Napoleon Bonaparte
Page 112
[497] Guizot, Mémoires, vol. 1, p. 68.
[498] Quoted in Madelin, De Brumaire à Marengo, p. 91.
[499] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 5, pp. 62-63.
[500] Corr de Nap, nos. 4423, 4450; see also nos. 4407, 4409, 4412, 4413, 4418, 4416, 4423,4432, 4449, 4450.
[501] Pierre Louis Roederer, Oeuvres du comte P L Roederer (Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1854), vol. 3, p. 331; Corr de Nap, nos. 4422, 4447.
[502] Corr de Nap, no. 4442; Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 281.
[503] Corr de Nap, no. 4457, no. 4439; Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, pp. 331-36.
[504] Corr de Nap, nos. 4471, 4477, 4485.
[505] Comte de Vaudreuil, Correspondance du Comte de Vaudreuil et du Comte d’Artois (Paris: 1870), vol. 2, p. 307; Boulay de la Meurthe, Documents sur le due d’Enghien (Paris: 1850), vol. 1, p. 116.
[506] Corr de Nap, no. 4403.
[507] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 3, pp. 318ff.
[508] Madelin, Le Consulat, p. 204; Las Cases, Memorial de Sainte-Hélène (Paris, n. p., 1823), vol. 2, p. 395.
[509] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 357.
[510] Claude-François de Méneval, Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de Napoléon Ier depuis 1802 jusqu’à 1815 (Paris: Dentu, 1893-94), vol. L p. 169-71.
[511] Pieter Geyl, Napoléon For and Against (New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1949), pp. 141-42.
[512] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, pp. 43-46.
[513] Ibid., pp. 41, 66; quoted in Léonce Pingaud, Le Comte d’Antraigues (Paris: Nourit, 1890), vol. 9, p. 206.
[514] Corr de Nap, no. 4488.
[515] Ibid., nos 4569, 4570, 4555; Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, pp. 347-48; Corr de Nap, no. 4764.
[516] See Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 264-98; the campaign may be followed step by step in Corr de Nap, beginning on March 22, 1800. Corr de Nap, no. 4694ff.
[517] Corr de Nap, no. 4882.
[518] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, pp. 120ff.
[519] Corr de Nap, no. 4993; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 286-98.
[520] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 242.
[521] C. de La Jonquiere, L’Expedition d’Egypte, 1798-1801 (Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle, 1899), vol. 5, for complete coverage; Madelin, Le Consulat, p. 157.
[522] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 297.
[523] Mowat, Diplomacy of Napoleon, pp. 87ff.
[524] Ibid., p. 87.
[525] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 55.
[526] Ibid., pp. 366-70.
[527] Quoted in Leon Lecestre, in Lettres inédits de Napoléon Ier (Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1897), vol. 2, p. 241, no. 1020.
[528] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, pp. 336-38.
[529] Alan Schom, Trafalgar, Countdown to Battle, 1803-1805 (London: Michael Joseph, 1990), p. 62.
[530] Auguste Thomazi, Les Marins de Napoléon (Paris: Tallandier, 1978), pp. 112, 131.
[531] Moniteur, May 24, 1803.
[532] John Leyland, ed., Dispatches and Letters Relating to the Blockade of Brest, 1803-1805 (London: Navy Records Society, 1899), vol. 1, p. 16.
[533] Napoléon Bonaparte, Correspondance de Napoléon avec le Ministre de la Marine, depuis 1804 jusqu’en avril 1815 (Paris: Delloye & Lecou, 1837), vol. 1, pp. 25-31.
[534] Thomazi, Marins de Napoléon, p. 133; Corr de Nap, no. 7501.
[535] Thomazi, Marins de Napoléon, p. 135.
[536] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 81ff.
[537] Thomazi, Marins de Napoléon, p. 143.
[538] Schom, Trafalgar, p. 81; Thomazi, Marins de Napoléon, pp. 70-71.
[539] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 74-81ff; Edouard Desbrière, Projets et Tentatives de Débarquement aux Iles Britanniques (Paris: Chapelot, 1902), hereafter cited as Projets.
[540] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 75, 76.
[541] Archives Nationales, BB’, p. 167; Schom, Trafalgar, p. 396, n. 3.
[542] Archives Nationales, BB’, p. 167.
[543] Schom, Trafalgar, p. 92.
[544] Archives des affaires étrangères, 607, Hollande, 1803, ans XI et XII.
[545] Ibid.; Corr de Afop, no. 7453; Archives Nationales, AF, 1202.
[546] Talleyrand to Schimmelpenninck, Archives des affaires étrangères, 608, Hollande, 1804, ans XII et XII.
[547] Thomazi, Marins de Napoléon, p. 120; Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 82-83.
[548] Corr de Nap, no. 7055.
[549] Schom, Trafalgar, p. 396, n. 3; Archives Nationales, AF, 1203.
[550] Archives Nationales, AF, 1191; BB, 91.
[551] Ibid., BB, p. 199.
[552] Ibid., BB, p. 29; Schom, Trafalgar, p. 90.
[553] Schom, Trafalgar, p. 96.
[554] Ibid., pp. 122ff.
[555] Jérome Zieseniss, Berthier, Frère d’armes de Napoléon (Paris: Belfond, 1985).
[556] Projets, vol. 3, p. 141.
[557] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 101-3.
[558] Corr de Nap, no. 6870; Projets, vol. 3, p. 162.
[559] John Markham, Selections from the Correspondence of Admiral John Markham, 1801-4, 1806-7, ed. Clements Markham (London: Navy Records Society, 1904), p. 153. The Times (London), Wednesday, May 16, 1804; J. Holland Rose and A. M. Broadley, Dumouriez and the Defence of England against Napoleon (London: John Lane, 1904), pp. 239-55, 258-62, 278-86.
[560] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 47, 54.
[561] Ibid., pp. 41, 46-48, 58; see George III to Prince of Wales, August 7, 1803, in H. F. B. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley, Napoléon and the Invasion of England: The Story of the Great Fear (London: John Lane, 1908), vol. 2, p. 133.
[562] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 142-43.
[563] Ibid., pp. 59-62; on theatrical events, see The Times and the London Morning Post throughout the period; Wheeler and Broadley, Napoléon and the Invasion of England, vol. 2, pp. 270-89; George Cruikshank, A Pop-gun Fired off by George Cruikshank in Defence of the British Volunteers of 1803 (London, n. p., n. d.), p. 11; John Wardropper, Kings, Lords and Wicked Libellers, Satire and Protest, 1760-1837 (London: John Murray, 1973).
[564] Schom, Trafalgar, p. 103; Archives Markham, Correspondence, pp. 113-14, 129-30, 152-53. Nationales, BB, p. 73.
[565] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 111-16.
[566] Archives Nationales, AF, p. 1190.
[567] Projets, vol. 3, pp. 110ff.
[568] Frédéric Masson, Le Sacre et le Couronnement de Napoléon (Paris: Ollendorff, 1908), p. 122; Louis Madelin, L’Avenement de L’Empire (Paris: Hachette, 1939), vol. 5, pp. 201-2; The national plebiscite results of 10-14 thermidor were accepted by Senatus-Consulte of November 6, 1804, and published in the Moniteur, on November 27, 1804. Tulard, Napoleon, the Myth of the Saviour, p. 129.
[569] Moniteur, 27 novembre 1805; Masson, Le Sacre et le Couronnement, pp. 121, 122; Jean Tulard, Napoléon (Fayard, 1987), p. 172.
[570] Masson, Le Sacre et le Couronnement, pp. 192ff. and the Moniteur and The Times (London).
[571] Masson, Le Sacre et le Couronnement, p. 112; E. E. Y. Hales, Napoleon and the Pope (London: Collins, 1962), p. 94.
[572] Masson, Le Sacre et le Couronnement, pp. 202-3.
[573] First Consul Bonaparte first officially discussed the creation of a hereditary succession to the proposed new imperial throne at a privy council meeting on April 23, 1804, when the principle was “officially” accepted and adopted, fully supported by Talleyrand. G. Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand (1754-1838) (Paris: Payot, 1930), vol. 2, p. 145.
[574] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 1, p. 225.
[575] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 318.
[576] “Duroc, Confident intime de Napoléon,” by Gen. Georges Spillmann, in Souvenir Napoléonien 296 (Nov. 1977), pp. 3ff; Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, pp. 319-23.
[577] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 1, pp. 419-20.
[578] Madelin, L’Avenement de l’Empire, vol. 5, p. 193.
[579] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 2, p. 375.
[580] Ibid., pp. 379-80.
[581] Madelin, L’Avenement d
e l’Empire, p. 194; Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 2, p. 382.
[582] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 2, p. 373.
[583] Ibid., pp. 370, 381. On April 7, 1804, Napoléon first informed Louis and Hortense of his wish to adopt Napoléon-Charles.
[584] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 3, p. 284.
[585] Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 305-20; Tulard, Murat, pp. 50-51.
[586] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 3, p. 292.
[587] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 1, pp. 180-84.
[588] Antoine-Clair Thibaudeau, Mémoires de A. C. Thibaudeau (1799-1815), (Paris: Plon, 1913), p. 162.
[589] Corr de Nap, no. 7021.
[590] David Hamilton-Williams, The Fall of Napoleon: The Final Betrayal (New York: Wiley, 1994), p. 306.
[591] Masson, Le Sacre et le Couronnement, pp. 329-31. Napoléon had paid a total of 300,667 francs to all those involved in engineering the Enghien affair — State Counselor Réal, Governor (of Paris) Murat, and General Hutlin.
[592] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 2, pp. 293ff.
[593] Masson, Le Sacre et le Couronnement, pp. 207ff.
[594] Madelin, L’avènement de l’Empire, pp. 206-9.
[595] Masson, Le Sacre et le Couronnement, pp. 218-23; the Moniteur and The Times (London) in the issues preceding and following the coronation and the subsequent festivities.
[596] Masson, Le Sacre et le Couronnement, p. 257.
[597] Ibid., pp. 274-82. David’s new atelier, the Eglise de Cluny, was provided him by the emperor. He was commissioned originally to paint four canvases, thirty by nineteen feet; Le Sacre, L’intronisation, the Distribution des Aigles, and L’Arrivée de l’Empereur à l’Hôtel de Ville, for which he was to be paid a total of 160,000 francs. But when David took much longer than expected, and then charged 100,000 francs for the first picture (Le Sacre) alone, Napoléon canceled the order for L’intronisation and the Hotel de Ville. The principal painting, Le Sacre, or The Anointing, was completed in December 1807. But it was not true to life, David altering Napoléon’s sisters (they no longer hold Josephine’s train), and adding Madame Mere, who was not even in France at the time. Similar liberty was taken with The Distribution of the Eagles, in which Napoléon had Josephine removed altogether.
[598] Schom, One Hundred Days, p. 273.
[599] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 168-69.
[600] Ibid., p. 173; Madelin, L’Ascension, p. 335.
[601] Madelin, De Brumaire à Marengo, p. 89.
[602] Corr de Nap, nos. 8060, 8061.
[603] Ibid., nos. 8048, 8063.
[604] Schom, Trafalgar, p. 174.
[605] Ibid., pp. 190, 192, 193; Archives Nationales, BB, 233, fol. 24.
[606] Ibid., BB, p. 230.
[607] Ibid.; Schom, Trafalgar, p. 198.
[608] Corr de Nap, no. 8309.
[609] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 195, 196.
[610] Ibid., p. 205.
[611] Archives Nationales, Bb, 230.
[612] Bonaparte, Correspondance de Napoléon avec le Ministre de la Marine, vol. 1, pp. 39-45. Additional troops brought by other vessels gave Lauriston 12,440 men.
[613] Corr de Nap, no. 7996; Archives Nationales, AF, 1195, fol. 8; Leyland, Blockade of Brest, vol. 1, pp. 354-55.
[614] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 2, p. 238; Thomazi, Les Marins de Napoléon, p. 92.
[615] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 224-35. Gravina lost the Rafael and the Pirme, and later abandoned two more ships at Vigo.
[616] Corr de Nap, no. 9022.
[617] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol., p. 28, Thomazi, Les Marins de Napoléon, p. 92.
[618] Desbrière, Projets, vol. 4, p. 739; Corr de Nap, no. 9057, 9059.
[619] Schom, Trafalgar, p. 240; Corr de Nap, nos. 9072.
[620] Ibid.; Archives Nationales, BB’V, p. 233.
[621] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 97-99; Thomazi, Marins de Napoléon, pp. 139ff.; Constant, Mémoires, vol. 1, p. 273. Napoléon to Fouché, 16 July 1809; Lecestre, Lettres inédites de Napoléon, vol. 1, p. 325.
[622] Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 266-67; Archives Nationales, BB, 31; ibid., BB; Desbrières, Projets, vol. 4, pp. 225-26, 464-65; Archives Nationale, BB, 10; Desbrière, Projets, vol. 4, pp. 464-65; Corr de Nap, nos. 8835, 8551.
[623] Corr de Nap, no. 9076, 9073.
[624] “Buonaparte’s Soliloquy on the Cliff at Boulogne,” The Times, September 11, 1805.
[625] Archives Nationales, BB, fols. 230, 263, 252.
[626] Schom, Trafalgar, p. 276.
[627] Ibid., pp. 238-42, 295; Corr de Nap, nos. 9179, 9190; Archives Nationales, BB, p. 230; ibid., AF4, p. 1196.
[628] Archives Nationales, BB, p. 230.
[629] Edouard Desbrière, Trafalgar la Campagne Maritime de 1805 (Paris: Chapelot, 1907), pp. 125-27; Archives Nationales, BB, p. 234.
[630] Abrantès, Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 2-5.
[631] Méneval, Mémoires, vol. 1, p. 139; Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 3, p. 223.
[632] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 3, p. 292.
[633] Ibid., p. 224; vol 1, p. 234.
[634] Méneval, Mémoires, vol. 1, pp. 424-25.
[635] Ibid., pp. 201-3.
[636] Bourrienne, Mémoires, vol. 4, p. 359.
[637] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 2, pp. 304-52; this entire section is based on this source, apart from some documents I uncovered in the Archives Nationales, 400 AP 153-54 series.
[638] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 2, pp. 311-12.
[639] Ibid.; Archives Nationales, 400 AP 153-54.
[640] Masson, Napoléon et sa famille, vol. 2, pp. 351-52.
[641] Ibid., pp. 102-3, 371, 377, 395, 409-11, 445. Forty-seven years later, an aging Jerome Bonaparte was still fighting that battle, and on learning that his nephew, Napoléon III, was about to receive — and recognize the legitimacy of — his son by Elizabeth, Jerome warned Napoléon III that if he did so, “it would cast doubt on the legitimacy of my children [by Catherine].”
[642] Quoted in G. Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand, 1754-1838 (Paris: Payot, 1930), vol. 2, p. 156.
[643] Napoleon had officially promised Spain in writing at the time of the transfer of Louisiana to France (Treaty of San Ildefonso, October 1, 1800, article 3) that he would not in turn transfer this vast territory to yet a third party (note of General Saint-Cyr, French ambassador to Madrid, to the Spanish minister of state, July 22, 1802). R. B. Mowat, The Diplomacy of Napoleon (London: E. Arnold, 1924), p. 141. Pres. Thomas Jefferson had been so alarmed by the reacquisition of Louisiana by France that he dispatched James Monroe to Paris to negotiate with Napoleon — resulting in the agreement to sell the entire territory to the United States (Treaty of Cession, April 30, 1803, signed by Treasury Minister Barbé-Marbois, and Ministers Plen. Monroe, and Livingston; the price: 60 million francs, or $11,250,000. Spain finally acquiesced, recognizing the sale to the United States and handing over Louisiana to France on November 30, 1803. On December 20 the American flag was first hoisted over New Orleans.
[644] Rose, Napoleon, vol. 2, p. 11. Piedmont was of course still legally the property of the king of Sardinia.
[645] As late as August 8, 1805, Napoléon was still issuing detailed embarkation orders for his troops and their crews at Boulogne. See Order [no. 149], Camp de Boulogne, 8 Aug. 1805, in Ernest Picard and Louis Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon I (New York: Duffield, 1913), vol. 1 (1804-7). P-87; Schom, Trafalgar, pp. 295ff.
[646] Jacques Wolff, Le financier Ouvrard. 1770-1846, L’argent et la politique (Paris: Tallandier, 1992), p. 120.
[647] Quoted in Picard and Tuetey, Unpublished Correspondence of Napoleon, vol. 1, pp. 108-10, 122.
[648] Quoted in Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand, vol. 2, p. 158; Corrde Nap, no. 9216.
[649] Bruce, Napoleon & Josephine, p. 376.
[650] The discreet Méneval managed to suppress reports of most of Napoleon’s epileptic attacks, but Talleyrand left a record of this one: Lacour-Gayet, Talleyrand, vol. 2, p. 160.
[651] Jean-Jacques Cambacé
rès, Cambacérès: Lettres inédites à Napoléon, 1802-1814 (Paris: Klincksieck, 1973), vol. 1, letters 265, 330, and 331, June 10, September 28 and 29, 1805, pp. 244-46, 290-91.