoln had freed her son, William Duff, in the well-known almanac murder trial on May 7, 1858. Four of her sons had enlisted in the army, one of them had died, and one of them had been wounded. Hannah persuaded a friend in Petersburg, Ill., a village near the abandoned site of New Salem, to write to the President asking him to release William Duff from the army.

  Executive Mansion, Washington, September 18, 1863

  MRS. HANNAH ARMSTRONG, PETERSBURG, ILL.: I have just ordered the discharge of your boy William as you say, now at Louisville, Ky.

  LETTER TO GENERAL H. W. HALLECK

  Confederate and Union troops were contesting for the possession of Chattanooga, Tennessee. The first day of the Battle of Chickamauga was raging when Lincoln sent this letter to Halleck. There had been much talk of sending reinforcements from Meade’s army to go to the defense of Chattanooga. Meade had been following Lee’s army ever since the Battle of Gettysburg early in July but had not come to grips with him since that time. Lincoln writes to Halleck to survey the situation.

  Executive Mansion, September 19, 1863

  BY GENERAL MEADE’S dispatch to you of yesterday it appears that he desires your views and those of the government as to whether he shall advance upon the enemy. I am not prepared to order, or even advise, an advance in this case, wherein I know so little of particulars, and wherein he, in the field, thinks the risk is so great, and the promise of advantage so small.

  And yet the case presents matters for very serious consideration in another aspect. These two armies confront each other across a small river, substantially midway between the two capitals, each defending its own capital, and menacing the other. General Meade estimates the enemy’s infantry in front of him at not less than 40,000. Suppose we add fifty percent to this for cavalry, artillery, and extra-duty men stretching as far as Richmond, making the whole force of the enemy 60,000.

  General Meade, as shown by the returns, has with him, and between him and Washington, of the same classes of well men, over 90,000. Neither can bring the whole of his men into a battle; but each can bring as large a percentage in as the other. For a battle, then, General Meade has three men to General Lee’s two. Yet, it having been determined that choosing ground and standing on the defensive gives so great advantage that the three cannot safely attack the two, the three are left simply standing on the defensive also.

  If the enemy’s 60,000 are sufficient to keep our 90,000 away from Richmond, why, by the same rule, may not 40,000 of ours keep their 60,000 away from Washington, leaving us 50,000 to put to some other use? Having practically come to the mere defensive, it seems to be no economy at all to employ twice as many men for that object as are needed. With no object, certainly, to mislead myself, I can perceive no fault in this statement, unless we admit we are not the equal of the enemy, man for man. I hope you will consider it.

  To avoid misunderstanding, let me say that to attempt to fight the enemy slowly back into his intrenchments at Richmond, and then to capture him, is an idea I have been trying to repudiate for quite a year.

  My judgment is so clear against it that I would scarcely allow the attempt to be made if the general in command should desire to make it. My last attempt upon Richmond was to get McClellan, when he was nearer there than the enemy was, to run in ahead of him. Since then I have constantly desired the Army of the Potomac to make Lee’s army, and not Richmond, its objective point. If our army cannot fall upon the enemy and hurt him where he is, it is plain to me it can gain nothing by attempting to follow him over a
succession of intrenched lines into a fortified city.

  PROCLAMATION FOR THANKSGIVING

  The President of the United States issues a proclamation designating the last Thursday of November—November 26, 1863—as a day of general thanksgiving.

  October 3, 1863

  THE year that is drawing toward its close has been filled with the blessings of fruitful fields and healthful skies. To these bounties, which are so constantly enjoyed that we are prone to forget the source from which they come, others have been added, which are of so extraordinary a nature that they cannot fail to penetrate and soften the heart which is habitually insensible to the ever-watchful providence of Almighty God. In the midst of a civil war of unequal magnitude and severity, which has sometimes seemed to foreign states to invite and provoke their aggressions, peace has been preserved with all nations, order has been maintained, the laws have been respected and obeyed, and harmony has prevailed everywhere, except in the theater of military conflict; while that theater has been greatly contracted by the advancing armies and navies of the Union.

  Needful diversions of wealth and of strength from the fields of peaceful industry to the national defense have not arrested the plow, the shuttle, or the ship; the ax has enlarged the borders of our settlements, and the mines, as well of iron and coal as of the precious metals, have yielded even more abundantly than heretofore. Population has steadily increased, notwithstanding the waste that has been made in the camp, the siege and the battlefield, and the country, rejoicing in the consciousness of augmented strength and vigor, is permitted to expect continuance of years with large increase of freedom.

  No human counsel hath devised, nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the most high God, who, while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy.

  It has seemed to me fit and proper that they should be solemnly, reverently, and gratefully acknowledged as with one heart and one voice by the whole American people. I do, therefore, invite my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe the last Thursday of November next as a day of thanksgiving and praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the heavens. And I recommend to them that, while offering up the ascriptions justly due to him for such singular deliverances and blessings, they do also, with humble penitence for our national perverseness and disobedience, commend to his tender care all those who have become widows, orphans, mourners, or sufferers in the lamentable civil strife in which we are unavoidably engaged, and fervently implore the interposition of the almighty hand to heal the wounds of the nation, and to restore it, as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes, to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquillity, and union.

  LETTER TO JAMES H. HACKETT

  (Private)

  Hackett had released Lincoln’s letter of August 17 to the press. He had written to the President in an effort to apologize for his error in making the letter public, and Lincoln writes to him here a pathetic paragraph forgiving him for what he had done. The episode had a still unhappier aftermath. When Hackett later visited the President at the White House, he took advantage of the occasion to ask to be appointed to a government office. Noah Brooks reported Lincoln as saying that “it seemed to be impossible for him to have any close relations with people in Washington without finding that the acquaintance thus formed generally ended with an application for office.”

  Washington, D. C., November 2, 1863

  MY DEAR SIR: Yours of October 22 is received, as also was in due course that of October 3. I look forward with pleasure to the fulfilment of the promise made in the former.

  Give yourself no uneasiness on the subject mentioned in that of the 22d.

  My note to you I certainly did not expect to see in print; yet I have not been much shocked by the newspaper comments upon it. Those comments constitute a fair specimen of what has occurred to me through life. I have endured a great deal of ridicule without much malice; and have received a great deal of kindness, not quite free from ridicule. I am used to it.

  NOTE TO SECRETARY E. M. STANTON

  Lincoln had known Dr. Jacob R. Freese in Illinois. He writes this colorful note about him to Stanton, peremptorily instructing his Secretary of War to make Freese a colonel. Somehow Stanton must have wriggled out of the situation, because Freese, a year later, was editing a newspaper in New Jersey.

  Executive Mansion, November 11, 1863

  DEAR SIR: I personally wish Jacob Freese, of New Jersey, to be appointed colonel for a colored regiment, and this regardless of whether he can tell the exact shade of Julius Cæsar’s hair.

  ADDRESS AT THE DEDICATION OF THE GETTYSBURG NATIONAL CEMETERY

  Lincoln went to Gettysburg on November 18, leaving behind him his son, Tad, sick in bed in Washington. The special Presidential train arrived in Gettysburg in the early evening, and Lincoln spent the night at the home of Judge David Wills. When serenaders called on him, he said to them: “In my position, it is sometimes important that I should not say foolish things. It very often happens that the only way to help it, is to say nothing at all. Believing that is my present condition this evening, I must beg of you to excuse me from addressing you further.” At eleven o’clock the next morning, the President rode on horseback in a procession to the new battle cemetery just outside the town. Edward Everett, the chief orator of the day, was late in arriving; the ceremony was held up until he came. Everett spoke for two hours. The Baltimore Glee Club then sang a brief dirge. Ward Lamon introduced the President, who rose to deliver this speech, which of all his speeches, has become the most celebrated. It is interesting to compare the exact wording of this address as given here in the form in which Lincoln later revised it, with the text shown on this page of this volume in a version that reproduces Lincoln’s words as they were probably spoken on the field at Gettysburg that day. Whole books have been written on the address and its background. It has been analyzed from every point of view, and its possible origins have been traced. One of the most important origins is Lincoln’s own speech on the night of July 7, 1863, when he replied to a serenade in celebration of the victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. Another is a sermon by Theodore Parker, abolitionist minister, who spoke in Boston on July 4, 1858, and on that occasion, in a sermon entitled, “The Effect of Slavery on the American People,” said: “Democracy is direct self-government, over all the people, for all the people, and by all the people.” Parker corresponded regularly with Herndon, and there can be little doubt that Lincoln had seen this phrase of his. He may very well have forgotten it, but it was probably stored away somewhere in his subconscious mind to rise to the surface and be made use of here. The Gettysburg Address has often been compared to the “Funeral Oration” of Pericles, one of the masterpieces of oratory of the ancient world. Colonel Clark E. Carr has made the following interesting analysis of the structure of this well-organized speech in a passage reproduced in William E. Barton’s The Life of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II, p. 224: “It includes all the essential parts of a formal oration. There is an exordium of five short and clear sentences introducing the theme and defining clearly the approach to the discussion. There is an argument of four sentences, and the climax is reached in the last of these. Then there is the dignified peroration in one long sentence.” Carr also points out that of the two hundred and sixty-seven words, only thirty-two are of Latin derivation (some are repeated); all the rest are of Anglo-Saxon origin. The first draft of this speech, which was written on two sheets of paper, one in ink and the other in pencil, and also the second draft which Lincoln held in his hands while delivering it, are now in the Library of Congress.

  November 19, 1863

  FOURSCORE and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

  Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

  But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

  LETTER TO EDWARD EVERETT

  Everett had written to Lincoln to say of his Gettysburg speech: “I should be glad it I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes.” Everett had sent a printed copy of his own speech to Lincoln before the ceremony at the battlefield, so Lincoln had had an opportunity to become familiar with his text.

  Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C.,