Submerged: Adventures of America's Most Elite Underwater Archeology Team
Page 33
Micronesia
betel nuts chewed in
Bikini Atoll
Hawaiian Islands
Kosrae
Majuro
Pohnpei (Ponape)
Molokai
Monarch
Monkey Wrench Gang, The (Abbey)
Monteith, Mike
Moorehead, Keith
Morehead, Jack
Morton, Susan
Mount, Tom
Mrowzowski, Stephen
Muckelroy, Keith
Mudd, Samuel
Murphy, Larry
at Alabama site
in Aleutians
on Amistad recovery mission
at Arizona site
at Bikini
at Biscayne
in boat ramp experiment
hiring of
at Isle Royale
in Kosrae
safety issues and
surveying tools and
in the Tortugas
Myers, Cal
Nagato
Nan Madol
Nangle, Jim
National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
National Geographic
National Geographic
National Historic Landmark Sites
National Park Service (NPS)
boat ramps and
diving program of
inundation study by, see National Reservoir Inundation Study
SCRU team of, see Submerged
Cultural Resources Unit trust territories and; see also Pacific
National Park System
National Reservoir Inundation
Study (NRIS)
Final Report of
SCRU’s evolution and
Naval Historical Center (NHC)
Navy, U.S.
in Aleutians
Dive School of
Pearl Harbor and; see also Pearl Harbor
SCRU’s relationship with
and shipwrecks in foreign waters
New Archeology
Neyland, Bob
Nicholson, Chris
nitrogen
nitrogen narcosis
Nordby, Larry
on Amistad recovery mission
at Arizona site
at Bikini
hiring of
at Isabella site
at Isle Royale
in Micronesia
Norman, Bruce
nuclear test sites
oceanographic research vessels
Operation Crossroads (atomic bomb tests)
Oppenheimer, Robert
Orak, Dave
Orzech, Otto
Osprey
oxygen
Pacific
Hawaiian Islands
SCRU’s influence in
trust territories of; see also Micronesia
Pacific National Historic Park
Palau (Belau)
PBS
Peachey, Claire
Peacock Slough
Pearl Harbor
Arizona in
Pepin-Donat, Margaret
Pilotfish
Pohnpei (Ponape)
Point Reyes
Ponce de Leon, Juan
pressure
Prinz Eugen
Project Seamark
at Belau
Prokopetz, Wayne
Queen City
Quinn, Jim
radiation
Rascals in Paradise (Michener)
reservoirs
inundation study and, see National Reservoir Inundation Study
Reyes, Ralph
Río Choy
Río Sabinas
Rio Verde
River Sinks area (Tallahassee)
Robison, Bill
Rock Islands
Rough Canyon
ROVs (remote operated vehicles)
low-cost
motion sickness and
RoxAnn
Russell, Matt
Sabinas River
Safeguard
San Agustín
Sand, Larry
Santos, Gaston
Saratoga
Schmidt, Peter
Schwartz, Doug
Scovill, Doug
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Seamark, see Project Seamark
Semmes, Raphael
Senning, Mark
Setnicka, Tim
Seward Johnson
Seymour, Brett
sharks
SHARPS (Sonic Highly Accurate Range Positioning System)
Shenandoah, CSS
Shipwreck Anthropology
shipwrecks
Abandoned Shipwreck Act and
Alabama
Antelope
anthropological issues and
Arizona
at Bikini
at Biscayne
diver safety and
in foreign waters
Housatonic
Isabella
at Isle Royale
Leonora
mapping of
in Micronesia
Nagato
Queen City
San Agustín
Saratoga
submarines, see submarines
Sunsang Maru
surveying large areas for
in the Tortugas
treasure hunting at, see treasure hunting
whaling ships
see also archeology, underwater
“Shipwrecks, Science, Salvage or Scrap,”
Shope, Steve
Sigrah, Berlin
sinks
Skin Diver
slave labor
Smith
Smith, Mike
Smith, Tim
Somers
Somers, Gary
South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology
Southeast Archeological Center
South Pacific, see Pacific
Spanish American War
Spenneman, Dirk
Sprinkle, Jim
Star of India
State Department, U.S.
Steinbeck, John
Stevenson, Robert Louis
Stewart, Jim
Stickel, Gary
Stone, Bill
Stone, Jamie
Strykowski, Joe
submarines
Hunley
Japanese
Submerged Cultural Resources
Unit (SCRU)
Blitz technique used in
Cummings and
diving training in
evolution and development of
in federal regulation rewrite
large block surveys and
and lengths of dives
mapping technique of
motto in
name change of
risk assessment and
and shipwrecks in foreign waters
strategy for running
teamwork in
theoretical framework for
Sunsang Maru
Superior Diver
Sutcliff, Ray
Sweete, Dale
Tamaulipas
“temples,” in Nan Madol
Thomson, Jim
Titanic
Tom Sawyer (Twain)
torpedoes
Tortugas, see Dry Tortugas
Towers, Derek
transducers, sonar
treasure hunting
in Keys
propwash deflectors used in
Shipwreck Anthropology and
state-sanctioned
Treasure Island (Stevenson)
trilateration mapping technique
truck dump
Truk (Chuuk)
Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) see also Micronesia
Twain, Mark
underwater archeology, see archeology, underwater
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
Up Periscope
Utwa
&
nbsp; Velice, Carol
Vestal
VideoRay
videotape operations:
at Alabama
in Aleutians
at Arizona
in Belau
in Bikini
at Isle Royale
at Leonora
in the Tortugas
Vietnam Wall
Vrana, Ken
Wakulla Springs
Warm Mineral Springs
Watson, Pat
Weir, Don
Wells, Jay
whaling ships
White, Jim
White River
Wilson, Henry
Winslow, John
World War II,
Aleutian campaign in
commerce raiding in
Lelu Harbor and
Majuro and
trust territories and
see also Pearl Harbor
Wrecker, The (Stevenson)
Yamamoto, Isokuro
Yap
Young, Billy
Acknowledgements
Critical to making this book a reality were Noah Lukeman, “an agent for all seasons”; Esther Margolis, a grand lady of publishing; and Keith Hollaman, for his calm and sure editorial guidance. For early encouragement and for the title, I thank Ron Schultz. Also, for early encouragement and assistance in writing endeavors, Bob Utley, Melody Webb, and Vittorio Maestro and the editorial staff of my favorite magazine, Natural History. A special note of gratitude to my sister Patricia.
For unflagging support of the Submerged Cultural Resources Unit over the years: Doug Scovill, Jack Morehead, John Cook, Bob Kerr, Deny Galvin, Don Neubacher, Rob Arnberger, Mike Finley, Karen Wade, Rick Smith, Dick Sellars, and Ernest Ortega. Thanks to all the members of the SCRU team, present and past, particularly Larry Murphy.
To my wife Barbara for counsel, for keeping it all together, and in the sincere hope she will finally recommend something I have authored to the ladies of her reading group.
About the Author
DANIEL LENIHAN is not just an explorer, but a preservationist; not just a risk-taker, but a nationally recognized scientist, respected in the ranks of park rangers. He has been at the center of many major underwater research projects in the U.S., from the USS Arizona in Pearl Harbor to the first expedition to resurvey the sunken ships of Bikini Atoll after they were declared radioactive from nuclear blasts.
Lenihan has been diving as a park ranger and archeologist for the National Park Service (NPS) since 1972. In 1976, he developed the only federal underwater archeological team in the U.S. and, in 1980, was appointed the first chief of the NPS Submerged Cultural Resources Unit (SCRU).
Over the last 25 years, Lenihan and the SCRU team have been the subject of national media stories and many TV documentaries on CBS, ABC, BBC, CNN, PBS, The Discovery Channel, and National Geographic. He has written frequently for Natural History and American History, and coauthored with Gene Hackman two well-received novels, Wake of the Perdido Star and Justice for None. A native New Yorker and former schoolteacher, he lives with his family in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
REVIEWERS’ PRAISE FOR SUBMERGED
“Lenihan...takes his readers on an adventure-packed ride that rivals any Clive Cussler tome, stopping along the way at such diverse wreck sites as the Aleutian Islands and Bikini Atoll.”
—Archaeology Magazine
“Lenihan and his colleagues have shown just how much can be learned from the careful scientific excavation of shipwrecks. The artifacts on such a site are like pieces of a complex puzzle that, with care, can tell a great deal about shipboard life, trade, fishing, or military practices at the time.”
—The Christian Science Monitor
“The style of Submerged is both dynamic and considered, combining a no-holds-barred explanation of taken risks and laid-bare mistakes, with a considerable intellectual and academic understanding of sites and situations.”
—Historical Diving Times
“Divers, especially wreck diving enthusiasts, will find Lenihan’s book interesting and the adventures fascinating. Submerged is a unique adventure book and also a record of the historic and social significance of the underwater research programs conducted by this unit of the US National Park Service.”
—DiveNews.com
“Submerged takes readers on an exciting tour of some of the world’s most interesting dive sites and provides them with a fascinating glimpse into the world of underwater archaeology .”
—Sport Diver
“Submerged introduces readers to some of the basic concepts involved in searching, mapping, documenting, and recovering items in water, that varies from a few feet to hundreds of feet deep, clear to murky conditions.”
—The Bloomsbury Review
“An adventure-filled memoir… Displaying a passion for extreme diving combined with disciplined professionalism as park ranger-archeologists, the SCRU team tackled astonishing, often harrowing assignments, which Lenihan chronicles.”
—Arrowhead, newsletter,
the National Park Service
“An edge-of-your-seat story that succinctly illustrates the danger of wreck exploration. Lenihan’s enthusiasm and obvious love for uncovering the past is infectious.”
—The Post and Courier (Charleston, SC)
“Every water-oriented reader will be enthralled by Lenihan’s underwater world, the historical significance of many of the team’s investigations, and the derring-do of individual divers.”
—Maine Harbors
“As a nondiver, it was thrilling to be allowed access to this bizarre and profound environment. After watching Lenihan and his team battle such dangers as freezing waters, sharks, Mexican federales, or just plain bad luck, I came away with feelings of awe, envy, respect, and a deep conviction that wild horses couldn’t drag me into this job.”
—A reader from Naperville, IL
“Armchair adrenaline…Submerged reels you in with compelling writing about history , archeology, respect for our resources, and most of all, true adventure. The best surprise is that Lenihan, a scientist and government employee, is witty.”
—A reader from Maryland
“An engaging, articulate, and suspenseful writer, Lenihan shows the often daring and dangerous side of being an underwater park ranger.…Submerged took me to eerie and beautiful underwater places I’d never have the courage to go myself.”
—A reader from Henniker, NH
“I recommend reading the chapter about diving at the site of the USS Arizona. The author, at first trying to keep his distance, gradually comes to terms with his feelings about the ship and the thousand or so young men who lost their lives on one bright day in Pearl Harbor.”
—A reader from Washington, DC
“Superb. I highly recommend this book about underwater archeology. My previous experience with archeology was Harrison Ford and the pursuit of the Holy Grail. The author’s intriguing account of his career, from exploring a Civil War submarine to Pearl Harbor, reaffirms my belief that archeology is one of the most fascinating professions in research. ”
—A reader from North Carolina
“If you have an interest in diving, sunken ships, the preservation of cultural resources, the National Park Service, or just enjoy rousing good tales of underwater adventure, I can definitely recommend Submerged
.”—A reader from Whittier, CA
“Submerged has action-adventure throughout, underwater exploration with intrigue and full of information about early diving and salvage.”
—A reader from Cincinnati, OH
“Lenihan gives bone-chilling accounts of diving situations involving caves, polluted waters and other truly extreme variables…For anyone interested at all in the ethics of preservation or the insanity of adventure.”
—A reader from San Diego, CA
Other Books by Daniel Lenihan
Justice for None (with Gene Hackman)
Wake of the Perdido Star (with Gene Hackman)
&nbs
p; Underwater Wonders of the National Parks (with John Brooks)
The Shipwrecks of Isle Royale National Park:
The Archeological Survey (Editor)
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 by Daniel Lenihan
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced,
in whole or in part, in any form, without written permission.
Inquiries should be addressed to Permissions Department,
Newmarket Press, 18 East 48th Street, New York, NY 10017.
Chapters 5, 6, 12, and 18 appeared in different versions in Natural History.
Chapter 17 appeared in part in American History.
This book is published in the United States and in Canada.
eISBN : 978-1-557-04894-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lenihan, Daniel.
Submerged : adventures of America’s most elite underwater archeology
team / by Daniel Lenihan.
p. cm.
1. Underwater archaeology—United States. 2. United States. National
Park Service. Submerged Cultural Resources Unit. 3. Marine archaeolo-
gists—United States. 4. United States—Antiquities—Collection and
preservation. 5. Excavations (Archaeology)—United States. 6. Ship-
wrecks—United States. 7. Treasure-trove—United States. I. Title.
E159.5 .L46 2002
930.1’028’04—dc21
2001007967
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