A Peace to End all Peace

by David Fromkin

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  INDEX

  “The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.”

  Aaronsohn, Aaron: his pro-Allied position; his achievements; his espionage activities

  Aaronsohn, Sarah

  Abbas II (Abbas Hilmi Pasha), Khedive of Egypt

  Abd el Kader, Emir;

  Abd el Kader, Said

  Abdul Hamid II, Sultan

  Abdullah, son of Hussein of Mecca: meets with Kitchener and Storrs in Cairo before the war; corresponds with Kitchener on his father’s behalf; meets Storrs and Lawrence in Jeddah, and permits Lawrence to go up country; leads postwar expedition against Ibn Saud; his candidacy for the throne of Mesopotamia; in Transjordan

  Abdul Said Mir Alim Khan, Emir of Bukhara

  Addison, Dr Christopher

  Aden: administered by British India; included by Storrs in his plan for a new British Vice-Royalty

  Afghanistan: British-Russian rivalry in; becomes a British protectorate; German wartime expeditions to; Ottoman designs on; the Third Afghan War and its settlement; and communist Russia; and Enver’s revolt in Bukhara; current conflicts in

  Ahd, al-

  Ahmed Mirza, Shah of Persia

  Aitken, Sir Max, later 1st Baron Beaverbrook

  Albania: revolts against Ottoman rule; occupied by Habsburg Empire

  Aleppo see “Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo”

  Alexander, King of Greece

  Alexandretta (Iskenderun): plans to use as British base in the postwar Middle East

  Ali, son of Hussein of Mecca

  Ali, Mehemet

  Allenby, Sir Edmund, later 1st Viscount Allenby of Megiddo and Felixstowe: appointed to command Egyptian Expeditionary Force in invasion of Palestine; approves Lawrence’s plan for use of Arab irregulars in Palestine campaign; leads Palestine campaign; plans attack on Syria; and plans for administration of territories taken from the Ottoman Empire; leads Syrian campaign; and the question of F
rench or Arab rule in Syria and Lebanon; dines with Feisal in Damascus; and French claims to Syria; statement at Peace Conference; and location of Dan (“Dan to Beersheba”); sent to take charge in Egypt (1919); warns superiors not to disregard Feisal and Syrian Congress; and administration of Palestine 445: his policy as British High Commissioner in Egypt

  Allenby Declaration (1922)

  Amanullah Khan, King of Afghanistan

  Amery, Leopold S.: at War Cabinet secretariat; his British imperial vision and the question of a Jewish Palestine; and the Imperial War Conference; quoted on importance of a Jewish Palestine; helps draft Balfour Declaration; evaluates his accomplishments in 1917; discusses Sykes-Picot Agreement with Sykes; sees a war for Asia at hand; seeks immediate British possession of the Middle East before a cease-fire; fears US may accept trusteeship of Palestine

  Amet, Vice-Admiral Jean F. C.: and armistice negotiations with the Ottoman Empire

  Amritsar Massacre

  Anglo-French Declaration (1918)

  Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1922)

  Anglo-Persian Agreement (1919)

  Anglo-Russian Agreement (1907)

  Angora Accord (1921)

  Antonius, George

  Aqaba expedition

  Arab Bulletin: described; quoted; reports Hussein threatened by Ibn Saud; and Lowell Thomas

  Arab Bureau, the: creation of; opposes Sykes; aids in talks at Kut; views on Hussein’s revolt; and the Arab Bulletin; views; and Allenby’s use of Feisal’s forces; reports quoted; asked by Sykes to arrange meeting with Arab leaders; and the Foreign Office’s policy; and Arab independence; and Hussein as Caliph; reports (1919) on plans for a Pan-Islamic revolt against Britain; charged with “endangering world peace” see also Clayton; Herbert; Hogarth; Lawrence; Walrond

  Arab Club, the (Syria)

  Arab Executive, the (Palestine)

  Arab Legion, the (Transjordan)

  Arabia see specific headings

  Arabian Report (Sykes)

  Armenia: proposed US Mandate

  Armenian Massacres (1915)

  Armenian Revolutionary Federation

  Armstrong Whitworth

  Askari, Jaafar al-

  Asquith, Herbert Henry: cruises with Churchill and others aboard Enchantress (1912); and the modern Middle East; harbors no designs on the Middle East; and Churchill; quoted on the Turkish war; and appointment of Kitchener as War Minister; quoted; favors conceding Constantinople to Russia; and Britain’s Middle East goals; appoints de Bunsen committee; and the Dardanelles campaign; quoted on the perils of attacking Gallipoli; forms Coalition Cabinet; and the questions of what to do about Kitchener and Gallipoli; orders study of “an Islamic Bureau” his faltering war leadership attacked; overthrown as Prime Minister; and Churchill; on Herbert Samuel’s plan for a Jewish Palestine and Lloyd George’s support of it; defeated in the elections (1918); and Russia’s grievances in the Middle East; leads his party to defeat in the elections (1922); his underestimation of the Ottoman Empire; and Churchill

  Asquith, Margot

  Asquith, Violet

  Auda abu Tayi

  Australia: role in the British imperial system; and the Chanak crisis; see also specific wartime campaigns

  Austria-Hungary (Habsburg Empire): and annexation of portions of the Ottoman Empire; and outbreak of First World War; vulnerable, says Lloyd George; and the Armenian Massacres; US delays declaration of war against; prisoners of war in Russia; Allied offensive against (1918); and the Peace Conference; dissolved

  Auto-Emancipation (Pinsker)

  Azerbaijan: Enver’s forces fight for; British occupy; Russians recapture

  Bagehot, Walter

  Baghdad Railway project

  Bailey, Colonel Frederick Marshman

  Baku: campaigns; congress

  Baldwin, Stanley

  Balfour, Arthur James, later 1st Earl of Balfour

  Balfour Declaration (1917)

  Balkan Confederation

  Balkan League

  Balkan Wars

  Barrow, Major-General Sir George

  Beaverbrook, Lord see Aitken, Sir Max

  Bedford, A. C.

  Beha-ed-Din

  Belgium: German invasion of

  Bell, Gertrude

  Ben-Gurion, David

  Ben Zvi, Itzhak

  Bethmann Hollweg, Chancellor Theobald von

  Bey, Halil

  Bey, Rauf

  Birdwood, General William

  Birkenhead, Lord see Smith, F. E.

  Bismarck, Prince Otto von

  Boer War

  Bonaparte, Napoleon, Egyptian expedition

  Bonar Law, Andrew

  Borden, Robert

  Bosnia: annexation of by Austria-Hungary

  Botha, Louis

  Brandeis, Justice Louis D.

  Bray, Major N. N. E.

  Brazil: and the Turkish battleships

  Breasted, James Henry

  Brémond, Lieutenant-Colonel Edouard

  Breslau (ship)

  Brethren (Ikhwan)

  Briand, Aristide

  Britain/British Empire see specific headings

  British East Africa

  Bronstein, Lev Davidovich see Trotsky, Leon

  Brunton, Captain C. D.

  Bryant, Louise

  Bryce, James

  Buchan, John

  Bukhara

  Bulgaria

  Bunsen, Sir Maurice de 142 see also de Bunsen Committee

  Cadman, Sir John

  Caillard, Vincent

  Cairo see Egypt/Cairo

  Cairo Conference (1921)

  Caix, Robert de

  Calthorpe, Vice-Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough

  Calwell, General Sir Charles

  Cambon, Jules

  Cambon, Paul

  Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry

  Canada: role in the British imperial system; and Chanak crisis

  Canning, George

  Capitulations

  Carasso, Emmanuel see Karasu, Emmanuel

  Carden, Admiral Sackville

  Carnegie Endowment: survey of changes resulting from the war

  Carson, Sir Edward

  Carter, Howard

  Cartwright, Joanna and Ebenezer

  Cavour, Count Camillo di

  Cecil, Lord Robert

  Chamberlain, Austen

  Chamberlain, Joseph

  Chanak (Canakkale) crisis

  Chauvel, General Harry

  Cheetham, Sir Milne

  Chelmsford 3rd Baron (Frederic John Napier Thesiger)

  Chicago Daily News

  Chicago, University of

  Chile: and the Turkish battleships

  Churchill, Winston Spencer: his character and characteristics; his earlier political career; becomes First Lord of the Admiralty (1911); cruises with the Prime Minister and others aboard Enchantress (1912); his role in creating the modern Middle East; and Turkish entry into the war; his role in the appointment of Kitchener as War Minister; initial views on postwar division of Middle East; plans to end stalemate in the war by flanking attack; and the Dardanelles campaign; and Sykes; and the Other Club; and Gallipoli campaign; loses position at the Admiralty in the Fisher resignation crisis; serves in the army; quoted on Clemenceau; and the importance of oil; returns to office as Minister of Munitions; aware of concerns of Jewish constituents; and Young Turk ideology; and France and Syria; and 1918 elections; becomes both War Minister and Air Minister (1919); demobilization and his warning of its effects on the peace negotiations; and the Russian civil war; quoted on the death of King Alexander; and the problem of Palestine; and troop withdrawals from Asia; views on and policy towards Bolshevik Russia; dissents from Lloyd George’s Middle East policy; appointed Colonial Secretary (1921); his policy as Colonial Secretary; the Cairo Conference; his White Paper for Palestine (1922); dissents from Lloyd George’s Turkish policy; and French support for Kemal; comes to the rescue of Lloyd George’s Turkish policy; defeated in the 1922 elections; his sub
sequent career

  Cilicia

  Clayton, Gilbert: his military career and official positions; his abilities and his outlook; his views and plans for Britain in relationship to the Arab world during and after the war; the al-Faruqi episode, the McMahon negotiations, and the Arab Revolt; policy differences with Sykes; and T. E. Lawrence; policies as chief political officer to Allenby; urges British annexation of Egypt; his policies attacked; on Richmond’s role in the Palestine administration

  Clemenceau, Georges

  Colby, Bainbridge

  Colonial office see Churchill

  Columbia University

  Comité de l’Afrique Française

  Comité de l’Asie Française

  Committee of Imperial Defence

  Committee of Union and Progress (C.U.P.) see Young Turkey Party

  Congreve, General W. N.

  Conjoint Committee

  Conolly, Arthur

  Constantine I, King of Greece

  Constantinople Agreement (1915)

  Cornwallis, Captain Kinahan

  Council of Four

  Cox, Sir Percy

  Crane, Charles

  Crewest Marquess of (Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes)

  Cromer, Earl (Evelyn Baring)

  C.U.P. see Young Turkey Party

  Curtis, Lionel George

  Curzon of Kedlestonest Marquess of (George Nathaniel Curzon)

  Cyprus

  Czechoslovakia: French postwar relations with

  Daily Express

  Daily Mail

  Damascus: falls to the Allies (1918)

  “Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo”

  Damascus Protocol, the

  Daniel Deronda (Eliot)

  D’Annunzio, Gabriele

  Dardanelles and the Dardanelles campaign

  Dardanelles Committee

  Dashnaktsutium (Armenian Revolutionary Federation)

  Dawnay, Colonel Alan

  Dawnay, Guy

  de Bunsen Committee (on Britain’s goals in Middle East)

  Declaration to the Seven (1918)

  Deedes, Wyndham

  Delcassé, Theophile

  Denikin, General Anton Ivanovich

  Derbyth Earl of (Edward Stanley)

  Dhawu-’Awn clan

  Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield

  Djavid, Mehmed

  Djemal Pasha, Ahmed (Djemal Bey)

  Dodge, Cleveland