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Index
Abraham and Isaac, story of, 157–58
Aché tribe, 95, 229
adaptations, 64, 69, 101, 125–29
cumulative cultural, 45–49, 70
to particular environment, 7, 9, 38, 44, 45–46, 47–48, 66, 127, 151
advertising, 137
subliminal messages in, 325–26
Aesop’s Fables, 24
Afghanistan, 297
war in, 83–84, 97, 216–17
Africa, 1–2, 30–31, 32–33, 43, 45, 48, 259–60, 348, 361
animal domestication in, 263–64
human migrations out of, 4, 30, 32, 33, 34–35, 36, 47, 59–62, 89–90
malaria in, 257
Rift Valley of, 43
slave trade in, 94, 185–86
agriculture, 23–24, 91, 92, 102, 130, 261, 262, 265, 297, 346, 359
Aguilera, Christina, 83
alcohol, metabolism of, 48, 262
alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene, 262
All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque
), 97
Altai Mountains, 36
altruism, 8, 13, 71–73, 76–87, 88, 156, 176–77, 184, 187, 197, 202, 324
of collected like-minded individuals, 78–82, 84, 86–87
degree of genetic relatedness in, 175–76, 179–80, 211–12, 323, 366
evolution of, 78–87
group selection and, 197–98
naive, 182–83, 279
of parents to children, 87, 174–75, 180
psychological disposition to, 79, 81–82, 84–85, 86–87, 90, 96–98
punishing unfairness as, 198–99
selfish cheats vs., 71–72, 78, 79–80, 86
of social amoebae, 77–80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87
as survival strategy, 72
see also kin selection; reciprocal altruism; self-sacrifice, suicidal
altruism, cultural, 203–32, 367
ambivalent response to, 213, 218
toward animals, 204
common goods in, 213, 226–31
conspicuous waste and, 213–16, 217, 230
evolution of, 204–13
of Good Samaritans, 194–95, 212–13
greenbeard genes and, 206–9, 211–18, 222
identifying altruists for, 205–13, 215–16
increased altruism in witnesses of, 217–18
morality in, 223–24
nationalism in, 203–4, 205
principle of information in, 209–11, 216, 231–32
public goods in, 226–31
see also reputations
altruism locus, 81, 82, 85, 90, 153, 212
Amazonian rain forest, 95, 367
American Dictionary of the English Language (Webster), 305
American English, 57–58, 305
America’s Cup race, 340
amylase, salivary, 48
Anasazi civilizations, 361
animals:
altruism toward, 204
communication of, 164, 276, 281–82, 289, 292
conspicuous waste in behavior of, 214–15, 230
cooperation of, 174, 180, 190–91
culture of, 8–9
detour task and, 272
domesticated vs. wild, smaller brains of, 255
domestication of, 101–2, 114, 255–56, 263–64, 265, 266
endoparasites of, 257–58, 317–18, 319
environmental adaptations of, 7
fur of, 256–61
infanticide of, by males, 315
mitochondrial genes in, 319
parasites as cause of death in, 257–58
predatory-prey relationship of, 24, 65–66, 245–46, 249–50
reciprocal altruism in, 190–91
regrowth capability of, 355
in reinforcement schedule experiments, 141–45
rule-based behavior of, 245–46
“selfish” herds of, 246
sexual displays of, 153–55, 260–61
social learning of, 38–43
ants, 24, 73, 74, 76–77, 106, 345
Cordyceps fungus in, 20
endoparasites in, 318
fire, 206–7
self-sacrifice of, 71, 152, 175
apes, 8, 30, 42, 43, 48, 66–67, 234, 277, 333
apoptosis, 354
Arab Liberation Front, 152
Arab slave traders, 94
archaeological record, 32–33, 35–36, 37, 43–44, 59, 254, 259, 360
Neanderthal, 44, 309–10
Archaeology and Language (Renfrew), 297
Arctic, 4, 9, 47
art, 2, 4, 8, 10, 30, 32, 44, 59, 109–13, 132–46, 236
as cultural enhancers, 132–38, 146, 164–69
as exploitative memes, 135–38, 145–46
mnemonic devices and, 169
modern bizarre, 132, 138
origins of, 164
reading of, 168–69
religious, 112, 156–57
Venus statues, 261–62, 336
artificial selection, 101–2
ascetics, religious, 21–22
Asperger’s syndrome, 331
ASPM gene, 265
Atkins, Peter, 240
Augustine, Saint, 333
Austen, Jane, 156
Australia, 5, 33, 49, 61
compass termites of, 76, 352
introduced species in, 65–66
Australian Aborigines, 164, 241
“dreamtime” stories of, 166
paintings of, 168
Australopithecines, 30
Australopithecus afarensis, 30
Austronesians, 35–36
autism, 42, 128–29, 330–31
Axelrod, Robert, 187, 189, 191–92
axes, hafted, 46–47
Babylon, 346
backless dress, fashion of, 261
bacteria, 2, 63–64, 184, 255, 257
endoparasitic, 319
genetic exchange in, 3
symbiotic, in human gut, 161
balance of nature, 66
Barnes, Julian, 140, 149, 308
Baron-Cohen, Simon, 128
Basalla, George, 242
Basque language, 297
Basu, Kaushik, 196, 200
“beachcombers,” migration of, 33
bees, 8, 73, 74, 76–77, 96, 106, 152, 175, 345
“begging the question,” meaning of, 331
beliefs, 2, 21–23, 37
see also false beliefs
Bem, Daryl, 327
Beringia, 35
bigfoots, 34
bigotry, 81–82, 150–51, 207
birds, 45–46, 99, 130, 136–37, 141–45
extinction of, 37
female dispersal of, 322
flock flying of, 353
social learning of, 38–39, 40
theory of mind in, 42
see also songbirds
Blade Runner, 345
blastocyst, 353–54
Blind Watchmaker, The (Dawkins), 239–40
Blombos Cave site, 32, 113
Bloom, Paul, 139–40
blue tits, 38–39
boat technologies, 35–36, 45, 47, 130
Bodmer, Walter, 258
Bouchard, Thomas, 115–17
brain, 5, 44, 101, 137, 139–40, 145, 176, 209, 233–66, 272, 308, 316
Broca’s area of, 277
cannibalistic ingestion of, 309–11
continued evolution of, 264–66
cortex of, 235–36, 254, 271
decision making in, 325–27, 328–30, 332
domestication and, 254–64
energy requirements of, 235, 236
evolution of, 234–36, 250–54, 311, 328–29, 338, 356
extreme male, 128
fatal diseases of, 310
genetic factors in, 251–64
imitation and, 243–44
innate abilities of, 5, 23
inventiveness of, 235–44, 256
language and, 275–76, 277
limbic system of, 164–65
memes’ restructuring of, 22–23
moral decision making in, 328–29, 330
Neanderthal, 235–36, 254
parasites’ manipulation of, 20, 21, 158, 160
recent diminution of, 254–55
risk assessment by, 338–40
size of, 30, 31, 44, 176, 177, 233–35, 245–46
unconscious processes of, 321–22, 325–34
Wernicke’s area of, 277
brain candy, 135–38
brain flukes, 20, 22, 24, 26, 160
brain imaging, 270–71, 325–26
Brave New World (Huxley), 122
Brem speakers, 49
bride prices, 37
Bryan, Peter, 309–11
Buber, Martin, 308
Buian speakers, 51
burials, 4, 44, 95, 236
Burns, Ken, 52
Byzantine religious art, 112
Caenorhabditis elegans, 284, 357
Cage, John, 132–33
camels, 45–46
cane toads, 66
cannibalism, 309–10, 322
carnivores, 245–46
carrying capacity, 65–66, 93, 95, 297, 361
Carson, Rachel, 37
Carthage, 243
Çatal Hüyük, 102, 346
catalysts, chemical, 182
Catching Fire (Wrangham), 235
cathedrals, 157, 162–63
cattle egrets, 136–37
cave paintings, 4, 110–12, 116, 168, 236
CBS Evening News, 152
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 362
celestial navigation, 38, 41, 47, 60–61
celibacy, idea of, 22, 23, 24
cells, 8, 64–65, 96, 184, 211, 248, 284
of blastocyst, 353–54
mitochondria of, 255, 318–19
of multicellular organisms, 75–76, 79–80, 105–6, 175–76
ontogeny of, 353–57
pluripotent, 354, 355, 356
stem, 354, 355
T-, 25
totipotent, 354, 355–56
central place foraging, 359
chaffinches, 8
chain letters, 136
Chalbi Desert, vii–viii
Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave paintings, 110–11, 112
Cherry, Brian, 309, 311
chess, 332
Cheyenne Indians, 185
chiefdoms, 346, 362
children, 4–7, 26–27, 80, 95, 109, 113, 122, 141, 264, 265, 276, 319–20, 330, 338–39
culturally tabula rasa mind of, 4–5, 6
dualism of, 139
fathers of, 315–16
honor killings of, 8, 202, 224–25
parents’ altruistic relationship with, 87, 174–75, 180
parents as teachers of, 5–6, 26–27, 57–59, 136, 161–62, 210, 223–24
partial reinforcement and, 142
purposiveness perceived by, 140
stepparents of, 315
switched at birth, 314
theory of mind in, 42
see also infants
Chile, 36
chimpanzees, 1, 4, 30, 40–43, 234, 251, 260, 277
attempted teaching of language to, 291
culture in, 8, 40–41
female dispersal of, 322
female reproduction rate of, 66, 67
human common ancestor with, 234, 252–54, 277
painting by, 109–10
termite fishing by, 39, 40, 41
theory of mind lacked by, 41–42
China, 15, 35, 186, 195–96, 345
Han, 48, 262
Mandarin language of, 305–6
rice production in, 262
slavery in, 94
Christianity, 133, 153, 157, 350
great cathedrals of, 157, 162–63
religious ascetics of, 21–22
sectarian conflicts in, 83