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Index
Abbott Laboratories, 48, 249n63, 249n66
Adams, Roger, 133, 150
addiction: coca and, 112, 122, 126, 137–38, 156–59; enemy peddling of, 181–82, 194–95, 212–15, 268n16, 271n66; international regulation and, 112, 122, 126, 137–38, 143, 154–55; legal definitions of, 155–60, 202–3; national regulation and, 196–205, 273–4n96, 275n124; policing of, 9, 12, 114, 173, 195–205, 217–18; portrayal of, 64, 126, 158–61, 194–95, 202–5, 272n71, 275n126; potential for producing, 90, 154–5, 159–60, 203; race and, 126, 161, 194–202, 205–7, 215, 276n135; research into, 159–63, 267n11; war and, 48, 194
Addiction Producing Drugs Section (WHO), 143
Addiction Research Center (USPHS), 159–61, 202–3, 267n11. See also Narcotic Farm; Public Health Service
Africa, 209: drug markets and, 8, 72, 74, 145; political freedom and, 9, 164, 174–75, 187–91, 205, 213
African Americans: drugs, policing and, 90, 194–96, 198, 200–2, 205, 207, 208–9, 215, 227, 276n135; international solidarity and, 175, 182, 195, 209, 213–14
Agency for International Development (US), 165, 169
alchemy: drug control and, 80, 89, 91, 137–38, 177, 209; pharmaceutical industry and, 10, 71, 80, 134, 137–38; United States imperialism and, 136, 139, 163, 209
alcohol, 156, 172–3, 205
Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana, 114, 115, 257
Alien Property Custodian, 81
Allied Command, 48–50, 254n7
Allied Control Authority, 49
Allied Health Committee, 49
Allied Military Authorities, 50
Allies (World War II), 179, 188; coca, cocaine, Coca-Cola and, 20, 22, 25, 32; drug control and, 48–50, 254n9; drug provisioning, 16, 20–22, 25, 34, 39, 41, 51; economic controls and, 15, 22, 33, 41, 143; Latin America and, 35–37, 39, 41
American Anthropological Association, 119
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 133
American Cyanamid Company, 48
American Management Association, 164
American Pharmaceutical Association, 217
American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association, 17, 110, 191
American Psychiatric Association, 161
Andean Indian Project (United Nations), 166
Anslinger, Harry J., 237n23: coca market and, 25, 29–32, 81–83, 88–90, 98–99, 108–110, 127–129, 135–37, 139–42; Cold War, Red-baiting and, 115, 174–75, 179, 182–85, 189–92, 210–11, 269n33, 271n59, 271n66; drug manufacturers and, 20, 25, 29–32, 49–50, 66, 76, 81–83, 88–90, 108, 127–29, 136–37, 140–141, 217, 219, 255n24; drug stockpiling and, 18 20–22, 29–31, 56–58, 64, 66, 76; international drug control and, 4, 20, 25, 49–50, 55–58, 98–99, 108–110, 121, 128–29, 139–41, 155, 179, 182–85, 189–92, 217–219, 258n46, 269n33, 271n59; international police collaboration and, 113, 115, 129, 219, 257n44; national drug regulation and, 55–59, 135–37, 141–42, 155, 159–60, 182–83, 191, 196, 198, 200–3, 205, 217–18, 258n46, 271n59; World War II and, 18, 20–22, 29–32, 49–50, 55–56
antibiotics, 18, 78, 142
anticolonialism. See empire
antimalarials, 21, 145–46, 263n31. See also chinchona; quinine
Argentina, 102, 111, 211, 237n29, 254n10, 254n12
Army and Navy Munitions Board, 21, 66, 77–78, 236n11
Army Chemical Center, 119
Army Chemical Warfare Service, 78
Army Medical Corps, 18
Axis powers, 48, 182; economic warfare against, 10, 15, 26, 38, 41, 43, 51; Latin American trade, 10, 26, 28, 35, 39, 42, 239n47
Aymara, 101, 104, 116, 123, 130, 134, 225. See also Indian
barbiturates, 203, 205, 273n108
Batista, Fulgencio, 210
Bayer, 38–39, 242n100
Belgium, 91, 189, 269n43
Biological Warfare, 77, 179–81, 268n21
Biological Warfare Committee, 77
Blakey, Art, 175
Bloomfield, John J., 165
Board of Economic Warfare (US), 18, 33–34, 94, 164, 232. See also economic warfare
Boggs Act (1951), 197–98, 200, 273n108
Bolivia: coca cultivation, consumption, and trade, 22–24, 27, 30, 50, 94, 100–2, 104, 116, 122, 128, 166, 171, 237nn28–29, 238n32, 253n2, 254n7, 255n17, 266n83; indigenous peoples in, 9, 105, 124, 167–69, 171, 225; international drug control and, 9, 50, 98, 103–4, 106, 109–13, 115–18, 121–24, 130, 135, 166, 168, 211–12, 220–22, 224–26, 277n160; US economic influence and, 35–37, 47, 85, 94–95, 128, 163–65, 240nn67–68, 243n111, 257n40, 43, 258n45, 260n79, 265n76; World War II and, 16–17, 33, 36–40, 42–47, 241n91, 242n94,
Bolivian Development Corporation, 42
Bolivian Ministry of Public Health and Hygiene, 41, 118
Borneo, 24. See also Netherlands East Indies
Brazil, 211–212, 214, 254n7
Britain. See United Kingdom
Brown, James W., 223
Bulgaria, 184, 68n29
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 77
Bureau of Prisons, 159
Burroughs Wellcome & Company, 110
Bush, Vannevar, 78, 145
Bustamente Rivera, José Luis, 114
caffeine, 26, 90, 94, 250n75
camphor, 71
Canada, 6, 109, 260n79
Canfield, Gordon, 198
cannabis, 10, 247n29. See also Marijuana
capitalism: foreign investment, 35, 37; global inequality and, 9, 87, 101, 106, 149, 191–92, 258n47; relationship to drug control, 1, 11–12, 55, 57, 107, 110, 161, 173, 176, 191–92, 225–27; social engineering and, 161, 163–66, 169, 171–73; US expansion and, 4, 8, 54, 68–69, 71, 73–75, 84–88, 93–95, 103, 227
Carnegie Institution, 119, 169
Carranza, Fortunato, 120
Castro, Fidel, 210–15, 277n174
Cataví Massacre, 37
Central Intelligence Agency, 63, 267n11
Cerro de Pasco Copper, 35, 244n121
Chemical Advisory Committee (Munitions Board), 78–9
Chile, 102, 111, 211, 237n39
China (People’s Republic of China), 175, 188; drug control and, 190–92, 195, 200, 271n59; drug trafficking accusations and, 6, 178–82, 192–94, 210; Korean War and, 63, 177–78, 183, 268n21; nationalists (Kuomintang), 177–78
chinchona, 145, 171, 240n68. See also quinine
cigarettes. See tobacco
Civil Rights, 2, 12, 227; anticolonialism and, 174–75, 206–9, 213–15; policing and, 194–96, 200–1
Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Company: coca flavoring extract and, 23–25, 27, 30, 80–83, 92, 97, 99, 102–3, 139, 222–23, 238n31, 250n77, 262n16; collaboration with US government and, 32, 76, 81–84, 89–92, 150; drug control and, 1, 7, 10, 25, 30, 81–83, 91–92, 99, 116, 127–29, 138–141, 219, 222–23, 238n31, 250n77, 278n8, 279n15; global expansion and, 32, 84–96, 138–40, 168, 171
Coca-Cola Export Corporation, 84
cocaine, 1; Coca-Cola and, 30, 88, 90, 93, 103, 129–30, 140, 222, 262n16; coca consumption and, 37, 112, 121–25, 128, 137–39, 158; international drug control and, 7–10, 20, 97, 100–1, 107, 112–13, 120, 137–39, 154–55, 211–212, 220–24, 258n52; Peruvian production and exports of, 23–29, 32, 46, 48, 83, 102, 107, 112–16, 218–19, 238n32, 254n11, 256n39, 257n41, 258n49, 258n52, 279n15; policing of, 4–6, 59, 65, 113–16, 129, 158, 165, 177, 197, 210–12, 218–19, 256n39, 256n39, 257n41, 257nn43–44, 258n49; synthetics and, 140–143, 155, 22
3, 239n46, 262n20; US drug policies and, 7–8, 10, 23–24, 56, 67, 88, 97, 102, 155, 176–77, 197, 203, 223; US manufacturing and exports of, 6–8, 24–27, 30–32, 103, 133, 140–42, 223–24; World War II and, 23–30, 259n61
coca leaves, 1–2; derivative manufacturing, 6–7, 10, 17, 25, 77, 80–84, 89–91, 102–3, 132–42, 159, 219–25; drug control and, 7, 9–12, 17, 20, 23–25, 28, 30, 50, 59, 76, 81, 98–131, 135–42, 151, 154–58, 165–73, 182, 185, 211–12, 219–27, 255n17; South American cultivation and consumption of, 6, 9, 12, 16, 23–24, 27–29, 37, 46, 48, 83, 94, 100–106, 111–12, 117–136, 157–72, 224–27, 237n28, 254nn7, 254n9; US market power and, 8, 20, 22–30, 48, 80–84, 93, 96–98, 102–3, 132–34, 165, 173, 220–24; World War II and, 25–32, 254n9
Coleman, Ornette, 209
Colombia, 13, 27, 86, 111, 115, 209, 211, 253n2, 254n7, 277n160
colonial, colonialism. See empire
Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf (United Nations), 12, 103, 156, 176; Andean official collaboration with, 108–14, 118–2, 129, 256n26; coca chewing and, 105–13, 116–19, 120–21, 124, 126, 128–30, 134–35, 138, 166; coca market and, 27, 111–12, 116, 254n7, 255n17; US influence on, 106–11, 117, 121–22, 127–30, 134–35, 141
Commission on Narcotic Drugs (United Nations), 186; Anslinger and, 4, 50, 98–99, 108, 176, 217, 258n46; coca market and, 50, 99–101, 103, 108–11, 123, 155, 211, 220–22; drug control initiatives and, 11–12, 49, 99, 108–11, 150–51, 154–56, 159, 176, 219; drug trafficking and, 49, 178–80
Commission on Resource Mobilization (United States), 70–71
Committee on Foreign Relations (US Senate), 187, 193
communism, communists: challenges to US and, 91, 177–81, 189–90; Cold War containment and, 6, 54, 62–63, 68, 164, 186–87; drug trafficking accusations and, 6, 115, 175, 178–79, 181–82, 192, 195, 211, 214–15, 227, 268n24, 271n66; revolutionary struggles and, 169, 189–90, 206, 208–9, 213
Congress of Americanists, 119
Connor, John T., 80, 164
Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs (1931). See Geneva Convention
We Sell Drugs: The Alchemy of US Empire Page 41